冬小麦叶面积指数的高光谱估算模型研究

本文以山东禹城为研究区,利用地面实测光谱数据,探讨不同植被指数和红边参数建立高光谱模型反演冬小麦叶面积指数的精度。通过逐波段分析计算了4种植被指数(NDVI、RVI、SAVI、EVI),结合同步观测LAI数据,确定反演叶面积指数的最优波段;计算了5种常用的高光谱植被指数MCARI、MCARI2、OSAVI、MTVI2、MSAVI2,同时利用4种常用方法计算红边位置和红谷,与实测LAI进行回归分析,比较植被指数和红边参数模型对冬小麦LAI的估测精度。结果表明各因子与LAI均具有较高的相关性,整个研究区归一化植被指数具有最高的反演精度,确定了估算冬小麦LAI的最优模型,并使用独立的LAI观测数据对模型进行了验证。     

利用多时相的高光谱航空图像监测冬小麦条锈病

冬小麦发生锈病 ,叶绿素被大量破坏 ,水分蒸滕量大大增加 ,叶片细胞大小、形态、叶片结构发生了改变 ,从而改变了叶片和冠层的光学特性 ,使得遥感探测与评价成为可能。利用多时相的高光谱航空飞行图像数据 ,了解、分析和发现条锈病病害对作物光谱的影响及其光谱特征 ;设计了病害光谱指数 ,成功地监测了冬小麦条锈病病害程度与范围。对比 3个生育期的条锈病与正常生长冬小麦的PHI图像光谱及光谱特征 ,发现 :5 6 0— 6 70nm黄边、红谷波段 ,条锈病病害冬小麦的冠层反射率高于正常生长的冬小麦光谱反射率 ;近红外波段 ,条锈病病害的冠层反射率低于正常生长的冬小麦光谱反射率 ;条锈病冬小麦冠层光谱红谷吸收深度和绿峰的反射峰高度都会减小     

引黄灌区水稻叶面积指数的高光谱估测模型

水稻叶面积指数（leaf area index,LAI）是评价其长势的重要农学参数,高光谱遥感能够实现叶面积指数的快速无损监测。为了寻找反演水稻LAI的最优植被指数,扩展水稻LAI高光谱估测模型的普适性,选取宁夏引黄灌区水稻为研究对象,通过设置不同氮素处理,借助相关分析、回归分析等方法研究高光谱植被指数与水稻LAI之间的定量关系,并通过确立的最优波段组合,构建4种植被指数与水稻LAI的高光谱反演模型。结果表明,水稻LAI在抽穗末期达到最大值,并随氮素水平的增加而增加;水稻冠层原始光谱反射率在400~722 nm和1 990~2 090 nm波段与LAI达到极显著负相关水平,在近红外区域760~1 315 nm与LAI呈极显著正相关。模型检验结果表明,以比值植被指数RVI（_850,750）为变量建立的水稻LAI估测模型最佳,研究结果可为水稻LAI的高光谱估测提供地域参考。     

利用AMSR-E数据反演华北平原冬小麦单散射反照率

首先,基于冬小麦不同生育期的地面实测参数,构建了组成冬小麦冠层的、包括不同尺寸和含水量的介电散射体模拟数据库,并在此基础上建立冬小麦单散射反照率和光学厚度分别在C(6.925 GHz)和X(10.65 GHz)波段之间的依赖关系。然后,根据一阶参数化模型推导得到的微波植被指数MVIs(Microwave Vegetation Indices)的物理表达式,结合AMSR-E被动微波亮温数据,反演了华北平原地区冬小麦不同生育期的单散射反照率。与MODIS日归一化差异植被指数NDVI的对比结果显示:冬小麦单散射反照率与NDVI随时间的变化趋势大致相同,但在冬小麦的抽穗期到乳熟期,NDVI呈现饱和趋势,而单散射反照率对小麦的生长变化仍旧比较敏感,在指示冬小麦生长方面具有一定优势。     

基于被动微波遥感技术的玉米冠层叶面积指数反演

基于玉米冠层结构参数实测数据和Matrix-Doubling(MD)模型构建了玉米出苗期至抽穗期的冠层多波段、双极化微波辐射特性模拟数据库;通过对模拟数据的回归分析得到了玉米冠层在各波段的微波发射率及其与透过率之间的经验关系,并将经验关系应用于0阶微波辐射传输模型;结合土壤发射率模型构建了玉米冠层覆盖地表的微波辐射亮温参数化计算模型,并基于该参数化模型、利用玉米样地微波亮温观测试验数据,采用迭代方法进行了玉米叶面积指数(LAI)的反演.研究表明,LAI反演值与实测值的相关系数r＞0.9,说明多波段被动微波遥感数据在植被冠层LAI反演方面具有较大的应用潜力.     

