饲料中不同水平n-3 HUFA 对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长及肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响

以精制鱼油和豆油作为脂肪源,配制质量分数0.48%、0.97%、1.50%和1.97%等4种不同水平n-3高度不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 HUFA)的饲料,并饲喂斜带石斑鱼幼鱼50 d,研究不同水平n-3 HUFA对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephlus coioides)幼鱼生长及肌肉脂肪酸组成的影响.结果表明:饲料中n-3 HUFA水平对实验鱼增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率都有显著影响(p<0.05).以增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率为参考指标,通过回归分析,斜带石斑鱼幼鱼对饲料中n-3 HUFA的适宜需要量(质量分数)为1.27%~1.42%;各实验组的鱼体肥满度不受饲料中n-3 HUFA水平的影响,保持在1.4左右;内脏比与肝体比随饲料中n-3 HUFA水平升高而呈现降低趋势;各实验组鱼体肌肉常规营养成分不受饲料中n-3 HUFA水平的影响,肌肉中的n-3 HUFA随饲料n-3 HUFA水平增加而增加.     

复合酸化剂对鲤生长及消化酶活性的影响

在鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)基础饲料中,分别添加不同梯度的复合酸化剂(质量分数分别为0、0.2%、0.3%),研究复合酸化剂对其生长和消化酶活性的影响。结果表明:1)添加复合酸化剂显著(P<0.05)提高鲤鱼的相对增重率、特定生长率、饵料转化效率、饲料蛋白质效率以及饲料蛋白质沉积率等生长性能指标;2)添加质量分数0.3%的复合酸化剂时,鲤鱼肝胰脏、前肠和中肠的蛋白酶活性显著提高(P<0.05),酸化剂组的淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性有升高的趋势,但与对照组差异不显著;3)鱼体的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、水分、肥满度及内脏比等品质指标在各组间差异不显著。综上所述,鲤鱼饲料中添加以柠檬酸、乳酸、磷酸等为主的复合酸化剂,可显著提高鲤鱼肝胰脏、前肠和中肠的蛋白酶活性,促进鲤鱼生长。     

饲料中添加褐藻酸寡糖对大菱鲆肠道结构、消化酶活性及表观消化率的影响

在基础饲料中添加质量分数0、0.02%、0.05%、0.20%、0.50%的褐藻酸寡糖,饲喂体质量(17.61±0.16)g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L)70 d,研究褐藻酸寡糖对大菱鲆肠道结构、消化酶活性及表观消化率的影响。结果表明:1)褐藻酸寡糖处理组的肠道微绒毛长度与对照组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),肠道皱襞高度与对照组差异无统计学意义(P0.05),杯状细胞大于对照组(P0.05);2)饲料中添加褐藻酸寡糖对大菱鲆肠道内蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性影响无统计学意义(P0.05),0.02%和0.05%褐藻酸寡糖实验组中的脂肪酶活性与对照组差异有统计学意义(P0.05);3)褐藻酸寡糖对饲料干物质消化率、蛋白质消化率以及脂肪消化率影响无统计学意义(P0.05)。在大菱鲆饲料中添加褐藻酸寡糖可增大肠道杯状细胞,促进肠道脂肪酶活性,但对肠绒毛长度,皱襞高度,淀粉酶、蛋白酶活性,表观消化率无影响。     

高体革鯻幼鱼肌肉营养成分分析

检测了高体革鯻(Scortum bacoo)幼鱼肌肉营养组成,结果表明:高体革鯻粗蛋白质量分数为17.77%,粗脂肪质量分数为3.42%,水解氨基酸总质量分数为15.71%,其中必需氨基酸质量分数为7.50%,占氨基酸总量的47.74%,鲜味氨基酸总质量分数为5.46%,占氨基酸总量的34.75%,必需氨基酸指数为88.60。说明高体革鯻具有较高的营养价值和养殖价值。     

