基于RFM的高分辨率卫星遥感影像自动匹配研究

摘　要：提出一种基于有理多项式模型（RFM）进行高分辨率卫星遥感影像自动匹配的方法。首先利用RFM进行高分辨率卫星影像直接定位和同名点预测；然后基于投影轨迹建立近似核线方程，并分析了核线精度；接着采用金字塔影像策略进行核线约束的近似一维影像匹配，并经最小二乘影像匹配精化匹配结果；最后采用RANSAC算法剔除误匹配点以获取最终的匹配结果。通过与二维灰度相关方法和SIFT匹配方法的比较试验，证明本文方法可靠性好、匹配成功率高，较好地解决了多时相、大姿态角高分辨率卫星遥感影像的自动匹配难题。     

一种新的异源高分辨率光学卫星遥感影像自动匹配算法

提出一种新的异源高分辨率光学卫星遥感影像自动匹配方法.首先利用高分辨率光学遥感影像有理多项式模型(RFM)正解模型,通过迭代计算其反解模型,并将RFM反解模型与投影轨迹法结合提取特征点对应异源影像核线,通过核线检查与对比分析确定同名点搜索范围.然后在搜索范围内利用最小欧式距离准则提取初始同名点,最后采用RANSAC算法和多项式拟合迭代法剔除误匹配点以获取最终的匹配结果.试验结果表明,相对于传统的SIFT算法,本文方法通过对异源影像特征点构建核线几何约束和灰度分析进行匹配,可获取更好的匹配效率和精度.     

一种基于嫦娥一号CCD影像的影像匹配方法

月球测绘是完成月球探测任务的基础保障。这里提出了一种适合于CE-1获取的CCD影像的多尺度约束自动匹配方法。首先利用SURF算子提取影像上特征点;然后进行基于准核线和最小欧式距离约束的影像匹配;最后采用随机采样算法对误匹配点进行剔除而得到同名点信息。实验结果表明,该匹配方法提取的同名点有利于CE-1月球影像DEM的生成。     

POS辅助和核线约束的倾斜影像匹配方法

针对无人机倾斜影像匹配时,由于冗余数据量大、影像几何变形大和重复纹理导致基于SIFT特征点的无人机倾斜影像匹配效率和可靠性低的问题,本文提出一种基于POS辅助和核线约束的倾斜影像匹配方法。在该方法中,首先利用机载GNSS/IMU设备获取的影像POS数据计算影像间在物方的重叠区域,接着将物方重叠区投影至像方,根据两幅影像的像方重叠率筛选高可靠像对;其次采用SIFT-GPU算法对影像提取特征点,并根据POS数据估计像对间的核线关系;然后在核线约束下,以描述子间的欧氏距离为相似性测度,实现特征点的高效稳健匹配;最后采用RANSAC算法剔除误匹配。通过对两组倾斜影像做匹配试验验证了本文方法的可行性。     

运动平滑与核线约束的特征匹配提纯算法

针对基于最近邻距离比率约束和几何条件约束的影像特征匹配方法,在处理重复纹理影像以及视角和尺度变化大的宽基线影像时,存在匹配正确率低和匹配点对数量少的问题,设计了结合运动平滑约束与核线约束的AKAZE特征匹配提纯算法。①为提高影像特征的不变性、显著性和时效性,采用AKAZE算子提取影像特征,经暴力匹配快速构建初始匹配集;②基于网格运动统计区分真假匹配,剔除不能满足运动平滑约束的匹配点对;③为消除局部相似特征引起的误匹配,采用核线约束提高匹配纯度。实验结果表明:所提算法实现了重复纹理影像、倾斜影像和宽基线影像同名点对的高精度匹配,增加了匹配点对数量,拓展了特征匹配的适用范围。     

多层平面单应约束车载街景影像匹配算法研究

车载街景影像匹配中含有较多难以剔除的误匹配,建议采用一种多层平面单应约束的车载街景影像匹配方法进行剔除。车载街景影像的拍摄对象主要为多层次的建筑物立面,物方平面在立体像对中的投影满足单应约束,所以建筑物立面在影像中满足多层平面单应约束。采用Harris算法提取角点特征,采用SIFT算子描述并用邻近距离比约束匹配获取初始同名点。首先,采用核线约束初步剔除误匹配;然后,结合RANSAC估计立体像对间的多层平面单应删除外点。该方法可删除纹理重复造成的误匹配,提高立体像对间匹配的正确率。     