冠层反射光谱对植被理化参数的全局敏感性分析

植被理化参数与许多有关植物物质能量交换的生态过程密切相关,定量分析植被反射光谱对理化参数的敏感性是遥感反演理化参数含量的前提。本文采用EFAST(Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test)全局敏感性分析方法,利用PROSAIL辐射传输模型分析了冠层疏密程度对叶片生化组分含量、冠层结构以及土壤背景等多种参数敏感性的影响,并对植被理化参数反演所需先验知识的精度问题进行了初步探讨。研究表明:(1)对于较为稠密的冠层,可见光波段的冠层反射率主要受叶绿素含量的影响,近红外和中红外波段的冠层反射率主要受干物质量和含水量的影响;(2)对于稀疏的冠层,LAI是影响400—2500 nm波段范围内冠层反射率的最重要参数,土壤湿度次之,叶片生化参数对冠层反射率的敏感性较低;(3)在已知稀疏冠层LAI的情况下进一步确定土壤的干湿状态,可显著提高冠层反射率对叶绿素含量的敏感度,有助于稀疏冠层叶绿素含量的反演。     

不同传感器的模拟植被指数对水稻叶面积指数的估测精度和敏感性分析

本研究利用水稻冠层高光谱数据,模拟NOAA-AVHRR,Terra-MODIS和Landsat-TM的可见光波段反射率数据,计算各传感器的多种植被指数(NDVI,RVI,EVI,GNDVI,GRVI和Red-edge RVI),比较植被指数模型对水稻LAI的估测精度,分析不同植被指数对LAI变化的敏感性.相对于红波段植被指数,红边比值植被指数(Red-edge RVI)和绿波段指数GRVI与LAI有更好的线性相关关系,而GNDVI和LAI呈现更好的对数相关关系.MODIS的Red-edge RVI指数不仅模型拟合的精度最高,还有独立数据验证的估测精度也最高,而且它的验证精度较拟合精度下降幅度最小;其次是绿波段构建的GNDVI和GRVI植被指数的估测精度,再次是NDVI和EVI的估测精度,而RVI的估测精度最差.敏感性分析发现,13个植被指数对水稻LAI的估测能力都随着LAI的增加而下降,但归一化类植被指数和比值类植被指数对LAI变化反应的差异明显,归一化类植被指数在LAI较低时(LAI<1.5)对LAI变化的反应开始非常敏感,但迅速下降,而比值类植被指数在LAI较低时,明显小于归一化类植被指数,之后随着LAI的增大(LAI>1.5)比值类植被指数对LAI的变化敏感性,则明显高于归一化类植被指数.Red-edge RVI和绿波段指数GRVI和LAI不仅表现了很好的线性相关关系,而且在LAI大于2.9左右保持较高的敏感性.     

基于NDVI与LAI的水稻生长状况研究

在水稻反射光谱特性与水稻生物参数关系的支持下 ,以吉林省德惠市夏家点镇为研究区 ,探讨了一条基于TM遥感影像反演得到的归一化植被指数 (NDVI)与地面观测数据叶面积指数 (LAI)的水稻生长状况的研究途径 ,并利用NDVI以及LAI对该区 2 0 0 0年和 2 0 0 1年的水稻生长状况进行了分析研究。     

波段位置和宽度对不同生育期水稻NDVI影响研究

通过对不同生育期水稻冠层光谱的分析,探讨了不同波段位置和波段宽度对不同生育期水稻NDVI的影响.以及在一定NDVI精度要求下红光波段最大宽度和波段中心位置的相互作用.结果表明,在所有生育期,近红外波段的位置和宽度对NDVI影响不大;红光波段的位置和宽度对NDVI有较大影响,特别是红光波段位置接近红谷极值(670nm附近)时影响尤为显著.相对而言水稻生育前期的NDVI更容易受到波段位置的影响,但是波段位置对不同生育期之间NDVI的差值影响不大.无论红光波段还是近红外波段,当取值处于红边区域(690-740nm)时,对NDVI有较大影响.当保证NDVI偏差在1%以内时,在水稻生长旺期,构成NDVI的红光波段最大宽度随着波段巾心位置向长波移动而逐渐变窄,当到达690nm附近达到最窄,而后略有变宽;对于生长前期和后期,由于在648nm附近变窄而有波动.     