大规格凡纳滨对虾饲料中适宜钙磷添加水平

【目的】研究饲料不同钙、磷添加水平对大规格凡纳滨对虾的生长性能、体成分、部分血清生化指标和组织钙磷含量的影响,以确定凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)饲料中钙、磷的适宜添加量。【方法】采用双因素设计,在钙添加水平为0%、0.5%、1%的条件下,分别添加质量分数0%、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%的磷,配制15种不同钙磷水平的实验饲料,投喂初始体质量为(11.5±0.32)g的对虾8周。【结果】1)饲料钙水平极显著影响对虾的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)和饲料系数(FCR)(P0.01),显著影响对虾的存活率(SR)(P0.05)。饲料磷水平及钙水平与磷水平的交互作用极显著影响对虾的WGR、SGR、PER、FCR和SR(P0.01)。2)饲料钙水平极显著影响对虾的全虾粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(CL),肌肉CL和粗灰分(CA)的含量(P0.01);显著影响全虾CL的含量(P0.05)。饲料磷水平极显著影响全虾CP,肌肉CP、CL、CA的含量(P0.01);显著影响全虾CL、CA的含量(P0.05)。饲料钙水平与磷水平的交互作用极显著影响全虾及肌肉CP、CL、CA的含量(P0.01)。3)饲料钙水平极显著影响对虾血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酚氧化酶(PO)的活性及无机磷(IP)的含量(P0.01)。饲料磷水平极显著影响对虾的血清AKP、PO的活性(P0.01);显著影响对虾的血清总胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)、IP的含量(P0.05)。饲料钙水平与磷水平的交互作用极显著地影响对虾血清AKP、PO的活性(P0.01);显著地影响对虾血清TG、Ca~(2+)的含量(P0.05)。4)饲料钙水平极显著影响全虾钙磷含量、肌肉钙含量、虾壳磷含量(P0.01);显著影响对虾肌肉磷含量、虾壳钙含量(P0.05)。饲料磷水平极显著影响对虾的全虾、肌肉、虾壳的钙磷含量(P0.01)。饲料钙水平与磷水平的交互作用极显著影响全虾钙磷含量,肌肉和虾壳的磷含量(P0.01);显著影响对虾的肌肉和虾壳的钙含量(P0.05)。【结论】以SGR为判断依据,大规格凡纳滨对虾饲料中添加质量分数0.5%的钙(总钙质量分数2.15%)和1.08%的磷(总磷质量分数2.56%)时,SGR最大。     

野生细鳞鯻(Therapon jarbua)肌肉主要营养成分分析及评价

采用国家标准生化测定法对细鳞鯻(Therapon jarbua)肌肉营养成分进行测定,并对其营养价值作出评价。结果显示,细鳞鯻肌肉(鲜样)中水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分的质量分数分别为76.69%、19.36%、4.34%和1.38%。肌肉中共检测到18种氨基酸,其水解氨基酸总量(AA)占鲜样的质量分数为18.66%,其中谷氨酸质量分数最高,占鲜样的2.98%;色氨酸质量分数最低,占鲜样的0.10%;必需氨基酸(EAA)占鲜样的质量分数为7.63%,占氨基酸总量的质量分数为40.88%,占非必需氨基酸(NEAA)总量的质量分数为80.83%;鲜味氨基酸(DAA)占鲜样的质量分数为7.20%,占总氨基酸的质量分数为38.60%。肌肉中必需氨基酸的氨基酸评分(AAS)平均值为0.97,化学评分CS平均值为0.70,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为66.87。第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸(Trp),第二限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸(Val),必需氨基酸的质量分数接近FAO/WHO推荐模式。细鳞鯻肌肉中共检测到15中脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸(SF A)6种,占干样的质量分数为39.68%;单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)4种,占干样的质量分数为23.56%;多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)5种,占干样的质量分数为35.72%;DHA与EPA总量占干样的质量分数为达到32.49%。细鳞鯻属营养价值较高、海鲜味较浓郁的优质鱼类。     

