基于点序列和要素加权法的地图匹配算法

浮动车数据(Floating Car Data,FCD)已广泛应用于城市规划、智能交通系统中,其中地图匹配一直以来都是浮动车数据应用的技术难点。本文在已有地图匹配算法的基础上,提出了基于点序列和要素加权法的地图匹配模型,不仅考虑了当前GPS点的信息,同时也考虑了GPS数据的历史信息和道路网的拓扑结构,从空间关系上分析车辆行驶轨迹和道路的相似性。作者通过上海市出租车轨迹数据对算法进行验证,结果表明:该匹配模型解决了已有地图匹配算法的一些弊端,并且提高了地图匹配的精度,具有高效、实用的特点。     

城市交通热点区域识别及空间交互分析

出租车载客数据可以用于研究居民的出行特征,提取城市的交通热点区域,但对城市交通热点区域的交互关系研究相对较少。本文以纽约市的出租车行程记录数据为数据源,利用交通小区划分结合出租车载客数据提取城市交通热点区域,基于复杂网络的方法对不同日期类型和天气情况的城市交通热点区域空间交互网络进行研究并进行社区发现。结果表明,热点区域受城市核心区的影响而聚集在核心区域周围,城市内社区的形成可以克服地形和行政区域等因素的影响。研究结论有望为城市规划、城市交通管理、出租车调度、以及人们的出行等提供信息参考。     

基于多源数据的城市功能区识别及相互作用分析

随着经济的快速发展,城市内部空间结构不断优化。识别城市功能区空间分布及其相互作用规律,对于把握城市空间结构以及制定科学合理的规划具有重要意义。采用重尾打断分类法和核密度聚类法对兴趣点（points of interest,POI）进行分析,识别城市功能区,并结合出租车轨迹数据进行时空挖掘,定量分析典型城市功能区交通吸引规律及其相互作用强度和方向。以北京市五环内主城区为例进行分析,可得:①该方法可以识别典型功能区西单、国贸、中关村是以商业为主的混合城市功能区,望京是以居住为主的混合功能区,且居民通勤出行特征明显;②国贸对自身的引力较强（39.4%）,说明国贸区域城市功能更加齐全;③典型功能区对居民出行距离范围内的区域吸引力随着距离的增加而减弱,符合经验认知和地理空间衰减规律。结果表明,利用POI和移动大数据采用重尾打断分类法和核密度聚类法进行城市功能区识别与分析是可行和有效的。     

基于出租车GPS数据的城市居民出行时空分布研究

随着城市的快速发展,道路拥堵、打车难等问题越来越突出,严重影响了居民的出行效率和生活质量。出租车GPS数据,在一定程度上包含了部分居民出行行为的丰富信息。考虑到出租车载客事件发生于一维道路网络空间,本文提出对出租车上下客事件所在路段进行分析,得到不同时段居民出行的热门路段和区域,分析居民出行时空分布特征,有助于了解交通现状和居民出行需求,提高城市对居民出行活动的服务水平。     

利用轨迹数据提取城市居民出行时空分布特征

介绍了利用出租车轨迹数据提取城市居民出行时空分布特征的过程,包括利用数理统计的方法对出租车上下客事件基于时间进行特征分析;给出了一种融合核密度估计(KDE)与兴趣点(POI)分类的密度聚类算法,实现了出租车上下客热点区域的挖掘以及居民出行活动规律与城市功能区之间关系的发现.?研究表明:居民的出行活动特征在"工-休"日之...     

Detecting vehicle traffic patterns in urban environments using taxi trajectory intersection points

Abstract

Detecting and describing movement of vehicles in established transportation infrastructures is an important task. It helps to predict periodical traffic patterns for optimizing traffic regulations and extending the functions of established transportation infrastructures. The detection of traffic patterns consists not only of analyses of arrangement patterns of multiple vehicle trajectories, but also of the inspection of the embedded geographical context. In this paper, we introduce a method for intersecting vehicle trajectories and extracting their intersection points for selected rush hours in urban environments. Those vehicle trajectory intersection points (TIP) are frequently visited locations within urban road networks and are subsequently formed into density-connected clusters, which are then represented as polygons. For representing temporal variations of the created polygons, we enrich these with vehicle trajectories of other times of the day and additional road network information. In a case study, we test our approach on massive taxi Floating Car Data (FCD) from Shanghai and road network data from the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project. The first test results show strong correlations with periodical traffic events in Shanghai. Based on these results, we reason out the usefulness of polygons representing frequently visited locations for analyses in urban planning and traffic engineering.     