基于NDVI与LAI的水稻生长状况研究

在水稻反射光谱特性与水稻生物参数关系的支持下，以吉林省德惠市夏家点镇为研究区，探讨了一条基于TM遥感影像反演得到的归一化植被指数(NDVI)与地面观测数据叶面积指数(LAI)的水稻生长状况的研究途径，并利用NDVI以及LAI对该区2000年和2001年的水稻生长状况进行了分析研究。     

Retrieval of wheat leaf area index using price approach based on inversion of canopy reflectance model

This paper reports estimation of the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of wheat crop from IRS-LISS-III data using Price (1993) approach. Empirical approach for LAI estimation with different NDVI estimation procedures viz. radiance, apparent reflectance and dark object subtraction (DOS) based atmospheric correction were also evaluated. Validation of LAI retrieval and NDVI normalizations were carried out using field level measurements of crop LAI and spectral property using canopy analyzer and spectro-radiometer, respectively over selected fields in Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh. It was observed that empirical relations are sensitive to the NDVI estimation approach and DOS method performed better as compared to other two approaches. It was also observed that LAI estimation from Price algorithm is sensitive to the crop attenuation coefficients. Crop specific attenuation coefficients reported in literature for Indian cultivars gave higher accuracy. The root mean square (RMS) error of 0.77 for LAI estimation was achieved using above described approach.     

植被结构及太阳／观测角度对NDVI的影响

在文献［１］中作者建立了计算多组分植被方向反射系数（ＢＲＦ）的综合解析模型。本文采用该模型研究植被空间结构对常用的归一化植被指数（ＮＤＶＩ）的影响，文中讨论了ＮＤＶＩ与叶（或植被其它组分）角分布（ＬＡＤ）、植被组分（如叶片）的特征尺度和它们在空间的散布方式，以及非叶器官面积在总面积中所占比例间的依赖关系，同时给出了ＮＤＶＩ随太阳／观测角度的变化情况。结果表明即使在叶面积指数（ＬＡＩ）固定不变时，冠层结构及植被组分光学性质的空间非均匀性对ＮＤＶＩ的大小及角分布也有十分显著的影响。通常ＮＤＷ随角度的变化是很大的，如果植被不同组分的光学性质差异很大，且事先不知道它们的空间散布方式时，那么利用ＤＮＶＩ就无法准确地估算出ＬＡＩ。但是对于组分随机分布的植被，利用远离“热点”区域的光谱资料可以使冠层其它结构参数的影响减至最小。     

Relationship of bidirectional reflectance of wheat with biophysical parameters and its radiative transfer modeling using PROSAIL

The algorithms for deriving vegetation biophysical parameters rely on the understanding of bi-directional interaction of radiation and its subsequent linkages with canopy radiative transfer models and their inversion. In this study, an attempt has been made to define the geometry of sensor and source position to best relate plant biophysical parameters with bidirectional reflectance of wheat varieties varying in canopy architecture and to validate the performance of PROSAIL (PROSPECT+SAIL) canopy radiative transfer model. A field experiment was conducted with two wheat cultivars varying in canopy geometry and phenology. The bidirectional measurements between 400nm–1100nm at 5nm interval were recorded every week at six view azimuth and four view zenith positions using spectro-radiometer. Canopy biophysical parameters were recorded synchronous to bi-directional reflectance measurements. The broadband reflectances were used to compute the NDVIs which were subsequently related to leaf area index and biomass. Results showed that the bidirectional reflectance increased with increase in view zenith from 20⁰ to 60⁰ irrespective of the sensor azimuth. For a given view zenith, the reflectance was observed to be maximum at 150⁰ azimuth where the difference between the sun and sensor azimuth was least. For sun azimuth of 160⁰ and zenith of 52⁰, the view geometry defined by 150⁰ azimuth and 50⁰ zenith corresponded to hotspot position. The measured bidirectional NDVI had significant logarithmic relationship with LAI and linear relationship with biomass for both the varieties of wheat and maximum correlation of NDVI with LAI and with biomass was obtained at the hotspot position. The PROSAIL validation results showed that the model simulated well the overall shape of spectra for all combination of view zenith and azimuth position for both wheat varieties with overall RMSE less than 5 per cent. The hotspot and dark spot positions were also well simulated and hence model performance may be suitable for deriving wheat biophysical parameters using satellite derived reflectances.     

