汶川震区文家沟泥石流治理工程效果分析

汶川地震使文家沟内产生大型滑坡并解体成碎屑流堆积在沟道内,成为一条高频泥石流沟,在后期降雨作用下发生了多次泥石流灾害。根据文家沟泥石流的特点,采取了“水沙分离、固护拦停、监测维护”的治理措施进行综合治理,使泥石流起动方式由碎屑堆积体冲刷侵蚀转变为支沟沟床起动。治理后文家沟4个雨季内共发生了3次泥石流,治理工程有效减小了泥石流的规模和危害,但引水截流的实施也伴随了上游清淤等长期性的问题,需进一步重视。通过获得的降雨参数建立了文家沟泥石流临界雨量阈值模型,实施治理工程后泥石流临界雨量有明显提高,并逐年缓慢增长。      

台风-非台风降雨型滑坡的多时段临界雨量值预测模型

统计确定临界降雨量是滑坡早期预警常用的方法。东南沿海地区台风暴雨不同于一般降雨, 常引发滑坡灾害, 从而威胁沿海地区人民生命财产安全。为了建立台风和非台风降雨型滑坡临界降雨量预测模型, 以浙江丽水市为例, 基于2010-2020年台风暴雨、非台风降雨诱发滑坡与降雨量的统计, 构建了丽水市滑坡发生概率和有效降雨量的关系, 提出了多时长临界降雨量预测模型, 并开展了台风和非台风降雨型滑坡预测模型结果的对比分析。结果表明, 非台风降雨与台风暴雨之间雨型和雨量差异是导致丽水市内2类降雨滑坡预测模型差异的主要原因; 以多时长预测模型确定的临界雨量值法和有效降雨天数更加符合丽水市降雨型滑坡的预测预报, 且预测精度相比于传统相关性分析法更高。研究成果对于开发区域降雨型滑坡预测模型具有理论意义, 对我国东南沿海地区汛期滑坡早期预警具有重要实际意义。      

泥石流启动临界土体含水量及其预警应用

传统的泥石流预警方法多基于前期和实时降雨量等间接指标,但实际上直接影响泥石流启动的关键物理参数是土体含水量,通过分析土体含水量的变化来判断泥石流启动更为直接可靠。首先定义了泥石流启动的临界土体含水量的概念,然后基于国内外泥石流启动的观测试验数据,采用逐步回归分析方法,建立了临界土体含水量与土体渗透系数、孔隙度和颗粒曲率系数的经验关系,进而提出一种基于临界土体含水量和实时降雨的泥石流预警方法。最后,以云南东川蒋家沟1999年7月16日发生的一场泥石流为实例进行演算和验证。结果表明:该方法在可靠性和准确性上优于传统利用临界线和暴发线判别泥石流的预测模型。     

秦岭北麓现代泥石流灾害活动周期的灰色预测

本文应用灰色系统理论,在对控制泥石流形成的内、外营力要素灰色关联度进行分析的基础上,分别建立了秦岭北麓现代泥石流灾害活动周期的长期、短期及近期灰色动态时间序列预测模型(GM),并进行了灰色灾变预测。结果表明,影响本区泥石流活动的主要因素是雨量强度,其次为地震活动性。并预测出本世纪后半叶泥石流灾害出现的年份为:1962,1966,1982,1988,1994～1995,前四次已与泥石流实际活动年份相符。近期泥石流活动期的预测,对泥石流灾害的预防有实用意义。     

基于洪峰模数的山洪灾害雨量预警指标研究

山洪灾害预警是防御山洪的重要非工程措施,雨量预警指标是山洪灾害预警的关键。目前的雨量预警指标计算方法对水文气象资料条件以及模型建模率定都有很高的要求,并不适用于基层防汛人员。因此,本文基于全国山洪灾害调查评价成果数据,提出了一种运用洪峰模数计算雨量预警指标的简便、易用的方法。该方法以小流域洪水计算推理公式为基础,将公式中流量与流域面积的比值用洪峰模数表示,得到基于洪峰模数的临界雨量估算公式,并考虑流域土壤含水量等因素,分析临界雨量变化阈值,最终得到雨量预警指标。本文以云南省绥江县双河小流域为例,计算结果显示不同时段（1 h、3 h、6 h）净雨量和预警时段呈线性关系。降雨损失计算中洼地蓄水和植被截留在不同时段相同,土壤下渗在不同的时段不相同。在此基础上,计算不同土壤含水量条件下,不同时段的雨量预警指标。最后,对临界流量、降雨损失和预警指标进行了合理性分析,结果显示预警指标和调查评价结果及实测降雨都比较接近,计算的预警指标合理。本研究为基层山洪灾害预警提供了一种快速、便捷的预警指标计算方法,为预警指标计算提供技术支持。     