出租车轨迹数据挖掘进展

大数据、物联网与精密定位技术的发展推动了城市感知的进步。随着社会活动的与日俱增,出租车轨迹数据不仅记录了出租车的行车轨迹,还蕴藏着道路交通状态、城市居民出行规律、城市结构及其他社会问题。通过各种数据分析与挖掘手段对出租车轨迹数据进行深入探究,对于智能交通、城市规划等有着重要意义。本文综述了近十年国内外基于出租车轨迹大数据的相关研究,按照空间统计方法、时间序列方法、图论与网络方法及机器学习方法等4类,详细阐述各类方法的研究现状。随后,本文分析了现有研究的应用领域、热点主题和发展趋势。最后,本文指出了出租车轨迹数据挖掘研究领域面临的挑战和未来研究方向。     

Integrated compression of vehicle spatio‐temporal trajectories under the road stroke network constraint

With fast growth of all kinds of trajectory datasets, how to effectively manage the trajectory data of moving objects has received a lot of attention. This study proposes a spatio‐temporal data integrated compression method of vehicle trajectories based on stroke paths coding compression under the road stroke network constraint. The road stroke network is first constructed according to the principle of continuous coherence in Gestalt psychology, and then two types of Huffman tree—a road strokes Huffman tree and a stroke paths Huffman tree—are built, based respectively on the importance function of road strokes and vehicle visiting frequency of stroke paths. After the vehicle trajectories are map matched to the spatial paths in the road network, the Huffman codes of the road strokes and stroke paths are used to compress the trajectory spatial paths. An opening window algorithm is used to simplify the trajectory temporal data depicted on a time–distance polyline by setting the maximum allowable speed difference as the threshold. Through analysis of the relative spatio‐temporal relationship between the preceding and latter feature tracking points, the spatio‐temporal data of the feature tracking points are all converted to binary codes together, accordingly achieving integrated compression of trajectory spatio‐temporal data. A series of comparative experiments between the proposed method and representative state‐of‐the‐art methods are carried out on a real massive taxi trajectory dataset from five aspects, and the experimental results indicate that our method has the highest compression ratio. Meanwhile, this method also has favorable performance in other aspects: compression and decompression time overhead, storage space overhead, and historical dataset training time overhead.     

武汉市出租车轨迹二氧化碳排放的时空模式分析

车辆尾气是道路交通二氧化碳（CO₂）排放的重要来源，目前的研究主要集中在区域CO₂排放清单的计算和分析上，鲜有从微观层面上进行CO₂排放的反演分析。采用微观尾气排放模型对出租车行程轨迹的CO₂排放量进行定量反演，进而从点、线、面3个粒度对武汉市出租车行程轨迹CO₂排放的时空模式进行分析。研究结果表明，利用出租车轨迹可以有效地反演出租车CO₂排放量，并发现其在不同日期和时段具有明显的规律性。通过时空聚类技术发现了点粒度下的出租车CO₂排放的类簇数目存在一定的时空变化规律，采用数据场模型展示了线粒度下的道路线段出租车CO₂排放强度存在明显的时空分布规律，利用时空自相关技术揭示了面粒度下的区域出租车CO₂排放量具有较高的时空正相关性。研究成果可以为城市减排措施制定等提供辅助支持。     

Online monitoring of local taxi travel momentum and congestion effects using projections of taxi GPS-based vector fields

Ubiquitous taxi trajectory data has made it possible to apply it to different types of travel analysis. Of interest is the need to allow someone to monitor travel momentum and associated congestion in any location in space in real time. However, despite an abundant literature in taxi data visualization and its applicability to travel analysis, no easy method exists. To measure taxi travel momentum at a location, current methods require filtering taxi trajectories that stop at a location at a particular time range, which is computationally expensive. We propose an alternative, computationally cheaper way based on preprocessing vector fields from the trajectories. Algorithms are formalized for generating vector kernel density to estimate a travel-model-free vector field-based representation of travel momentum in an urban space. The algorithms are shared online as an open source GIS 3D extension called VectorKD. Using 17 million daily taxi GPS points within Beijing over a 4-day period, we demonstrate how to generate in real time a series of projections from a continuously updated vector field of taxi travel momentum to query a point of interest anywhere in a city, such as the CBD or the airport. This method allows a policy-maker to automatically identify temporal net influxes of travel demand to a location. The proposed methodology is shown to be over twenty times faster than a conventional selection query of trajectories. We also demonstrate, using taxi data entering the Beijing Capital International Airport and the CBD, how we can quantify in nearly real time the occurrence and magnitude of inbound or outbound queueing and congestion periods due to taxis cruising or waiting for passengers, all without having to fit any mathematical queueing model to the data.     

