An improved direction relation detection model for spatial objects

Direction is a common spatial concept that is used in our daily life. It is frequently used as a selection condition in spatial queries. As a result, it is important for spatial databases to provide a mechanism for modeling and processing direction queries and reasoning. Depending on the direction relation matrix, an inverted direction relation matrix and the concept of direction pre- dominance are proposed to improve the detection of direction relation between objects. Direction predicates of spatial systems are also extended. These techniques can improve the veracity of direction queries and reasoning. Experiments show excellent efficiency and performance in view of direction queries.     

A spatially weighted degree model for network vulnerability analysis

Using degree distribution to assess network vulnerability represents a promising direction of network analysis.However,the traditional degree distribution model is inadequate for analyzing the vulnerability of spatial networks because it does not take into consideration the geographical aspects of spatial networks.This paper proposes a spatially weighted degree model in which both the functional class and the length of network links are considered to be important factors for determining the node degrees of spatial networks.A weight coefficient is used in this new model to account for the contribution of each factor to the node degree.The proposed model is compared with the traditional degree model and an accessibility-based vulnerability model in the vulnerabil-ity analysis of a highway network.Experiment results indicate that,although node degrees of spatial networks derived from the tra-ditional degree model follow a random distribution,node degrees determined by the spatially weighted model exhibit a scale-free distribution,which is a common characteristic of robust networks.Compared to the accessibility-based model,the proposed model has similar performance in identifying critical nodes but with higher computational efficiency and better ability to reveal the overall vulnerability of a spatial network.     

Measurement of similarity for spatial directions between areal objects

Similarity for spatial directions plays an important role in GIS. In this paper, the conventional approaches are analyzed. Based on raster data areal objects, the authors propose two new methods for measuring similarity among spatial directions. One is to measure the similarity among spatial directions based on the features of raster data and the changes of distances between spatial objects, the other is to measure the similarity among spatial directions according to the variation of each raster cell centroid angle. The two methods overcome the complexity of measuring similarity among spatial directions with direction matrix model and solve the limitation of small changes in direction. The two methods are simple and have broader applicability.     

Spatial Relation Resolution and Spatial Relation Abstraction

This paper attempts to regard spatial relation transformation as an important process in map generalization. The spatial relation generalization can be divided into the components of abstraction: topology, distance and orientation. The concept‘‘ spatial relation resolution‘‘ is introduced to describe the constraints of relative spatial relation. On the basis of nine intersection models, the cardinal direction models and the iso-dis-tance-relation models, this paper gives three sorts of relation resolution representations for topological, distance and orientation relation, respectively. Two mapping implementations in map generalization is discussed.     

Fuzzy topological relations between fuzzy spatial objects

Fuzziness is an internal property of spatial objects.How to model fuzziness of a spatial object is a main task of next generation GIS.This paper proposes basic fuzzy spatial object types based on fuzzy topology.These object types are the natural extension of current nonfuzzy spatial object types.A fuzzy cell complex structure is defined for modeling fuzzy regions,lines and points.Furthermore,fuzzy topological relations between these fuzzy spatial objects are formalized based on the 9intersection approach.This model can be implemented for GIS applications due to its scientific theory basis.     

GTP-based integral real-3D spatial model for engineering excavation GIS

Engineering excavation GIS (E^2GIS) is a real-3D GIS serving for geosciences related to geo-engineering, civil engineering and mining engineering based on generalized tri-prism (GTP) model.As two instances of GTP model, G-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface geological bodies, and E-GTP is used for the real-3D modeling of subsurface engineering excavations. In the light of the discussions on the features and functions of E2 GIS, the modeling principles of G-GTP and E-GTP are introduced. The two models couple together seamlessly to form an integral model for subsurface spatial objects including both geological bodies and excavations. An object-oriented integral real-3D data model and integral spatial topological relations are discussed.     

Land-use spatial optimization based on PSO algorithm

The optimization of land-use spatio-structure is one of the most important areas of land use management;constructing a spatial optimization model that is based on the micro spatial unit in a bottom-up mode plays an important role in coupling the quan-tity structure and spatial structure effectively.The objective of this research is to develop a land use spatial optimization model based on particle swarm optimization to make spatial decision in land use management.The model is implemented using real data-sets to emulate the process of spatial structure optimization in order to get the best landscape pattern under the control of decision environments.Simulation results revealed that the particle swarm optimization model has the ability to utilize the quantity and spa-tial structure.Furthermore,the result demonstrated that it can be used to stimulate the landscape pattern in designing the appropriate optimization environment,which could land quantity target to the basic spatial units effectively and provide appropriate spa-tio-structure for regional land use space layout decision making.     

An integrated data model in three dimensional GIS

The current GIS can only deal with 2-D or 2.5-D information on the earth surface. A new 3-D data structure and data model need to be designed for the 3-D GIS. This paper analyzes diverse 3-D spatial phenomena from mine to geology and their complicated relations, and proposes several new kinds of spatial objects including cross-section, column body and digital surface model to represent some special spatial phenomena like tunnels and irregular surfaces of an ore body. An integrated data structure including vector, raster and object-oriented data models is used to represent various 3-D spatial objects and their relations. The integrated data structure and object-oriented data model can be used as bases to design and realize a 3-D geographic information system.     

An Approach to Reasoning Topological Relations Between Areal Objects Under Randomness

This paper describes the geometric and statistical properties of areal object under randomness. In order to describe formally such a uncertain topological relation, a new formal model (i. e. 4ID model) is proposed. On the basis of this, the effects of positional uncertainty on topological relations between areal objects are investigated in detail. Some possibility functions for the determination of relations are constructed based on the assumption that randomness of point location complies with a normal distribution, and the concept of uncertain sets of topological relations under randomness is introduced.     

