利用NDVI估算云覆盖区的地表温度

利用同源不同时相的遥感影像替换云覆盖区下的NDVI值,确定无云区的NDVI与LST之间的函数关系式,再运用此函数关系和云覆盖区NDVI值估算其地表温度。以连云港市为例,针对NDVI-LST两者相关性应存在多种可能,验证其在线性关系、对数关系、二次多项式关系3种不同拟合关系下地表温度之间的差异及其估算精度。结果表明,3种拟合关系误差精度均在MAE<0.94℃,RSME<0.92℃范围内,且估算精度基本与相关系数呈负相关,能够满足一般实际应用的要求。     

云下地表温度与辐射变化关系的定量分析

云下对地表温度一直是热红外遥感研究的难点,云下地表温度的变化不仅受到到达地表的辐射强度的影响,还与地表覆盖类型的热力学性质有关,本文通过开展野外观测实验,并利用地表能量平衡模型模拟地表温度在不同辐射条件的变化情况,以期获得不同地表类型的地表温度与辐射变化的定量关系,结果表明,在云覆盖情况下,到达地表面的辐射值减小,地表温度也随之减小,当云覆盖前地表温度越高,云覆盖后地表温度的变化幅度就越大,不同地表类型的云下地表温度在单位时间(min)内发生的温度值的单位变化量所需辐射值的变化量与云覆盖前温度高低呈线性关系。在长时间云覆盖情况下,地表温度的下降速度随着云覆盖时间的增加而不断放缓,当云层覆盖一定时间(10—20 min)后,地表温度会达到一个相对稳定的状态。     

同化MODIS温度产品估算地表水热通量

基于集合卡尔曼滤波和通用陆面模型(CLM 1.0)发展了一个地表温度的同化系统。这个系统同化了MODIS温度产品, 并将MODIS的叶面积指数引入CLM模型中, 主要用于改进地表水热通量的估算精度。将CLM输出的地表温度与MODIS地表温度建立关系, 并作为同化系统的观测算子。将MODIS地表温度与实测地表温度进行了比较, 将其均方差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)作为观测误差。选取3个美国通量网站点(Blackhill、Bondville、Brookings)作为实验数据, 结果表明: 同化结果中地表温度、显热通量的估算精度均有提高。其中Blackhill站的估算精度改进最大, 均方差由81.5W·m-2减小到58.4W·m-2, Bondville站均方差由47.0W·m-2减小到31.8W·m-2, Brookings站均方差由46.5W·m-2减小到45.1W·m-2。潜热通量估算精度在Bondville站均方差由88.6W·m-2减小到57.7W·m-2, Blackhill站均方差由53.4W·m-2减小到47.2W·m-2。总之, 结合陆面过程模型同化MODIS温度产品估算地表水热通量是可行的。     

光谱指数趋势面的城市地表温度降尺度转换

针对城市及周边区域建造区和自然地表交织分布的特点,探讨了利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)和归一化建造指数(NDBI)构造趋势面的地表温度(LST)降尺度方法,以北京市市区及周边较平坦区域为例实现了LST自960 m向120 m的降尺度转换。分析了LST空间分布特征及NDVI、NDBI对地物的指示性特征;以北京市四至六环为界分析NDVI、NDBI趋势面对地表温度的拟合程度及各自的适用区域;在120 m、240 m、480 m和960 m 4个尺度上评价了NDVI、NDBI和NDVI+NDBI趋势面对LST的拟合程度和趋势面转换函数的尺度效应;对NDVI、NDBI和NDVI NDBI等3种方法的降尺度结果分覆盖类型、分区域对比评价。实验结果表明结合两种光谱指数的NDVI NDBI方法降尺度转换精度有所改善,改善程度取决于地表覆盖类型组合。     