Directional effects on NDVI and LAI retrievals from MODIS: A case study in Brazil with soybean

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is largely used to estimate Leaf Area Index (LAI) using radiative transfer modeling (the “main” algorithm). When this algorithm fails for a pixel, which frequently occurs over Brazilian soybean areas, an empirical model (the “backup” algorithm) based on the relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LAI is utilized. The objective of this study is to evaluate directional effects on NDVI and subsequent LAI estimates using global (biome 3) and local empirical models, as a function of the soybean development in two growing seasons (2004–2005 and 2005–2006). The local model was derived from the pixels that had LAI values retrieved from the main algorithm. In order to keep the reproductive stage for a given cultivar as a constant factor while varying the viewing geometry, pairs of MODIS images acquired in close dates from opposite directions (backscattering and forward scattering) were selected. Linear regression relationships between the NDVI values calculated from these two directions were evaluated for different view angles (0–25°; 25–45°; 45–60°) and development stages (<45; 45–90; >90 days after planting). Impacts on LAI retrievals were analyzed. Results showed higher reflectance values in backscattering direction due to the predominance of sunlit soybean canopy components towards the sensor and higher NDVI values in forward scattering direction due to stronger shadow effects in the red waveband. NDVI differences between the two directions were statistically significant for view angles larger than 25°. The main algorithm for LAI estimation failed in the two growing seasons with gradual crop development. As a result, up to 94% of the pixels had LAI values calculated from the backup algorithm at the peak of canopy closure. Most of the pixels selected to compose the 8-day MODIS LAI product came from the forward scattering view because it displayed larger LAI values than the backscattering. Directional effects on the subsequent LAI retrievals were stronger at the peak of the soybean development (NDVI values between 0.70 and 0.85). When the global empirical model was used, LAI differences up to 3.2 for consecutive days and opposite viewing directions were observed. Such differences were reduced to values up to 1.5 with the local model. Because of the predominance of LAI retrievals from the MODIS backup algorithm during the Brazilian soybean development, care is necessary if one considers using these data in agronomic growing/yield models.     

Retrieval of remotely sensed LAI using Landsat ETM+ data and ground measurements of solar radiation and vegetation structure: Implication of leaf inclination angle

A time series of leaf area index (LAI) of a managed birch forest in Germany (near Dresden) has been developed based on 16-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from the Landsat ETM+ sensor at 30 m resolution. The Landsat ETM+ LAI was retrieved using a modified physical radiative transfer (RTM) model which establishes a relationship between LAI, fractional vegetation cover (fC), and given patterns of surface reflectance, view-illumination conditions and optical properties of vegetation. In situ measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and vegetation structure parameters using hemispherical photography (HSP) served for calibration of model parameters, while data from litter collection at the study site provided the ground-based estimates of LAI for validation of modelling results. Influence of view-illumination conditions on optical properties of canopy was simulated by a view angle geometry model incorporating the solar zenith angle and the sensor viewing angle. Effects of intra-annual and inter-annual variability of structural properties of the canopy on the light extinction coefficient were simulated by implementing variability of the leaf inclination angle (LIA), which was confirmed in the study site. The results revealed good compatibility of the produced Landsat ETM+ LAI data set with the litter-estimated LAI. The results also showed high sensitivity of the LAI retrieval algorithm to variability of structural properties of the canopy: the implementation of LIA dynamics into the LAI retrieval algorithm significantly improved the model accuracy.     

Assessment of RapidEye vegetation indices for estimation of leaf area index and biomass in corn and soybean crops

Leaf area index (LAI) and biomass are important indicators of crop development and the availability of this information during the growing season can support farmer decision making processes. This study demonstrates the applicability of RapidEye multi-spectral data for estimation of LAI and biomass of two crop types (corn and soybean) with different canopy structure, leaf structure and photosynthetic pathways. The advantages of Rapid Eye in terms of increased temporal resolution (∼daily), high spatial resolution (∼5 m) and enhanced spectral information (includes red-edge band) are explored as an individual sensor and as part of a multi-sensor constellation. Seven vegetation indices based on combinations of reflectance in green, red, red-edge and near infrared bands were derived from RapidEye imagery between 2011 and 2013. LAI and biomass data were collected during the same period for calibration and validation of the relationships between vegetation indices and LAI and dry above-ground biomass. Most indices showed sensitivity to LAI from emergence to 8 m²/m². The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the red-edge NDVI and the green NDVI were insensitive to crop type and had coefficients of variations (CV) ranging between 19 and 27%; and coefficients of determination ranging between 86 and 88%. The NDVI performed best for the estimation of dry leaf biomass (CV = 27% and r² = 090) and was also insensitive to crop type. The red-edge indices did not show any significant improvement in LAI and biomass estimation over traditional multispectral indices. Cumulative vegetation indices showed strong performance for estimation of total dry above-ground biomass, especially for corn (CV ≤ 20%). This study demonstrated that continuous crop LAI monitoring over time and space at the field level can be achieved using a combination of RapidEye, Landsat and SPOT data and sensor-dependant best-fit functions. This approach eliminates/reduces the need for reflectance resampling, VIs inter-calibration and spatial resampling.     