栾川县石庙镇常门村干江沟泥石流形成机理浅析

干江沟位于栾川县城西部伏牛山北麓的石庙镇常门村,该沟道储存大量松散物质,中上游有尾矿库,尾矿库溃坝引发沟道泥石流,损失惨重。本文从降水条件、洪水流速分析入手,研究沟道颗粒启动形成泥石流的临界速度,从而判断洪水为本次泥石流形成创造了有利条件,尾矿库溃坝是决定条件。尾矿库溃决后,洪水携带矿粉形成巨大洪流以较快的流速拖拽揭起沟床砂石及冲垮沟岸松散堆积物混合形成泥石流。通过泥石流形成机理和溃坝分析,提出预防方案,为地灾减灾提供地质依据。     

降雨型黄土滑坡预警研究现状综述

黄土滑坡是一类典型的地质灾害,但目前并没有针对这类滑坡的区域性预警模型。介绍了黄土滑坡的分类和滑带特征研究现状,讨论了降雨型滑坡的两类预警模型:降雨型滑坡临界雨量模型,包括区域统计概率预警和临界雨量阈值预警;物理预警模型,主要为通过建立力学稳定性分析和降雨入渗模型耦合得到的预警模型。分析了降雨或地下水作用下土体含水量变化对滑坡稳定性的影响研究和黄土滑坡的预警研究现状,最后根据前人研究现状讨论了现有预警模型的特点并提出了未来降雨型黄土滑坡预警可能的发展方向。      

基于RAMMS数值模拟的短时强降雨型泥石流危险性评价

浙江省由短时强降雨诱发的泥石流灾害频发,严重威胁当地居民的生命财产安全,因此对此类泥石流进行危险性评价对浙江省“灾害智治”工作具有十分重要的理论与实际应用价值。为研究浙江短时强降雨诱发小型泥石流的危险性,选取武山坑泥石流为对象,通过现场调查、三维倾斜摄影与数值模拟等手段,查明了武山坑泥石流的地质环境与发育特征,揭示了由短时强降雨诱发的泥石流灾害链生过程特征,选用RAMMS软件对不同降雨频率下泥石流运动特征进行了模拟,获取了泥石流深度、流速、堆积范围等特征参数,并基于特征参数进行了泥石流危险性评价。研究结果表明：陡坡处松散岩土体在短时强降雨作用下发生浅层滑坡,随后在坡面与沟道地形控制下向沟口运移,运动过程中通过侵蚀作用扩大泥石流规模,最终在宽缓堆积区沉积。随着研究区降雨强度增大至50 a一遇及100 a一遇,泥石流冲出规模扩大,但受限于堆积区宽缓的地形条件,未能于沟口形成有效冲出;但堆积扇上游居民区泥石流深度、流速等强度指标显著增大,堆积区内高强度区域面积大小由7 276 m²增大至12 660 m²。结合泥石流活跃性分析结果,采取形成区雨量监...     

山西省左权县泥石流发育特征及防治建议

对左权县地质灾害进行了调查研究,确定了左权县的地质灾害主要为泥石流,在此基础上对泥石流的发育特征进行分析,并对其提出了防治措施.     

降雨引发地质灾害的预报工作亟待规范

“地质灾害气象预报预警”和“地质灾害气象风险预警”内涵不清,以致人们可能被误导,认为通过气象（降雨）就可以预报滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害。 引发滑坡、泥石流的降雨量与地层岩性、断裂构造、地形地貌、植被土壤等地质环境因素密切相关,这些因素在空间上是变化的,在一个降雨区域的不同地方,降雨引发滑坡、泥石流的概率不同。     

Preliminary study on plasma membrane fluidity of Psychrophilic Yeast Rhodotorula sp.NJ298 in low temperature

The ability of cell to modulate the fluidity of plasma membrane was crucial to the survival of microorganism at low temperature. Plasma membrane proteins, fatty acids and carotenoids profiles of Antarctic psychrophilc yeast Rhodotorula sp. NJ298 were investigated at -3 ℃, 0 ℃ and 8 ℃. The results showed that plasma membrane protein content was greater at -3 ℃ than that at 8 ℃, and a unique membrane polypeptide composition with an apparent molecular mass of 94.7 kDa was newly synthesized with SDS-PAGE analysis; GC analysis showed that the main changes of fatty acids were the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids (C18∶ 1 and C18∶ 2) and shorter chain saturated fatty acid (C10∶ 0) increased along with the decrease of the culture temperature from 8 ℃ to -3 ℃; HPLC analysis indicated that astaxanthin was the major functional carotenoids of the plasma membrane, percentage of which increased from 54.6±1.5% at 8 ℃ to 81.9±2.1% at -3 ℃. However the fluidity of plasma membrane which was determined by measuring fluorescence anisotropy was similar at -3 ℃, 0 ℃ and 8 ℃. Hence these changes in plasma membrane's characteristics were involved in the cellular cold-adaptation by which NJ298 could maintain normal plasma membrane fluidity at near-freezing temperature.     