全天候地表温度遥感获取进展与挑战

如何获取全天候地表温度对促进相关研究具有十分重要的意义。卫星热红外遥感地表温度虽然在反演理论方法和科学数据产品等方面已相对成熟，但热红外难以穿透云雾的特点导致反演得到的地表温度在云下有大量缺失；被动微波遥感虽能获取云下地表温度，但由于物理机制和成像方式的限制，存在空间分辨率不足、精度较低、轨道间隙较大等问题。通过卫星单源遥感难以直接获取中等空间分辨率、不受云雾影响的全天候地表温度。从原理、方法、产品和应用方面回顾并归纳了当前全天候地表温度的研究进展和面临的主要问题。基于有效观测重构和多源数据集成是获取全天候地表温度的两种基本途径，前者可分为时空插值和基于能量平衡方程插值两类，后者则可分为热红外与被动微波遥感集成、热红外与再分析资料集成。多源数据集成可以整合热红外遥感、被动微波遥感、再分析资料各自的优势，具有较大的研究价值和潜力。在产品方面，分析了当前学术界已公开发布的5种全天候地表温度产品。在应用方面，虽然部分全天候地表温度产品已在土壤湿度、地表蒸散发估算与同化方面取得了一些应用成果，但其在其他领域的应用亟待挖掘。此外，对全天候地表温度的未来研究方向和重点进行了讨论和展望。     

基于地表类型的TM6波段像元分解方法

先利用TM其他波段信息,将TM6波段的像元空间分辨率由120 m提高至30 m,对各子像元进行地类划分;再结合不同地表类型的热惯量特性,确定出每个子像元占原像元的权重和该子像元的辐射亮度;然后用单窗算法反演其温度,得到研究区地表温度的空间分布。对比三次卷积插值重采样反演地表温度的方法,该方法能更好地反演地表温度的空间分布特征。     

基于TM数据的地下煤火区地表温度反演与验证

以新疆维吾尔自治区水西沟火区为例,利用与Landsat 5卫星2011年7月31日过境同时段的红外辐射计地表温度观测数据,通过多种方法获取了像元尺度的地表温度实测值,并对基于TM数据反演地表温度的单窗算法、普适性单通道算法和Weng算法得到的地下煤火区地表温度进行对比分析与验证.结果表明,3种遥感反演算法得到的水西沟地下煤火区地表温度的空间分布趋势一致,其中,单窗算法与普适性单通道算法较为接近,研究区整体的平均地表温度差值为1.60℃.与地面实测数据相比,3种反演算法结果均低于地表温度实测值.其中,普适性单通道算法与地面实测值一致性最好,决定系数R2为0.886,均方差为1.48℃,其反演结果符合地下煤火区温度的空间分布规律,高温异常区范围明显;反演结果符合要求,在地下煤火区地表温度获取中具有一定的适用性,为提升新疆地下煤火区的动态监测与评价能力选择了有效方法.     

不同植被指数在基于TVDI方法反演土壤水分中的应用

研究增强型植被指数基于Landsat-8数据反演土壤水分的可行性及适用性,分析研究区土壤水分总体分布,提高该地区应对干旱灾害的能力。基于温度植被干旱指数方法,以淮河流域上游地区作为研究区,基于2017年2月的Landsat-8影像,分别计算了地表温度、归一化植被指数、增强型植被指数,基于TVDI构建了两种土壤水分反演模型。研究比较了:1) EVI在TM数据中的应用特点;2)研究区土壤含水率的空间分布特征;3)两种模型反演结果的差异。结果表明:1)基于TM数据计算的EVI总体明显低于NDVI,但不同时间段的结果并不总是低于NDVI;2)基于EVI的模型结果精度低于基于NDVI模型结果。3)两种模型结果与植被覆盖度、地表温度的关系均为负相关,其中,基于EVI的模型结果与地表温度的负相关程度极高,即基于EVI的模型结果受植被影响较小,受温度影响程度高。     

植被指数与地表温度定量关系遥感分析——以北京市TM数据为例

以北京市为研究区,在对Landsat-5 TM数据大气校正基础上,利用TM单窗算法定量反演地表温度,并估算了5种植被参数:归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)、绿度植被指数(GVI)、土壤调节植被指数(MSAVI)和植被覆盖度(fg)。结合地表温度(LST)空间分布,对比分析5种植被参数与地表温度的相关程度。分析结果显示,相对于上述4种植被指数f,g与地表温度有更好的负相关性,对地表温度空间分布的指示能力更佳。利用fg与地表温度关系定量分析了植被覆盖程度对热岛效应的影响,发现北京市区平均地表温度比近郊区和远郊区分别高1.6 K和5.3 K。     

