Impact of El Nio on Large-scale Circulation of Southeast Asian Summer Monsoon

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴａｏａｎｄＣｈｅｎ (1 987)ｗｅｒｅｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｔｏｐｏｉｎｔｏｕｔｔｈａｔｔｈｅＡｓｉａｎｓｕｍｍｅｒｍｏｎｓｏｏｎｉｓｃｏｍｐｒｉｓｅｄｏｆｔｗｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ:ＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎｓｕｍｍｅｒｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ (ＥＡＳＭ )ａｎｄＳｏｕｔｈＡｓｉａｎｓｕｍｍｅｒｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ (ＳＡＳＭ) .Ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｌｙｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｆｒｏｍｅａｃｈｏｔｈｅｒｉｎｂｏｔｈｌａｒｇｅ ｓｃａｌｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｔｓｕｂｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ.Ｔｈｅｒ…     

GENETIC TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND ICE IN NORTHEAST CHINA

１ＧＥＮＥＴＩＣＴＹＰＥＳＯＦＧＲＯＵＮＤＩＣＥＩＮＣＨＩＮＡＧｒｏｕｎｄｉｃｅｉｓｗｅｌｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｖｉｃｉｎｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎｐｅｒｍａｆｒｏｓｔｌｉｍｉｔｉｎｔｈｅＥｕｒａｓｉａｎｃｏｎｔｉｎｅｎｔ，ｉｎｔｈｅｎ...     

COMBINED EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE, IRRADIANCE AND SALINITY ON GROWTH OF DIATOM SKELETONEMA COSTATUM

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＶａｒｉｏｕｓｃａｕｓａｔｉｖｅｆａｃｔｏｒｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｗａｒｅｎｅｓｓ,ｕｔｉｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏａｓｔａｌｗａｔｅｒｓｆｏｒａｑｕａｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ,ｅｕｔｒｏｐｈｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｙｓｔｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ (Ｈａｌｌｅｇｒｅａｆｆｅｔａｌ.,1 995)ｈａｓｌｅｄｔｏｅｘｔｅｎｓ ｉｖｅｓｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｎｔｈｅｇｌｏｂａｌｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｉｎＨＡＢ (ＨａｒｍｆｕｌＡｌｇａｌＢｌｏｏｍ) .ＹｅｔｔｈｅＨＡＢｍｅｃｈａｎｉ…     

EXERCISE IN DOWNSCALING ON SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ALONG CHINESE COAST

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｍｏｎｓｏｏｎｈａｓａｃｉｒｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎｆｅａｔｕｒｅｔｈａｔｉｓｐｌａｎｅｔａｒｙｉｎｓｃａｌｅａｎｄａｎｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉａｂｌｅｓｉｇｎａｌｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇｉｔｓｓｕｂｓｅｑｕｅｎｔｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｓｏｍｅｎｉｎｅｍｏｎｔｈｓｐｒｉｏｒｔｏｔｈｅａｃｔｉｖｅｓｔａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｓｕｍｍｅｒｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ(ＷｅｂｓｔｅｒａｎｄＹａｎｇ,1992).Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ,ｔｈｅｍａｇｎｉｔｕｄｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｎｓｏｏｎｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｓｓｕｂｓｔａｎｔｉａ…     

THE METHOD BASE OF GEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS AND ITS APPLICATION

曹桂发ＴＨＥＭＥＴＨＯＤＢＡＳＥＯＦＧＥＯＧＲＡＰＨＩＣＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＡＮＤＩＴＳＡＰＰＬＩＣＡＴＩＯＮ￥ＣａｏＧｕｉｆａ（ＳｔａｔｅＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｆＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓａｎｄＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＳｙｓｔｅｍ...     

DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION OF PAHs IN SURFACE WATERS, POREWATER AND SEDIMENTS FROM XIAMEN WESTERN BAY

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＰｏｌｙｃｙｃｌｉｃＡｒｏｍａｔｉｃＨｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓ(ＰＡＨｓ)ｗｉｄｅｌｙｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ(ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ,ｗａｔｅｒｃｏｌｕｍｎ,ｓｏｉｌ,ｒｉｖｅｒ,ｌａｃｕｓｔｒｉｎｅａｎｄｍａｒｉｎｅｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔｓ)ａｎｄａｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｔｒａｃｅｍｉｘｔｕｒｅｓａｎｄｗｉｄｅｌｙｓｐｒｅａｄｆｒｏｍｓｅｖｅｒａｌ×10-9ｇｒａｄｅｓｉｎｒｅｍｏｔｅａｒｅａｓｔｏｓｅｖｅｒａｌ×10-6ｌｅｖｅｌｓｉｎｕｒｂａｎａｎｄｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌａ…     