高蛋白棉粕替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、非特异性免疫指标及抗病力的影响

【目的】研究高蛋白棉粕(High-protein cottonseed meal,HPCM)替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长性能、非特异性免疫酶活性及抗病力的影响。【方法】在基础饲料中分别添加质量分数0%、6.25%、9.375%、12.5%、18.75%的HPCM,分别替代饲料中质量分数0%、20%、30%、40%、50%和60%的鱼粉,配制6种等氮等能饲料,投喂初始体质量(0.38±0.01)g的健康凡纳滨对虾8周。【结果】HPCM替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾增重率、特定生长率、成活率、饲料系数及蛋白质效率影响均有统计学意义(P0.05),30%和40%替代组增重率和特定生长率最高,与对照组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),饲料系数最低,与对照组差异有统计学意义(P0.05),替代水平高于40%替代组时,蛋白质效率降低(P0.05);对凡纳滨对虾全虾体成分含量影响均有统计学意义(P0.05),随替代水平的增加,全虾中的水分、粗脂肪含量有升高趋势,粗蛋白含量呈先升后降趋势,粗灰分有降低趋势(P0.05);HPCM替代鱼粉对血清酚氧化酶(PO)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性以及肝胰脏中丙二醛(MDA)含量影响有统计学意义(P0.05);攻毒试验表明,随着HPCM替代鱼粉比例及攻毒时间的增加,凡纳滨对虾存活率逐渐降低(P0.05)。【结论】以对虾增重率为判据,在鱼粉质量分数为25%的凡纳滨对虾基础饲料中HPCM替代鱼粉的适宜比例为37.44%。     

饲料胆固醇对军曹鱼幼鱼生长、血液生化指标及脂代谢的影响

在以豆粕、酪蛋白、鱼粉(质量分数分别为33%、17%、15%)为蛋白源的基础饲料中分别添加质量分数0、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.5%和2.0%的胆固醇,制成6种等氮等能饲料,养殖初始体质量为(24.00±0.19)g的军曹鱼幼鱼(Rachycentron canadum)8周,研究胆固醇对其生长、体成分、血液生化指标和脂代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:添加低水平胆固醇对军曹鱼生长有改善作用,而高水平胆固醇对生长有抑制作用,与对照组比较,增重率(WGR)(P0.05)、成活率(SR)(P0.05)、饲料系数(FCR)(P0.05)在0.4%组较佳,随添加量的增加,各组幼鱼有增重率、成活率降低,饲料系数增大趋势。幼鱼肝体比、脏体比、肝脏病变率有增大趋势。添加胆固醇后,全鱼、肝脏和肌肉中粗脂肪0-0.4%组有上升趋势,0.4%-2.0%组有下降趋势;鱼体粗蛋白有上升趋势,肝脏中胆固醇有先降后升趋势,但水分和灰分的变化不大(P0.05)。血清中总胆固醇(TC)、低密度胆固醇(LDL-C)有上升趋势。肝脏中激素敏感性脂肪酶(HSL)有先升后降趋势。在以豆粕为主要蛋白源的饲料中添加少量胆固醇(0.4%组)可一定程度上改善军曹鱼幼鱼生长,影响机体脂代谢,但过多添加会抑制生长,并造成肝脏病变。以SR为判据,饲料中军曹鱼对胆固醇最适需要量为0.566%。     

双棘黄姑鱼卵巢发育的周年变化

观察了双棘黄姑鱼卵巢发育的周年变化,结果表明,双棘黄姑鱼雌鱼性腺成熟系数(GSI)一年有两个峰值,分别出现在5月份(9.38%±0.32%)和10月份(7.56%±0.43%);HSI与GSI密切相关[R=0.76];卵巢发育水温在19～29℃范围,繁殖水温为24～28℃,在广东省饶平海区,双棘黄姑鱼繁殖时间在每年的5月和10月,属于春、秋二季产卵类型的鱼类。     