云下遥感地表温度重构方法研究

地表温度是研究地-气之间水热平衡的重要参数,对地表温度的全天候获取具有重要意义。热红外遥感可以获得较高分辨率空间全覆盖的地表温度产品,但是有云地区数据缺失问题制约了地表温度遥感产品的全天候应用。文章发展了2种对云下缺失的地表温度进行重构的方法,方法 1是借助地表温度同化数据集发展了一种时空匹配的数据融合方法,方法 2是将当前在海表参数重构研究中较为流行的经验正交函数插值法(data interpolating empirical orthogonal function,DINEOF)方法应用于地表温度的重构研究中。通过对2017年中国地区地表温度遥感数据的重构对比了2种方法的效果与精度,结果显示:2种方法在整个中国地区不同季节有云条件下精度在2.5～3.5 K之间。方法可为今后地表温度遥感数据的全天候获取提供有益帮助。     

Estimating land-surface temperature under clouds using MSG/SEVIRI observations

The retrieval of land-surface temperature (LST) from thermal infrared satellite sensor observations is known to suffer from cloud contamination. Hence few studies focus on LST retrieval under cloudy conditions. In this paper a temporal neighboring-pixel approach is presented that reconstructs the diurnal cycle of LST by exploiting the temporal domain offered by geo-stationary satellite observations (i.e. MSG/SEVIRI), and yields LST estimates even for overcast moments when satellite sensor can only record cloud-top temperatures. Contrasting to the neighboring pixel approach as presented by Jin and Dickinson (2002), our approach naturally satisfies all sorts of spatial homogeneity assumptions and is hence more suited for earth surfaces characterized by scattered land-use practices. Validation is performed against in situ measurements of infrared land-surface temperature obtained at two validation sites in Africa. Results vary and show a bias of −3.68 K and a RMSE of 5.55 K for the validation site in Kenya, while results obtained over the site in Burkina Faso are more encouraging with a bias of 0.37 K and RMSE of 5.11 K. Error analysis reveals that uncertainty of the estimation of cloudy sky LST is attributed to errors in estimation of the underlying clear sky LST, all-sky global radiation, and inaccuracies inherent to the ‘neighboring pixel’ scheme itself. An error propagation model applied for the proposed temporal neighboring-pixel approach reveals that the absolute error of the obtained cloudy sky LST is less than 1.5 K in the best case scenario, and the uncertainty increases linearly with the absolute error of clear sky LST. Despite this uncertainty, the proposed method is practical for retrieving the LST under a cloudy sky condition, and it is promising to reconstruct diurnal LST cycles from geo-stationary satellite observations.     

卫星遥感地表温度降尺度的光谱归一化指数法

针对卫星遥感技术监测地表温度(land surface temperature,LST)存在时空分辨率矛盾这一难题,以TsHARP温度降尺度算法为基础,根据地表覆盖类型的不同,分别选择与LST相关性更好的光谱指数(归一化植被指数,NDVI;归一化建造指数,NDBI;改进的归一化水体指数,MNDWI;增强型裸土指数,EBSI)提出了新的转换模型,并从定性和定量两个角度评价了TsHARP法和新模型的降尺度精度。结果表明:两种模型在提高LST空间分辨率的同时又能较好地保持MODIS LST影像热特征的空间分布格局,消除了原始1km影像中的马赛克效应,两种模型均能够达到较好的降尺度效果;全局尺度分析表明,不管是在降尺度结果的空间变异性还是精度方面,本文提出的模型(RMSE:1.635℃)均要优于TsHARP法(RMSE:2.736℃);TsHARP法在水体、裸地和建筑用地这些低植被覆盖区表现出较差的降尺度结果,尤其对于裸地和建筑用地更为明显(|MBE|3℃),新模型提高了低植被覆盖区地物的降尺度精度;不同季节的降尺度结果表明,两种模型都是夏、秋季的降尺度结果优于春、冬季,新模型的降尺度结果四季均好于TsHARP法,其中春、冬季的降尺度精度提升效果要优于夏、秋季。     

A simple retrieval method of land surface temperature from AMSR-E passive microwave data—A case study over Southern China during the strong snow disaster of 2008