RELATION OF BODY WEIGHT AND FOOD CONSUMPTION TO METABOLIC RATE OF JUVENILE JAPANESE SEA BASS, LATEOLABRAX JAPONICUS

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅＪａｐａｎｅｓｅｓｅａｂａｓｓ (ＬａｔｅｏｌａｂｒａｘｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓＣ＆Ｖ)ｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｅｓｗｉｄｅｌｙｉｎｔｈｅｃｏａｓｔａｌｗａｔｅｒｓａｌｏｎｇｔｈｅＢｏｈａｉＳｅａ ,ＹｅｌｌｏｗＳｅａ ,ＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎａＳｅａ,ａｎｄＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＳｅａ .Ａｓａｃａｒｎｉｖｏｒｏｕｓｆｉｓｈ ,ｉｔｏｃｃｕｐｉｅｓｔｈｅｈｉｇｈｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｌｅｖｅｌｉｎｔｈｅｍａｒｉｎｅｅｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄｈａｓａｄａｐｔｅｄｔｏｖａｒｉｏｕｓｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｒ…     

EFFECTS OF CO-CULTURE AND SALINITY ON THE GROWTH AND AGAR YIELD OF GRACILARIA TENUISTIPITATA VAR LIUI ZHANG ET XIA

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ,ｃｏ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ (ｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ )ｏｆｍａｒｉｎｅｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ (ａｌｇａｅａｎｄａｎｉｍａｌｓ)ｈａｓｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｇｒｅａｔａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ .Ｉｎｃｏ ｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｓｙｓｔｅｍｔｈｅａｌｇａｅａｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｕｐｔａｋｅＣＯ2 ａｎｄｔｈｅｍｅｔａｂｏｌｉｃｗａｓｔｅｓ(ｓｕｃｈａｓＮＨ4 +,ＮＯ2 - ,ＮＯ3- ｅｔｃ)ａｓｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ,ａｎｄｒｅｌｅａｓｅＯ2 ｔｏｔｈｅｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇｅｎｖｉｒｏｎ …     

TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DIFFERENCES OF THE INDUSTRIAL RESTRUCTURING OF GUANGDONG PROVINCE IN THE 1990S

１　ＣＨＡＮＧＥＳＯＦＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＩＡＬＳＴＲＵＣＴＵＲＥ１．１　ＣｈａｎｇｅｓｏｆＳｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆＴｈｒｅｅＥｃｏｎｏｍｉｃＳｅｃｔｏｒｓＳｉｎｃｅｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｍｏｆｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄｏｐｅｎｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｏｕｔｓｉｄｅｗｏｒｌｄｉｎｔｈｅｌａｔｅ１９７０ｓ，ｔｈｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆＧｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｉｎｇａｎｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｎｏｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｗ…     

BASIC CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROLLING FACTORS OF ANASTOMSING FLUVIAL SYSTEMS

1　ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｔｅｒｍ“ａｎａｓｔｏｍｏｓｉｎｇｒｉｖｅｒ”ｗａｓｆｉｒｓｔａｐｐｌｉｅｄｂｙＳＣＨＵＭＭ ( 1968) ,ｒｅｆｅｒｒｅｄｔｏｓｔａｂｌｅ ,ｌｏｗｂｅｄ ｌｏａｄ ,ｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｃｈａｎｎｅｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｗｉｔｈｌｏｗ ｇｒａｄｉｅｎｔ,ｈｉｇｈｓｉｎｕｏｓｉｔｙａｎｄｓｅｐａｒａｔｅｄｖｅｇｅｔａｔｅｄｉｓｌａｎｄｓ .Ｔｈｉｓｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃｍｅａｎｉｎｇｏｎ“ａｎａｓｔｏｍｏｓｉｓ”ｗｈｉｃｈｗａｓｆｉｒｓｔｕｓｅｄｂｙＪａｃｋｓｏｎｉｎ 1834ｅｎｄｅｄｔｈｅｓｙ…     

EVALUATION OF DAILY PRECIPITATION IN CHINA FROM ECMWF AND NCEP REANALYSES

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＷｅａｔｈｅｒｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｉｎｇａｓａｍａｊｏｒｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｉｎａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｈａｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｓｉｎｃｅｔｈｅ 1 950’ｓｉｎｔｏａｍｏｄｅｒｎｓｃｉｅｎｃｅ .Ｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｗｅａｔｈｅｒｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｍｏｄｅｌｓａｒｅｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｖｅｌｙａｎｄｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙｕｓｅｄｔｏｃｈｅｃｋｔｈｅｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓ,ｒｕｌｅｏｕｔｔｈｅｏｌｄｉｎｃｏｒｒｅｃｔｏｎｅｓａｎｄｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｎｅｗｉｄｅａｓ,ａｎｄｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ…     