Information for authors

正1 Aims and Scope Advances in Polar Science(APS)is an international,peer-reviewed journal jointly sponsored by the Polar Research Institute of China and the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration.APS is a comprehensive academic journal dedicated to presentation of multi-disciplinary achievements in Arctic and Antarctic expeditions and research.Its primary purpose     

JOURNAL OF OCEAN UNIVERSITY OF CHINA

<正>Copyright Submfnion of a roanusatpt inks:that the work described has not been published before(exoept In the form of an abstrW or as part of a published lecture,review,or thesis);that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere that its publication has been approved by ail     

Information for Authors

<正>The Journal of Ocean University of China(Oceanic and Coastal Sea Research)is a comprehensive academic quarterly sponsored by the Ocean University of China,published one volume per year.This journal is devoted to the publication of the theoretical and applied research results on oceanography and marine fisheries.The fieldcovered include the physical,chemical,biological,geo-     

Hydraulics and Hydrology in Mountain Areas

<正>The 35th IAHR World Congress was held in Chengdu,China from September 8 to September 132013.The title of the conference was:"The Wise Finds Pleasure in Water:Meandering through Water Science and Engineering".During the congress,1239 papers were presented in 139sessions for oral presentations and 7 sessions for poster presentations.After the Congress,a Committee was appointed to select some of the best papers presented at the Congress for publication,after a     

Sea ice thickness measurement in spring season in Bothnian Bay using an electromagnetic induction instrument

As an important component of the cryosphere,sea ice is very sensitive to the climate change.The study of the sea ice physics needs accurate sea ice thickness.This paper presents an electromagnetic-induction(EM) technique which can be used to measure the sea ice thickness distribution efficiently,and the successful application in Bothnian Bay.Based on the electromagnetic field theory and the electrical properties of sea ice and seawater,EM technique can detect the distance between the instrument and the ice/water interface accurately,than the sea ice thickness is obtained.Contrastive analysis of the apparent conductivity data obtained by EM and the value of drill-hole at same positions allows a construction of a transformable formula of the apparent conductivity to sea ice thickness.The verification of the sea ice thickness calculated by this formula indicates that EM technique is able to get reliable sea ice thickness with average relative error of only 12%.The statistic of all ice thickness profiles shows that the level ice distribution in Bothnian Bay was 0.4-0.6 m.     

Thermohaline structure inhomogeneity associated with polynia at the northern margin of Emery Ice-shelf

Based on the hydrographic data in austral summer during the 22nd Antarctic Expedition of China(2005/2006),some features can be found about the northern margin of Emery ice shelf as follows.The heat content in the surface layer(0-50 m) at the eastern end and the western end of the ice-shelf margin is much higher than that at the middle.The upper mixing-layer depth and the seasonal thermocline depth at the middle of the ice-shelf northern margin are much shallower than those at the both ends.However there is much less difference between the middle and the ends in the bottom layer.The remote sensing photos show that the inhomogeneity in the surface-layer water is closely related to the spatial distribution of the floes and polynia in the area.     

Phylogenetic analysis of cultivable bacteria isolated from Arctic sea-ice

Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA of 8 strains of cultivable bacteria isolated from Arctic sea-ice was studied.The results showed that strain BJ1 belonged to genus Planococcus,which was a genus of low mole percent G C gram-positive bacteria;strain BJ6 belonged to genus Burkholderia of β-proteobacteria and the rest 6 strain all belonged to γ-proteobacteria,of which strain BJ8 was a species of Pseudoalteromonas,strain BJ2-BJ5 and BJ7 were members of genus Psychrobacter.Phylogenetic analysis also indicated that bacteria of genus Psychrobacter of the isolates formed a relatively independent phylogenetic cluster in comparison with other bacteria belonged to genus Psychrobacter.     

Foreword

正Rapid changes of Arctic sea ice cover have been in the focus of the international climate research community in recent years.Quite a few of nations have completed a large number of related surveys and research projects in the Arctic Ocean.Up to now,China has performed six research cruises to the Arctic Ocean resulting in a significant volume of research output.Improved knowledge on the atmospheree-sea ice-ocean interactions in the Arctic is a