点带石斑鱼幼鱼配合饲料的适宜能量蛋白比

以鱼粉和酪蛋白为蛋白源,添加鱼油、豆油、α-马铃薯淀粉、纤维素以及适量的维生素和矿物质配制成实验饲料,蛋白质质量分数设置41%、47%、53%3个水平,能量设置12 561、14 655、16 748 kJ/kg 3个水平,饲养点带石斑鱼幼鱼59 d后,以增重率、蛋白质效率、饲料系数为评价指标,分析不同能量蛋白比的饲料对点带石斑鱼体内消化酶活性的影响。结果表明:当能量蛋白比分别为31.30、33.50、32.26 kJ/g时,点带石斑鱼增重率、蛋白质效率达到极大值,饲料系数达到极小值;能量蛋白比在31.62～35.54 kJ/g范围内,胃、肠道的蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性较强。点带石斑鱼幼鱼配合饲料中合适的能量蛋白比为31.62～33.50 kJ/g。     

Dietary lipid and gross energy affect protein utilization in the rare minnow <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gobiocypris rarus</Emphasis>

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to detect the optimal dietary protein and energy, as well as the effects of protein to energy ratio on growth, for the rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus), which are critical to nutrition standardization for model fish. Twenty-four diets were formulated to contain three gross energy (10, 12.5, 15 kJ/g), four protein (20%, 25%, 30%, 35%), and two lipid levels (3%, 6%). The results showed that optimal dietary E/P was 41.7–50 kJ/g for maximum growth in juvenile rare minnows at 6% dietary crude lipid. At 3% dietary lipid, specific growth rate (SGR) increased markedly when E/P decreased from 62.5 kJ/g to 35.7 kJ/g and gross energy was 12.5 kJ/g, and from 75 kJ/g to 42.9 kJ/g when gross energy was 15.0 kJ/g. The optimal gross energy was estimated at 12.5 kJ/g and excess energy decreased food intake and growth. Dietary lipid exhibited an apparent protein-sparing effect. Optimal protein decreased from 35% to 25%–30% with an increase in dietary lipid from 3% to 6% without adversely effecting growth. Dietary lipid level affects the optimal dietary E/P ratio. In conclusion, recommended dietary protein and energy for rare minnow are 20%–35% and 10–12.5 kJ/g, respectively.     

DIETARY PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENT OF YOUNG ABALONE, HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI INO

An experiment was performed to determine the dietary phosphorus requirement of the young abalone,Haliotis discus hannai. Five semi-purified diets were formulated to provide a series of graded levels of dietary total phosphorus (0.23%–1.98) from monobasic potassium phosphate (KH2P04). The brown alga,Laminaria japonica, was used as a control diet. Similar size abalone were distributed in a single-pass, flow-through system using a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replicates each treatment. The abalone were hand-fed to satiation with appropriate diets in excess, once daily at 17:00. The feeding trial was run for 120-d. Survival rate and soft-body to shell ratio (SB/S) were constantly maintained regardless of dietary treatment. However, the weight gain rate (WGR), daily increment in shell length (DISL), muscle RNA to DNA ratio (RNA/DNA), carcass levels of lipid and protein, soft-body alkaline phosphatase (SBAKP), and phosphorus concentrations of whole body (WB) and soft body (SB) were significantly (ANOVA, P<0.05) affected by the dietary phosphorus level. The dietary phosphorus requirements of the abalone were evaluated from the WGR, DISL, and RNA/DNA ratio respectively, by using second-order polynomial regression analysis. Based on these criteria, about 1.0%–1.2% total dietary phosphorus, i.e. 0.9%–1.1% dietary available phosphorus is recommended for the maximum growth of the abalone. Project 39670572 supported by the NSFC.     