The analysis of the passive microwave radiance transfer equation certifies that there is a linear relationship between satellite-generated brightness temperatures (BT) and in situ observation temperature and that land surface temperature (LST) is largely influenced by vegetation cover conditions. Microwave polarization difference index (MPDI) is an effective indicator for characterizing the land surface vegetation cover density. Based on the analysis of LST models from AMSR-E BT with 6.9 GHz MPDI intervals at 0.04, 0.02 and 0.01, respectively, this paper developed a simplified LST regression model with MPDI-based five land cover types, combining observation temperatures from 86 meteorological observation stations. The study shows that smaller MPDI intervals can obtain higher accuracy of AMSR-E LST simulation, and that the combination of HDF Explorer and ArcGIS software was useful for automatically processing the pixel latitude, longitude and BT information from the AMSR-E HDF imagery files. The RMSE of the five LST simulation algorithms is between 1.47 and 1.92 °C, with an average LST retrieval error of 0.91–1.30 °C. Besides, only 7 polarization bands and 5 land surface types are required by the proposed simplified model. The new LST simulation models appears to be more effective for producing LST compared to past most studies, of which the accuracy used to be more than 2 °C. This study is one of the rare applications that combine the meteorological observation temperature with MPDI to produce the LST regression analysis algorithms with less RMSE from AMSR-E data. The results can be referred to similar areas of the world for LST retrieval or land surface process research, in particular under extreme bad weather conditions.     

基于遥感的长沙市城市热岛与土地利用/覆盖变化研究

基于多时相Landsat TM/ETM+影像,首先计算长沙市地表亮度温度,然后利用NDVI(归一化植被指数)、MNDWI(改进 的归一化水体指数)、NDBI(归一化建筑指数)和NDBaI(归一化裸土指数)4个指数,采用决策树分类方法对长沙市影像进行 土地利用/覆盖分类。在此基础上,对长沙市城市热岛的空间分布特征、时空演变特征以及城市热岛与土地利用/覆盖变化和各种影 响因子之间的关系进行研究。结果表明,随着长沙市城区范围的不断扩张,城市热岛范围也不断增大; 土地利用/覆盖类型的变化 会改变地表温度的空间分布,城市用地和裸地是城市热岛强度的主要贡献因素,水体和林地具有较好的降温作用。地表温度与4种 归一化指数的回归分析表明,它们之间存在明显的相关性,不同土地利用/覆盖类型的地表温度存在较大差异。     

On Urban Heat Island of Beijng Based on Landsat TM Data

IntroductionThe scientists have begun to retrieve land sur-face temperature (LST) fromsatellite data sincethe launch of TIROS-Ⅱin 60s of the 20th centu-ry . With the development of remote sensingtechnology and its application, more and moreLST retrieval …     

Satellite-based analysis of the role of land use/land cover and vegetation density on surface temperature regime of Delhi,India

The knowledge of the surface temperature is important to a range of issues and themes in earth sciences central to urban climatology, global environmental change and human-environment interactions. The study analyses land surface temperature (LST) estimation using temporal ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) datasets (day time and night time) over National Capital Territory Delhi using the surface emissivity information at pixel level. The spatial variations of LST over different land use/land cover (LU/LC) at day time and night time were analysed and relationship between the spatial distribution of LU/LC and vegetation density with LST was developed. Minimum noise fraction (MNF) was used for LU/LC classification which gave better accuracy than classification with original bands. The satellite derived emissivity values were found to be in good agreement with literature and field measured values. It was observed that fallow land, waste land/bare soil, commercial/industrial and high dense built-up area have high surface temperature values during day time, compared to those over water bodies, agricultural cropland, and dense vegetation. During night time high surface temperature values are found over high dense built-up, water bodies, commercial/industrial and low dense built-up than over fallow land, dense vegetation and agricultural cropland. It was found that there is a strong negative correlation between surface temperature and NDVI over dense vegetation, sparse vegetation and low dense built-up area while with fraction vegetation cover, it indicates a moderate negative correlation. The results suggest that the methodology is feasible to estimate NDVI, surface emissivity and surface temperature with reasonable accuracy over heterogeneous urban area. The analysis also indicates that the relationship between the spatial distribution of LU/LC and vegetation density is closely related to the development of urban heat islands (UHI).     

Characterizing bi-temporal patterns of land surface temperature using landscape metrics based on sub-pixel classifications from Landsat TM/ETM+

Landscape patterns in a region have different sizes, shapes and spatial arrangements, which contribute to the spatial heterogeneity of the landscape and are linked to the distinct behavior of thermal environments. There is a lack of research generating landscape metrics from discretized percent impervious surface area data (ISA), which can be used as an indicator of urban spatial structure and level of development, and quantitatively characterizing the spatial patterns of landscapes and land surface temperatures (LST). In this study, linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) is used to derive sub-pixel ISA. Continuous fractional cover thresholds are used to discretize percent ISA into different categories related to urban land cover patterns. Landscape metrics are calculated based on different ISA categories and used to quantify urban landscape patterns and LST configurations. The characteristics of LST and percent ISA are quantified by landscape metrics such as indices of patch density, aggregation, connectedness, shape and shape complexity. The urban thermal intensity is also analyzed based on percent ISA. The results indicate that landscape metrics are sensitive to the variation of pixel values of fractional ISA, and the integration of LST, LSMA. Landscape metrics provide a quantitative method for describing the spatial distribution and seasonal variation in urban thermal patterns in response to associated urban land cover patterns.     