A strategy for studying shelf circulation in China Seas —Interannual variability of shelf circulation

Circulation in China Seas has been investigated by Chinese oceanographers in some detail for many years. However, owing to data being sparse and scarce, studies were basically concerned in interseasonal (mainly summer and winter) fluctuations and almost none was in the interannual variability of the circulation in China Seas. It is pointed out that the routine (monthly or bimonthly) hydrographical section data on the continental shelf of China Seas accumulated since 1975, can be used to examine the interannual variability of the shelf circulation. An example is given to show there is interannual variability of shelf circulation in the East China Sea. And what is more, a hypothesis is proposed to describe where the interannual variability comes from and to explain why it is strongly correlated with El Niño events. It is strongly suggested that the interannual variability of the shelf circulation in China Seas be studied, as a strategy, with the routine hydrographical survey, which should be seriously continued, combined with cooperative study in the Philippine Sea and the western tropical Pacific Ocean.     

Intraseasonal variability of the equatorial Pacific Ocean and its relationship with ENSO based on Self-Organizing Maps analysis

We investigated the intraseasonal variability of equatorial Pacific subsurface temperature and its relationship with El Nino-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) using Self-Organizing Maps(SOM) analysis.Variation in intraseasonal subsurface temperature is mainly found along the thermocline.The SOM patterns concentrate in basin-wide seesaw or sandwich structures along an east-west axis.Both the seesaw and sandwich SOM patterns oscillate with periods of 55 to 90 days,with the sequence of them showing features of equatorial intraseasonal Kelvin wave,and have marked interannual variations in their occurrence frequencies.Further examination shows that the interannual variability of the SOM patterns is closely related to ENSO;and maxima in composite interannual variability of the SOM patterns are located in the central Pacific during CP El Nino and in the eastern Pacific during EP El Nino.The se results imply that some of the ENSO forcing is manife sted through changes in the occurrence frequency of intraseasonal patterns,in which the change of the intraseasonal Kelvin wave plays an important role.     

COMBINATION OF ECMWF REANALYZED DAILY RAINFALL AND PENTAD CMAP IN CHINA

In this study, 16 combinations of the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast) reanalyzed daily rainfall and the pentad CMAP in China for the period 1980- 1993( 1May - 31 Dec. ) were calculated. Correlation analysis was used to roughly evaluate daily rainfall for the whole of China and a combination of RPC (rotated principal component) and wavelet analyses was applied to data on observed and combined daily rainfall to obtain a detailed evaluation of the quality of these combined datasets in 6 selected major rainfall regions of eastern China. The results showed that except for intraweekly fluctuation, the best combination was roughly similar to or accorded well with observation in the aspects of space variation patterns and long period rainfall fluctuations related to monsoon onset and serious meteorologic disasters, indicating that this combination yielded better values of long term daily mean and standard deviation through the pentad CMAP ( CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation), and can also represent rainfall fluctuations through the reanalyzed daily rainfall.     

ECMWF地表太阳辐射数据在我国的误差及成因分析

利用2000-2009年中国气象局（CMA）地表太阳辐射台站资料,对欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）地表太阳下行短波辐射产品进行多时间尺度的计算与分析,检验ECMWF地表辐射产品对于中国地区太阳辐射特征的表现。本文通过聚类分析将中国地区分为8个区域,考虑到ECMWF大气因素对ECMWF地表辐射的影响和大气因子分布的空间异质性,引入地理探测器对ECMWF再分析辐射产品的时空误差进行定量分析,来判明影响ECMWF辐射精度的主要大气因子。结果表明：总体上看,ECMWF地表太阳辐射要高于地面观测数据,月均偏差为18.28W/m²;ECMWF地表太阳辐射表现出季节性差异,夏秋季节明显好于春冬季节,相对偏差较大的数据集中分布在12、1、2和3月,相对偏差较小的数据集中分布在6、7、8和9月;不同区域在冬季和夏季的主导大气影响因子不同,夏季中国西北（1区）、高原（3区）、西南（4区）和四川盆地（5区）地区主导影响因子都是气溶胶,东南（6区）地区的主导影响因子是地表反照率和气溶胶,中东部地区（7区）的主导影响因子是云覆盖率和气溶胶,但是因子解释较小,分别为0.0228和0.0202,东北地区（8区）4个因子均未通过显著性系数检验,因子对相对偏差的变化影响不显著;冬季中国西北（1区）、高原（3区）、中东（7区）、东北（8区）和四川盆地（5区）地区的主导影响因子都是云覆盖率,西南（5区）和东南（6区）地区的辐射主要受到气溶胶的影响。     

Influence of the Convection over the South China Sea on the Summer Precipitation of Shandong Province