一种空间方向关系的细节描述方法

以描述不同细节层次下的方向关系为目的，用内部方向的详细划分来完善空间方向表达，并创造性地将邻接代码的编码思想用于内部细节矩阵的构建，巧妙地将多个内部方向描述矩阵融为一体，从而完成了空间方向关系的深度细节描述。     

基于方向关系矩阵的空间方向相似性定量计算方法

介绍了一种多尺度空间对象的方向关系表达模型以及基于该模型的方向相似度度量方法。该方向关系模型对方向关系矩阵模型进行了改进,根据空间对象的形状定量描述空间对象之间的方向关系;借鉴平衡传输问题的解决方法计算方向矩阵间最小转换代价,即方向矩阵间的距离,从而量化方向对间的差异,最终获得任意尺度空间对象的方向相似度并对其进行比较。对不同尺度空间对象的方向相似性的试验表明,该方法简单可行且不失精度,结果符合人类认知。     

基于拓扑约束的方向关系定性描述模型

针对原有方向关系矩阵模型对于参考目标MBR区域的方向描述缺陷问题,本文将拓扑约束引入方向关系定性描述,构建基于拓扑参考的方向关系定性描述模型,实现了MBR区域方向关系的有效表达。新模型首先将参考目标的MBR区域划分为不同的拓扑区域,提出方向关系拓扑参考定义;基于拓扑参考,分别对不同拓扑区域定义相应的方向关系矩阵;最后,根据参考目标与源目标间的不同拓扑关系,提出不同情况下方向关系分层定性描述策略。实验结果表明,新模型充分反映了拓扑关系对方向关系描述的约束关系,能有效提高方向关系表达的准确性和精确性。     

顾及尺度差异的复合空间对象方向相似度定量计算模型

介绍了一种顾及尺度差异的复合空间对象的方向关系表达模型,及基于该模型的方向相似度度量方法。该方向关系模型对方向关系矩阵模型进行改进,根据空间对象的形状定量描述空间对象之间的方向关系。采用分解思想,借鉴平衡传输问题的优化方法计算复合方向矩阵间最小转换代价,即方向矩阵间的距离,从而量化方向对间的差异,最终获得不同尺度下的复合对象的方向相似度并对其进行比较。对不同尺度复合空间对象的方向相似性的试验表明,该方法简单可行且不失精度,结果符合人类认知。     

矢量GIS空间方向关系的演算模型

空间方向关系是描述空间目标间位置分布的一类基本空间约束，在GIS中是由形式化模型描述的。但现有模型由于简化假设过多，其描述分辨率较低。以点／点空间方向关系的计算量为基础，在综合考虑空间目标的几何构成和分布关系后，提出了定量化演算空间方向关系的一种新模型。利用该模型的结果，根据定量表达与定性描述之间的转换函数，可以得到相应的定性描述结果。理论分析和算例表明，新模型对目标间距离和目标本身的形状等影响方向关系的参数更为敏感，因而比现有模型有更高的描述分辨率。     

空间方向关系的反转运算

反转运算作为空间方向关系最为基础的一种运算,目前对其研究还没有达到形式化和系统化的要求。这里以空间方向关系的集合表示为基础,在严格定义方向关系的前提下,从点状目标间方向关系的反转运算出发,分类研究了各种矩形主方向关系的反转运算规则,对两目标出现重合区域的方向关系进行了重点研究,给出了运算结果并予以证明。     

GIS线目标间空间关系的集成表达方法

GIS中的线目标可以表达现实中一类广泛存在的空间实体,如地铁线、管线、道路以及河流等。以线目标为研究对象,基于分解与组合的思想,提出一种线／线目标空间关系的集成表达方法。在整体上,将空间关系分解为拓扑、方向和距离关系3种,并以拓扑关系描述作为方向和距离信息的载体,通过纳入局部的方向关系和距离关系,来集成表达两个线目标间的各种类型空间关系信息。其中在线目标间拓扑关系、方向关系和距离关系描述时,分别将它们分解为一组局部关系（或基本关系）,并通过对拓扑关系建立一定的排列顺序来进行描述。最后,通过一个简单例子说明本文提出的方法与Clementini和Di Felice（1998）的不同。以及本文方法对表达各种空间关系信息的可行性。     

基于空间关系认知的新模式地图设计——以路网构架图表达“一带一路”路线为例

地图所要表达的空间结构通常通过空间关系来建构和描述,包括距离关系、方向关系和拓扑关系。本文基于空间关系认知,从定名量表、顺序量表、间隔量表、比率量表4个量表分析了传统地图与新模式地图的空间关系分辨率的变化过程,并以路网架构图为例,对比了传统地图与新模式地图的认知效果,提出在制图中要重视认知效率和表现对象的细节程度。     

基于锥形模型的空间方向查询研究

分析了基于锥形模型进行空间方向查询的原理,提出应结合不同实际应用领域和针对不同的空间数据特征选择适当的空间方向关系形式化描述模型的思想。按照这种思想,针对全国各省1∶25万县市级行政区划数据,设计并实现了基于八方向锥形模型的空间方向查询,取得了比较好的检索效果。     

An improved direction relation detection model for spatial objects

Direction is a common spatial concept that is used in our daily life. It is frequently used as a selection condition in spatial queries. As a result, it is important for spatial databases to provide a mechanism for modeling and processing direction queries and reasoning. Depending on the direction relation matrix, an inverted direction relation matrix and the concept of direction pre- dominance are proposed to improve the detection of direction relation between objects. Direction predicates of spatial systems are also extended. These techniques can improve the veracity of direction queries and reasoning. Experiments show excellent efficiency and performance in view of direction queries.