基于出租车轨迹数据的人口活动分析

根据轨迹数据识别出人们感兴趣的区域,并且挖掘出人们的日常出行特性,作为数据挖掘的一个热点逐渐受到人们的重视。目前,绝大多数大城市的出租车上都安装有GPS,其记录的轨迹数据在时间和空间上都包含丰富的信息,分析出租车的轨迹数据能在一定程度上反映城市人口的出行情况,挖掘有价值的信息。文中挖掘出租车轨迹数据中的乘客上下车的位置点数据,经过数据预处理、地图匹配以及整合后,对位置点进行有权重的热点区域分析,叠加到地图上进行人口活动分析。     

Mapping collective human activity in an urban environment based on mobile phone data

Identifying and characterizing variations of human activity – specifically changes in intensity and similarity – in urban environments provide insights into the social component of those eminently complex systems. Using large volumes of user-generated mobile phone data, we derive mobile communication profiles that we use as a proxy for the collective human activity. In this article, geocomputational methods and geovisual analytics such as self-organizing maps (SOM) are used to explore the variations of these profiles, and its implications for collective human activity. We evaluate the merits of SOM as a cross-dimensional clustering technique and derived temporal trajectories of variations within the mobile communication profiles. The trajectories’ characteristics such as length are discussed, suggesting spatial variations in intensity and similarity in collective human activity. Trajectories are linked back to the geographic space to map the spatial and temporal variation of trajectory characteristics. Different trajectory lengths suggest that mobile phone activity is correlated with the spatial configuration of the city, and so at different times of the day. Our approach contributes to the understanding of the space-time social dynamics within urban environments.     

符合认知规律的时空轨迹融合与路网生成方法

以行驶在城市大街小巷的出租车GPS时空轨迹数据为研究对象,研究了符合"感知—认知—经验"认知规律3层次的轨迹融合与路网生成方法,提出了基于Delaunay三角网的时空轨迹融合模型,实现了从GPS时空轨迹中对符合认知规律需求的路网信息的获取,并以武汉市出租车GPS轨迹为试验,实现了对武汉市出租车时空轨迹的融合与武汉市路网数据的生成,证明了该方法的有效性。     

网络空间中线要素的核密度估计方法

核密度估计(KDE)方法是分析点要素或线要素空间分布模式的一种重要方法,但目前线要素核密度方法只能分析线要素在二维均质平面空间的密度分布,不能正确分析交通拥堵、交叉口排队、出租车载客等线事件在一维非均质道路网络空间中的密度分布。本文提出了一种网络空间中线要素的核密度估计方法(网络线要素KDE方法),首先确定每个线要素在网络空间上的密度分布,然后根据网络空间距离和拓扑关系确定网络空间的线要素核密度与时空分布。以出租车GPS轨迹数据中提取的"上客"线事件为例,分析出租车"上客"线事件在网络空间中的密度分布,通过与现有方法比较的试验结果表明,本文提出的方法更能准确反映路网空间中线事件的分布特征。     

Crowdsourcing functions of the living city from Twitter and Foursquare data

ABSTRACT

Urban functions are closely related to people’s spatiotemporal activity patterns, transportation needs, and a city’s business distribution and development trends. Studies investigating urban functions have used different data sources, such as remotely sensed imageries, observation, photography, and cognitive maps. However, these data sources usually suffer from low spatial, temporal, and thematic resolution. This article attempts to investigate human activities to understand urban functions through crowdsourcing social media data. In this study, we mined Twitter and Foursquare data to extract and analyze six types of human activities. The spatiotemporal analysis revealed hotspots for different activity intensities at different temporal resolution. We also applied the classified model in a real-time system to extract information of various urban functions. This study demonstrates the significance and usefulness of social sensing in analyzing urban functions. By combining different platforms of social media data and analyzing people’s geo-tagged city experience, this article contributes to leverage voluntary local knowledge to better depict human dynamics, discover spatiotemporal city characteristics, and convey information about cities.     