利用Landsat 7与GF-1 WFV影像反演地表温度

地表温度在地气循环系统中具有重要作用,是目前地理学研究的重点。然而目前的国产高分辨率影像缺少热红外波段,且具有热红外波段的影像分辨率较低。基于此,本文利用低分辨率影像降尺度方法反演高分辨率影像的地表温度。首先通过Landsat 7影像的热红外波段,提取典型地物的地表温度;对GF-1 WFV影像进行预处理后,利用全约束最小二乘法对高分辨率影像进行混合像元分解;根据平均温度模型,得到高分辨率影像的地表温度,并进行降尺度,通过Landsat 7影像进行精度验证。验证结果显示,均方根误（RMSE）为1.40℃,平均绝对误差（MAE）为0.44℃,精度较高。     

A study on trade-offs between spatial resolution and temporal sampling density for wheat yield estimation using both thermal and calendar time

Within-season forecasting of crop yields is of great economic, geo-strategic and humanitarian interest. Satellite Earth Observation now constitutes a valuable and innovative way to provide spatio-temporal information to assist such yield forecasts. This study explores different configurations of remote sensing time series to estimate of winter wheat yield using either spatially finer but temporally sparser time series (5daily at 100 m spatial resolution) or spatially coarser but denser (300 m and 1 km at daily frequency) time series. Furthermore, we hypothesised that better yield estimations could be made using thermal time, which is closer to the crop physiological development. Time series of NDVI from the PROBA-V instrument, which has delivered images at a spatial resolution of 100 m, 300 m and 1 km since 2013, were extracted for 39 fields for field and 56 fields for regional level analysis across Northern France during the growing season 2014-2015. An asymmetric double sigmoid model was fitted on the NDVI series of the central pixel of the field. The fitted model was subsequently integrated either over thermal time or over calendar time, using different baseline NDVI thresholds to mark the start and end of the cropping season. These integrated values were used as a predictor for yield using a simple linear regression and yield observations at field level. The dependency of this relationship on the spatial pixel purity was analysed for the 100 m, 300 m and 1 km spatial resolution. At field level, depending on the spatial resolution and the NDVI threshold, the adjusted R² ranged from 0.20 to 0.74; jackknifed – leave-one-field-out cross validation – RMSE ranged from 0.6 to 1.07 t/ha and MAE ranged between 0.46 and 0.90 t/ha for thermal time analysis. The best results for yield estimation (adjusted R² = 0.74, RMSE =0.6 t/ha and MAE =0.46 t/ha) were obtained from the integration over thermal time of 100 m pixel resolution using a baseline NDVI threshold of 0.2 and without any selection based on pixel purity. The field scale yield estimation was aggregated to the regional scale using 56 fields. At the regional level, there was a difference of 0.0012 t/ha between thermal and calendar time for average yield estimations. The standard error of mean results showed that the error was larger for a higher spatial resolution with no pixel purity and smaller when purity increased. These results suggest that, for winter wheat, a finer spatial resolution rather than a higher revisit frequency and an increasing pixel purity enable more accurate yield estimations when integrated over thermal time at the field scale and at the regional scale only if higher pixel purity levels are considered. This method can be extended to larger regions, other crops, and other regions in the world, although site and crop-specific adjustments will have to include other threshold temperatures to reflect the boundaries of phenological activity. In general, however, this methodological approach should be applicable to yield estimation at the parcel and regional scales across the world.     

中国陆地1km AVHRR数据集

介绍了中国陆地范围的长序列AVHRR数据集及处理方法。数据处理链包括辐射标定、导航定位、几何精纠正、云检测、大气纠正、双向反射纠正以及多时相数据合成等一系列过程。大气校正采用SMAC方法．利用每日的大气参数对臭氧、瑞利散射、气溶胶和水汽柱等4个主要大气因子的影响进行了纠正。利用地面能见度和水汽压信息反演气溶胶光学厚度，利用最大植被指数法合成旬数据集。完成了1991-2003年的AVHRR数据集处理，形成了标准的数据集。