1　Introduction　ShandongProvince ,whichislocatedintheeastofChina ,consistspartlyofpeninsulaandpartlyofinlandwithatotalareaofabout 1 5 0 0 0 0km2 .Lyingfrom34°2 0′Nto 38°2 0′Nandfrom 1 1 4°4 0′Eto 1 2 2°4 0′E ,alltheareabelongstothemoderateregionandtothetypicalAsianmonsoonclimate .SoShandong’ssum merprecipitationaccountsforover 6 0 %oftheannualrainfall,andaccordinglyflood droughtdisastersmain lyoccurinsummer.Moreover,becauseitisgeographi callylocatedinthetransitionalareabetweenthe…     

Seasonal and intraseasonal variations of the surface Taiwan Warm Current

To study seasonal and intraseasonal variations of the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) in detail Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function (REOF) and Extended Associate Pattern Analysis (EAPA) are jointly adopted with daily sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) datasets covering 1126 days from American Navy Experimental Real-Time East Asian Seas Ocean Nowcast System in the present paper. Results show that the first and second REOFs of SST in the southern East China Sea (SECS) account for 50.8% and 39.8% of the total variance. The surface TWC contains persistent (multi-year mean), seasonal and intraseasonal components. The persistent one mainly inosculates with the Kuroshio but the seasonal and intraseasonal ones are usually active only on the continental shelf. Its persistent component is produced by inertial flow of the Kuroshio, however its seasonal and intraseasonal ones seems coming from seasonal and intraseasonal oscillations of monsoon force. The seasonal one reaches its maximum in late summer,lasting about four months and the intraseasonal one takes place at any seasons, lasting more than 40 days.     

Interannual variability of the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass

Temperature data collected in the sections of 34°N, 35°N and 36°N in August from 1975 through 2003 were analyzed using Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) to investigate interannual variability of the southern Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM). The first mode (EOF1) reveals variations of basin-wide thermocline depth, which is mainly caused by surface heating. The second mode (EOF2) presents fluctuations of vertical circulation, resulting mainly from interannual variability of cold front intensity. In addition, it is found that the upward extent of upwelling in the cold front is basically determined by wind stress curl and the zonal position of the warm water center in the southern Yellow Sea is correlated with spatial difference of net heat flux.     

Variation in joint mode of the tropical Indian-Pacific Ocean thermodynamic anomaly

Previous research has defined the index of the Indian-Pacific thermodynamic anomaly joint mode (IPTAJM) and suggested that the winter IPTAJM has an important impact on summer rainfall over China. However, the possible causes for the interannual and decadal variability of the IPTAJM are still unclear. Therefore, this work investigates zonal displacements of both the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) and the eastern Indian Ocean warm pool (EIOWP). The relationships between the WPWP and the EIOWP and the IPTAJM are each examined, and then the impacts of the zonal wind anomalies over the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans on the IPTAJM are studied. The WPWP eastern edge anomaly displays significant interannual and decadal variability and experienced a regime shift in about 1976 and 1998, whereas the EIOWP western edge exhibits only distinct interannual variability. The decadal variability of the IPTAJM may be mainly caused by both the zonal migration of the WPWP and the 850 hPa zonal wind anomaly over the central equatorial Pacific. On the other hand, the zonal migrations of both the WPWP and the EIOWP and the zonal wind anomalies over the central equatorial Pacific and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean may be all responsible for the interannual variability of the IPTAJM.     

Interannual wave climate variability in the Taiwan Strait and its relationship to ENSO events

This study investigated the interannual wave climate variability in the Taiwan Strait(TS) and its relationship to the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO) phenomenon using a high-resolution numerical wave model. The results showed the interannual variability of significant wave height(SWH) in the TS, which exhibits significant spatial and seasonal variations, is typically weaker than the seasonal variability. The standard deviation of the interannual SWH anomaly(SWHA) showed similar spatial variations in the TS throughout the year, being largest in the middle of the strait and decreasing shoreward, except in summer, when there was no local maximum in the middle of the TS. Further analyses proved the interannual wave climate variability in the TS is controlled predominantly by tropical cyclone activities in summer and by the northeasterly monsoon winds in winter. Furthermore, the interannual SWHA in the TS was found correlated highly negatively with the ENSO phenomenon. This relationship mainly derives from that during the northeasterly monsoon seasons. During the northeasterly monsoon seasons in El Ni?o(La Ni?a) years, the negative(positive) SWHA in the TS derives from weakened(strengthened) northeasterly monsoon winds induced by a lower-tropospheric anomalous anticyclone(cyclone) over the western Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea. During the southwesterly monsoon season in El Ni?o(La Ni?a) years, however, the SWH in the TS tends to increase(decrease) anomalously because of intensified(weakened) TC activities over the western North Pacific Ocean and adjacent seas.