A physically based approach to model LAI from MODIS 250 m data in a tropical region

A time series of leaf area index (LAI) has been developed based on 16-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at 250 m resolution (MOD250_LAI). The MOD250_LAI product uses a physical radiative transfer model which establishes a relationship between LAI, fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) and given patterns of surface reflectance, view-illumination conditions and optical properties of vegetation. In situ measurements of LAI and FVC made at 166 plots using hemispherical photography served for calibration of model parameters and validation of modelling results. Optical properties of vegetation cover, summarized by the light extinction coefficient, were computed at the local (pixel) level based on empirical models between ground-measured tree crown architecture at 85 sampling plots and spectral values in Landsat ETM+ bands. Influence of view-illumination conditions on optical properties of canopy was simulated by a view angle geometry model incorporating the solar zenith angle and the sensor viewing angle. The results revealed high compatibility of the produced MOD250_LAI data set with ground truth information and the 30 m resolution Landsat ETM+ LAI estimated using the similar algorithm. The produced MOD250_LAI was also compared with the global MODIS 1000-m LAI product (MOD15A2 LAI). Results show good consistency of the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics between the two LAI products. However, the results also showed that the annual LAI amplitude by the MOD15A2 product is significantly higher than by the MOD250_LAI. This higher amplitude is caused by a considerable underestimation of the tropical rainforest LAI by the MOD15A2 during the seasonal phases of low leaf production.     

Spectral anisotropy of subtropical deciduous forest using MISR and MODIS data acquired under large seasonal variation in solar zenith angle

Recent studies in Amazonian tropical evergreen forests using the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) have highlighted the importance of considering the view-illumination geometry in satellite data analysis. However, contrary to the observed for evergreen forests, bidirectional effects have not been evaluated in Brazilian subtropical deciduous forests. In this study, we used MISR data to characterize the reflectance and vegetation index anisotropies in subtropical deciduous forest from south Brazil under large seasonal solar zenith angle (SZA) variation and decreasing leaf area index (LAI) from the summer to winter. MODIS data were used to observe seasonal changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). Topographic effects on their determination were inspected by dividing data from the summer to winter and projecting results over a digital elevation model (DEM). By using the PROSAIL, we investigated the relative contribution of LAI and SZA to vegetation indices (VI) of deciduous forest. We also simulated and compared the MISR NDVI and EVI response of subtropical deciduous and tropical evergreen forests as a function of the large seasonal SZA amplitude of 33°. Results showed that the MODIS-MISR NDVI and EVI presented higher values in the summer and lower ones in the winter with decreasing LAI and increasing SZA or greater amounts of canopy shadows viewed by the sensors. In the winter, NDVI reduced local topographic effects due to the red-near infrared (NIR) band normalization. However, the contrary was observed for the three-band EVI that enhanced local variations in shaded and sunlit surfaces due to its strong dependence on the NIR band response. The reflectance anisotropy of the MISR bands increased from the summer to winter and was stronger in the backscattering direction at large view zenith angles (VZA). EVI was much more anisotropic than NDVI and the anisotropy increased from the summer to winter. It also increased from the forward scatter to the backscattering direction with the predominance of sunlit canopy components viewed by MISR, especially at large VZA. Modeling PROSAIL results confirmed the stronger anisotropy of EVI than NDVI for the subtropical deciduous and tropical evergreen forests. PROSAIL showed that LAI and SZA are coupled factors to decrease seasonally the VIs of deciduous forest with the first one having greater importance than the latter. However, PROSAIL seasonal variations in VIs were much smaller than those observed with MODIS data probably because the effects of shadows in heterogeneous canopy structures or/and cast by emergent trees and from local topography were not modeled.