Optimal content and ratio of lysine to arginine in the diet of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

The optimal quantity of dietary lysine (Lys) and arginine (Arg), and the optimal ratio of dietary Lys to Arg for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were investigated. Coated Lys and Arg were added to a basal diet (37.99% crude protein and 7.28% crude lipid) to provide graded levels of Lys and Arg. The experimental diets contained three Lys levels (2.51%, 2.11%, and 1.70% of total diet), and three Arg levels (1.41%, 1.80%, and 2.21% of total diet) and all combinations of these levels were tested. Pacific white shrimp, with a mean weight of 3.62±0.1 g, were randomly distributed in 36 fiberglass tanks with 30 shrimp per tank and reared on the experimental diets for 50 days. After the feeding trial, the growth performance, survival, feed conversion rate (FCR), body composition and protease and lipase activities in the hepatopancreases of the experimental shrimps were determined. The results show that weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), FCR, body protein, body Lys and Arg content were significantly affected by dietary Lys and Arg (P <0.05) and improved when dietary Lys and Arg levels were 2.11% ～ 2.51% and 1.80%～2.21%, respectively. Protease and lipase activities in the hepatopancreases of the shrimps appeared higher when dietary Lys and Arg quantities were 2.11% ～2.51% and 1.80%～2.21%, although the difference was not statistically significant (P >0.05). Therefore, according to our results, the optimal Lys and Arg quantities in the diet of Pacific white shrimp, L. vannamei, were considered to be 2.11%–2.51% and 1.80%–2.21%, respectively, and the optimal ratio to be 1:0.88–1:1.05.     

DIETARY PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENT OF YOUNG ABALONE, HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI INO.

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＰｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｉｓａｎｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌｄｉｅｔａｒｙｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｆｏｒｌｉｖｉｎｇｏｒｇａｎｉｓｍｓａｎｄｈａｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｒｏｌｅｉｎｃｅｌ ｌｕｌａｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ ,ａｓｉｔｉｓａｎｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｏｆｎｕｃｌｅｉｃａｃｉｄｓ,ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｌｉｐｉｄ ,ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｓ,ＡＴＰａｎｄｓｅｖｅｒａｌｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｅｎｚｙｍｅｓ,ａｎｄｃｏｅｎｚｙｍｅｓ.Ｉｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎ ,ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔｅｓｅｒｖｅｓａｓａｂ…     

Effect of Dietary Phosphorus on the Growth and Body Components of Juvenile Synechogobius hasta

The effect of dietary phosphorus on the growth and body components of juvenile Synechogobius hasta was determined. Different percentages of dietary phosphorus (0.63, 0.77, 0.93, 1.06, 1.22 and 1.36) were tested by feeding the fish (body weight, 15.81 g ± 0.32 g; 20 individuals each group; 3 groups each percentage) at a surplus of 5%–10% above satiation for 35 d. Dietary phosphorus did not significantly affect the specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency rate. Nitrogen ...     

Effect of dietary phosphorus on the growth and body components of juvenile Synechogobius hasta

The effect of dietary phosphorus on the growth and body components of juvenile Synechogobius hasta was determined. Different percentages of dietary phosphorus (0.63, 0.77, 0.93, 1.06, 1.22 and 1.36) were tested by feeding the fish (body weight, 15.81 g ± 0.32 g; 20 individuals each group; 3 groups each percentage) at a surplus of 5%–10% above satiation for 35 d. Dietary phosphorus did not significantly affect the specific growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency rate. Nitrogen retention was found to be the highest in fish fed the diet containing 1.06% of phosphorus; however, this was not significantly different from other diets. Fish fed the diet containing 0.93% of phosphorus showed the highest phosphorus retention; similar phosphorus retention rates were found in fish fed the diets containing 0.77% and 1.06% of phosphorus. Fish fed the diet containing the highest percentage of dietary phosphorus were found to contain the least whole body lipid, lower than fish fed other diets (P<0.05). The protein content increased from 18.59% to 19.55% (although not significant) with the decrease of body lipid content (P>0.05). The contents of the whole body ash, whole body phosphorus and vertebrae phosphorus increased with dietary phosphorus percentage up to 1.06 (P<0.05), reaching a plateau after that. Dietary phosphorus did not significantly influence the muscle components (protein, lipid and moisture). Condition factor and hepatosomatic index were the highest in fish fed the diet containing 0.63% of dietary phosphorus; however, this was not significantly different from those of other diets. The second-order polynomial regression of phosphorus retention against dietary phosphorus identified a breakpoint at 0.88% of dietary phosphorus. However, the dietary requirement of phosphorus for maintaining maximum phosphorus storage determined by broken-line analysis of the contents of whole body phosphorus, and ash and vertebrae phosphorus was 1.06% of the diet.     