轨迹数据的时间采样间隔对停留识别和出行网络构建的影响

个体轨迹数据已经广泛用于人群活动的研究中。在静止的局部空间开展的活动是个体日常生活的基本元素,在轨迹数据中对应停留部分。因此学者常从轨迹数据中识别停留来研究个体活动信息。然而,轨迹数据的时间采样间隔会对停留识别带来影响。针对该问题,首先提出了一个框架,量化不同持续时间长度的活动在不同时间采样间隔的轨迹数据中被识别为停留的概率。其次,考虑到个体出行网络依赖于停留识别结果,基于该框架,研究分析了时间采样间隔对出行网络分析结果的影响。最后,利用该框架分别对深圳市居民出行调查数据和手机轨迹数据进行了分析。研究表明,在面向人群活动的研究和应用中,该框架能支持时间采样间隔的选择决策和面向活动类型的研究结果评价。     

出租车轨迹数据的南京人群出行模式挖掘

针对现有出租车轨迹数据挖掘中时间序列邻近度量方法存在的问题,提出一种基于DBSCAN算法和改进的DTW距离的时间序列聚类算法提取具有相似性出行特征的时空模式,进而研究城市人群出行行为的时空差异。以南京市为例,结合电子地图对出行模式的空间分布特征进行分析,证明了本文所提出的方法的有效性。实验结果表明:在空间分布上,工作日出租车出行模式按照平均出行频次由高到低排序,从城市中心向四周扩散,呈中心环状分布,出行模式区域界限较为明显,同类出行模式分布区域对应相似的功能。提出了一种基于DBSCAN算法和改进的DTW距离的时间序列聚类算法提取具有相似性出行特征的时空模式,有效地分析城市人群出行行为的时空差异。     

城市商业服务设施吸引力的空间相关性分析

利用武汉市出租车轨迹数据,根据服务设施的空间可达性,采用加权两步移动搜寻法计算服务设施的吸引力大小,并通过计算全局自相关指标分析服务设施吸引力在整体上的空间聚集特征,在此基础上分析服务设施吸引力的局部空间相关性。实验结果表明,武汉市服务设施吸引力整体上呈现显著的空间聚集特征,在商业繁华中心地带服务设施吸引力具有局部自相关性。     

基于时间序列相似度的城市功能区识别研究

随着城市化的快速发展,城市空间结构愈发复杂,城市功能区的快速有效识别对资源的有效配置和城市规划具有重要意义。传统的功能区识别缺乏对居民这一城市空间活动主体的动态表征,而长时间序列的出租车数据能动态表征居民出行行为,进而反映城市空间结构。动态时间扭曲(DTW)距离比传统的欧氏距离更能有效挖掘高维数据,泛化后的LB_Keogh距离和LB_Hust距离相继克服了DTW距离时间复杂度高和不对称的缺点。为了探究基于时间相似性度量的聚类算法在识别城市功能区方面的可行性,首先基于OpenStreetMap(OSM)路网数据获取研究单元,再通过滴滴订单数据提取上下车点、构建研究单元内的居民出行时间序列,然后利用PAM算法结合4种相似度度量方法进行聚类,最后结合兴趣点(POI)数据识别城市功能区,并对结果进行精度验证。结果表明,基于LB_Hust距离的PAM算法能有效挖掘高维时间序列数据,应用于城市功能区识别的精度高达86%,为应用时间序列数据进行城市研究提供了一种新的方法。     

Discovering Spatial Patterns in Origin‐Destination Mobility Data

Mobility and spatial interaction data have become increasingly available due to the wide adoption of location‐aware technologies. Examples of mobility data include human daily activities, vehicle trajectories, and animal movements, among others. In this article we focus on a special type of mobility data, i.e. origin‐destination pairs, and present a new approach to the discovery and understanding of spatio‐temporal patterns in the movements. Specifically, to extract information from complex connections among a large number of point locations, the approach involves two steps: (1) spatial clustering of massive GPS points to recognize potentially meaningful places; and (2) extraction and mapping of the flow measures of clusters to understand the spatial distribution and temporal trends of movements. We present a case study with a large dataset of taxi trajectories in Shenzhen, China to demonstrate and evaluate the methodology. The contribution of the research is two‐fold. First, it presents a new methodology for detecting location patterns and spatial structures embedded in origin‐destination movements. Second, the approach is scalable to large data sets and can summarize massive data to facilitate pattern extraction and understanding.