SRTM高程数据辅助的国产卫星长条带影像匹配

针对国产卫星数据特点及长条带影像匹配困难问题,提出了一种基于全球SRTM数据的影像匹配方法。本文探讨了长条带影像物理分块机制,并引入LBP/C算子实现了兴趣点的筛选。在全球SRTM数据的辅助下,采用投影轨迹法,建立了近似核线方程。沿核线方向,进行局部畸变改正,进而消除匹配窗口的几何变形与辐射差异,利用金字塔匹配策略,逐层进行相关匹配。最后,在原始层引入MPGC(Multi-photo Geometrically Constrained Matching)算法与RANSAC(Random Sample Consensus)算法,进行精化匹配,并剔除误匹配点。文中综合运用了小面元几何纠正法与基于控制网的匹配生长算法,从而提高了匹配点的精度与均匀性。本文方法可在并行环境下全自动实现不同分辨率、不同视角、不同时相的多轨道长条带影像匹配,获得高精度的同名点观测值。以天绘一号与资源三号卫星影像作为试验数据,与现有匹配算法进行对比结果表明该算法具有较好的鲁棒性,能够达到较高的匹配精度。     

严密定位模型辅助的国产卫星影像匹配

针对不同传感器下的国产卫星影像特点,提出了一种基于严密定位模型的影像匹配方法。在现有方法的基础上,改进扫描行迭代搜索法,实现同名点的快速预测。在全球SRTM数据的辅助下,建立了近似核线方程。通过局部畸变改正,消除了匹配窗口的几何与辐射变形。引入多片最小二乘匹配(MPGC)算法,对匹配结果进行精化,并剔除误匹配点。综合运用了小面元几何纠正法与基于控制网的匹配生长算法,提高了匹配点的匹配精度与分布均匀性。利用天绘一号、资源一号02C、资源三号卫星影像进行试验,结果表明所提出的方法能够较好地结合国产卫星影像特点,实现多传感器下多轨道影像的全自动联合匹配,获得高精度的同名点观测值。     

无人飞行器遥感影像的自动相对定向研究

提出一套适合于无人飞行器遥感影像的全自动相对定向流程。其技术要点主要包括：利用SIFT特征的旋转、微小仿射的不变性等从影像提取特征并匹配,基于RANSAC的相对定向进行误匹配剔除,划分均匀网格的Frstner特征提取,基于核线约束的近似一维影像匹配,最小二乘匹配。试验结果表明,该方法具有较高的匹配成功率,获得点数多且点位分布均匀,具有较高的精度。     

一种空间结构信息的SAR影像直线匹配方法

针对SAR影像受相干斑噪声影响严重,难以直接利用灰度信息对特征直线进行匹配的问题,该文提出了一种基于空间结构信息的特征直线匹配方法。该方法首先根据影像间粗投影变换模型所提供的几何约束,将直线映射至同一坐标系下;然后基于直线双重距离进行匹配。为提高正确率,提出了旋转角一致性检核算法剔除误匹配。最后根据直线的空间特性对匹配直线对进行优化,获得"一对一"的匹配。对多组真实SAR影像进行实验,实验结果表明:该文提出的算法匹配直线对数量多,正确率高,稳定性好,优于L-P算法。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

基于SVG的矢量WebGIS实现技术研究

SVG是一种基于XML的用来描述二维矢量图形和矢量/栅格混合图形的标记语言,虽然SVG不是为了面向地理空间数据发布而制定的标准,但它的许多特性都能被广泛地应用到WebGIS中,从而实现矢量WebGIS。由于SVG通过简单的文本语句描述矢量图像,所以SVG通常数据量很小,并且SVG支持GZIP压缩,所以基于SVG构建WebGIS能减轻网络传输负载,加快地图显示速度。SVG内置了对JavaScript的支持,且SVG可通过DOM解析映像成内存中的树型结构,所以客户层可通过JavaScript对DOM的操作实现对地图的缩放、漫游、查询、图层控制等交互操作。     

浅谈DDE技术在MapInfo中的实现和应用

本文在讨论DDE技术的基础上，对MapInfo的DDE机制的实现作了探讨和分析。根据技园区域GIS的实际开发工作，介绍了利用DDE技术在MapInfo中成功地集成Foxpro和Autocad.     

遥感技术在土地利用动态监测中的应用

主要论述遥感技术在土地监测中的应用,以某地区土地利用动态遥感监测研究项目的运作过程为例进行阐述。首先介绍了土地利用动态监测的具体内容和技术路线。其次,对数据预处理与信息采集的方法与手段进行了探讨。最后,对作业的内、外业主要过程以及应提交的成果作了介绍。     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

Web Service与地理信息互操作

结合当今主流IT将互联网带入Web Service的趋势,以GIS工作者的视角剖析、审视这一发展趋势对GIS互操作的重要意义。文章在介绍Web Service的设计理念及相关技术的基础上,分析了传统空间地理信息互操作技术的局限性,概括总结了Web Service在空间地理信息的共享、互操作和集成上的良好支持和适应性,指出Web Service是未来实现GIS互操作的最佳解决方案。     

Automatic extraction of building roofs using LIDAR data and multispectral imagery