大黄对凡纳滨对虾生长和非特异性免疫指标的影响

在凡纳滨对虾饲料中分别添加大黄0、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0和20.0g/kg,研究大黄对凡纳滨对虾(初始体重为0.34±0.004g)生长及非特异性免疫指标的影响。结果表明,大黄对凡纳滨对虾成活率、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率和蛋白质累积率的影响不显著(P>0.05),对全虾和尾肌肉的灰分、脂肪和粗蛋白含量影响显著,全虾的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量以1.0g/kg组最高(P<0.05),对凡纳滨对虾血清碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、酚氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、溶菌酶以及血清总蛋白量等的影响显著,溶菌酶活性以1.0g/kg组最高(P<0.05);细菌感染实验中以1.0g/kg组存活率最高(P<0.05)。以非特异性免疫反应指标及感染实验存活率为指标,凡纳滨对虾饲料中大黄的适宜添加量为1.0g/kg。     

Effects of Dietary Protein Level on Growth and Utilization of Protein and Energy by Juvenile Mangrove Red Snapper (Lutjanus argentimaculatus )

1Introduction The mangrove red snapper,Lutjanus argentimacu-latus(Forsskal,1775)is a carnivorous,warm-watereuryhaline fish that is considerably cultured in South-east Asia,Southern China and the Middle East(Le-ung et al.,1999;Estudillo et at.,2000;Ng et al.,2000;Catacutan et al.,2001).In Pakistan,it isknown for its good quality meat and also for its highconsumption rate.Although it fetches a premiumprice at local markets(Anonymous,2002),the in-creasing demand has generated interest towar…     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratio on the growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile turbot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Scophthalmus maximus</Emphasis>)

A 9-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carbohydrate to lipid ratio(CHO:LIP) on the growth performance and feed utilization of juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus(initial body weight 8.75 g ± 0.04 g). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic low protein level(39%) diets were formulated with increasing ratios of dietary carbohydrate to lipid(2:18, 6:18, 18:12 and 28:6). A high protein level(50%) diet with the 2:12 ratio of carbohydrate to lipid was used as the control. Results showed that the survival rate, contents of moisture, crude protein and ash in muscle were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. With the dietary CHO:LIP ratio increased from 2:18 to 18:12, weight gain rate significantly increased(P < 0.05). Higher dietary CHO:LIP ratio(28:6) resulted in the significantly decreased weight gain rate(P < 0.05). Meanwhile, this treatment also resulted in the highest daily feed intake and liver glycogen content, as well as the lowest feed efficiency(P < 0.05). Muscle glycogen content in fish fed the diet with 2:12 or 2:18 CHO:LIP ratio was significantly lower than those fed with the other three diets(P < 0.05). The present results confirmed that the juvenile turbot can utilize carbohydrate. Furthermore, the appropriate ratio of dietary carbohydrate to lipid was important to the growth and feed utilization of turbot. The proper CHO:LIP ratio based on the growth performance in the present study was determined to be 18:12 when the dietary protein level was 39%.     

AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS FROM SELECTED INORGANIC PHOSPHATES TO JUVENILE ABALONE,HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI INO.

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＳｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｎｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｍｅｔａｂｏｌｉｓｍｉｎｆａｒｍｅｄｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｈａｖｅｂｅｃｏｍｅａｐｏｐｕｌａｒｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ ,ｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｐｕｂｌｉｃｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｏｎｔｈｅｉｍｐａｃｔｏｆｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｆｒｏｍｌｉｖｅｓｔｏｃｋａｎｄａｑｕａｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｏｎｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ (Ｓｋｏｎｂｅｒｇｅｔａｌ.,1 997;ＥｙａａｎｄＬｏｖｅｌｌ,1 997) .Ｐｈｏｓｐｈ…