Automatic 3D extraction of building roofs from remotely sensed data is important for many applications including city modelling. This paper proposes a new method for automatic 3D roof extraction through an effective integration of LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data and multispectral orthoimagery. Using the ground height from a DEM (Digital Elevation Model), the raw LIDAR points are separated into two groups. The first group contains the ground points that are exploited to constitute a ‘ground mask’. The second group contains the non-ground points which are segmented using an innovative image line guided segmentation technique to extract the roof planes. The image lines are extracted from the grey-scale version of the orthoimage and then classified into several classes such as ‘ground’, ‘tree’, ‘roof edge’ and ‘roof ridge’ using the ground mask and colour and texture information from the orthoimagery. During segmentation of the non-ground LIDAR points, the lines from the latter two classes are used as baselines to locate the nearby LIDAR points of the neighbouring planes. For each plane a robust seed region is thereby defined using the nearby non-ground LIDAR points of a baseline and this region is iteratively grown to extract the complete roof plane. Finally, a newly proposed rule-based procedure is applied to remove planes constructed on trees. Experimental results show that the proposed method can successfully remove vegetation and so offers high extraction rates.     

遥感和GIS技术应用于伊拉克南部Basrah省土地利用/覆盖变化及城市扩张研究(英文)

In recent years, land use/cover dynamic change has become a key subject that needs to be dealt with in the study of global environmental change. In this paper, remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) are integrated to monitor, map, and quantify the land use/cover change in the southern part of Iraq (Basrah Province was taken as a case) by using a 1:250 000 mapping scale. Remote sensing and GIS software were used to classify Landsat TM in 1990 and Landsat ETM+ in 2003 imagery into five land use and land cover (LULC) classes: vegetation, sand, urban area, unused land, and water bodies. Supervised classification and normalized difference build-up index (NDBI) were used respectively to retrieve its urban boundary. An accuracy assessment was performed on the 2003 LULC map to determine the reliability of the map. Finally, GIS software was used to quantify and illustrate the various LULC conversions that took place over the 13-year span of time. Results showed that the urban area had increased by the rate of 1.2% per year, with area expansion from 3 299.1 km² in 1990 to 3 794.9 km² in 2003. Large vegetation area in the north and southeast were converted into urban construction land. The land use/cover changes of Basrah Province were mainly caused by rapid development of the urban economy and population immigration from the countryside. In addition, the former government policy of “returning farmland to transportation and huge expansion in military camps” was the major driving force for vegetation land change. The paper concludes that remote sensing and GIS can be used to create LULC maps. It also notes that the maps generated can be used to delineate the changes that take place over time. Supported by the Al-Basrah University, Iraq, the Geo-information Science and Technology Program (No. IRT 0438)China).     

基于WebGL的三维智慧管网系统的设计与实现

随着城市面貌日新月异,地下管网的建设也在持续推进,作为城市的地下“神经网络”,全天24 h保障城市的正常运转和发展。本文以实现城市管网管理系统的高可用、无插件、智能化为目标,采用“地上地下一体”“二三维一体”的设计理念,研究基于WebGL的三维智慧管网系统的关键技术,实现了管线设施管理的信息数字化、空间化与图形化。     

Reflectance variation in boreal landscape during the snow melting period using airborne imaging spectroscopy

We aim a better understanding of the effect of spring-time snow melt on the remotely sensed scene reflectance by using an extensive amount of optical spectral data obtained from an airborne hyperspectral campaign in Northern Finland. We investigate the behaviour of thin snow reflectance for different land cover types, such as open areas, boreal forests and treeless fells. Our results not only confirm the generally known fact that the reflectance of a melting thin snow layer is considerably lower than that of a thick snow layer, but we also present analyses of the reflectance variation over different land covers and in boreal forests as a function of canopy coverage. According to common knowledge, the highly variating reflectance spectra of partially transparent, most likely also contaminated thin snow pack weakens the performance of snow detection algorithms, in particular in the mapping of Fractional Snow Cover (FSC) during the end of the melting period. The obtained results directly support further development of the SCAmod algorithm for FSC retrieval, and can be likewise applied to develop other algorithms for optical satellite data (e.g. spectral unmixing methods), and to perform accuracy assessments for snow detection algorithms.A useful part of this work is the investigation of the competence of Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI) in snow detection in late spring, since it is widely used in snow mapping. We conclude, based on the spectral data analysis, that the NDSI -based snow mapping is more accurate in open areas than in forests. However, at the very end of the snow melting period the behavior of the NDSI becomes more unstable and unpredictable in non-forests with shallow snow, increasing the inaccuracy also in non-forested areas. For instance in peatbogs covered by melting snow layer (snow depth < 30 cm) the mean NDSI -0.6 was observed, having coefficient of variation as high as 70%, whereas for deeper snow packs the mean NDSI shows positive values.