多波束与单波束测深数据的融合处理技术

本文在全面分析和总结多波束海洋测深主要误差源的基础上，提出通过相邻条带测深数据融合处理进行多波束测深系统偏差补偿方法；并提出以单波束测深数据作为控制，进一步提高多波束测深整体测量精度的数据处理方案；详细讨论了数据融合处理中的数值解算可行性和稳定性问题，相应提出了两步平差方法。本文最后使用我国自行研制的条带测深系统实测数据验证了上述方法的有效性和可靠性。     

地下管线探测中测深精度的分析

针对地下管线探测中测深精度不高的现状，对历年管线探测工程的经验和教训进行总结，从人员、仪器、作业方法、环境、地下管线材质等多个方面，对影响管线探测测深精度的末端因素进行了分析论证，确定其中4项为影响测深精度的主要因素。对确认的主要因素从多方面进行了分析，认为通过检测测深参数、合理选择探测方法和测深位置等手段可提高测深精度。并对多根管线并行等复杂区域管线探测提出了解决方案；同时在工程实例中取得了良好的应用效果。     

海洋测深网平差模型的可靠性分析

给出了海洋测深网平差模型在观测值等精度独立条件下的可靠性计算公式，理论分析指出，当检查线数小于3时，模型可靠性不好。对此，提出了一种适用于检查线数小于3的改化模型。并分析了1：1万比例尺3种水深图幅网结构的可靠性，指出检查线与测深线长度比为10%～15％对确定测深网的可靠性较为合适。     

声纳测深数据滤波及实践

介绍了声纳测深的主要误差,分析了测深数据的滤波方法,实现了测深数据的质量控制。     

姿态修正技术在黄河河口测验中的应用

为了解决黄河三角洲附近海区测验中测船姿态对单波束数字测深数据的影响，本文利用姿态传感器对测船的姿态进行了有效改正。试验结果表明，姿态修正技术对数字测深仪瞬时水深进行改正后，其测深结果与传统的人工水深曲线改正后成果比较，中误差为0.089 m，试验段面0 m线以下面积相差不超过0.22%，符合国家规范要求，提高了海区测验中测深成果的精度，为数字技术在海区测量的应用提供了技术保证。     

一种改进的机载激光测深深度偏差模型

机载激光测深在潮间带获取海底地形应用中具有高效、灵活、经济等优点，但测深精度受海洋水文参数和仪器测量参数影响严重，传统偏差模型因顾及的要素不全面，修正精度不高。因此，采用逐步回归法构建了一种改进的顾及水深、水体含沙量、波束扫描角和传感器高度等参数的深度偏差修正模型。实验结果表明，机载激光测深原始水深经传统偏差模型和改进偏差模型修正后均能满足国际海道测量组织（International Hydrographic Organization，IHO）一等测深标准，且改进模型修正精度优于传统模型修正精度。     

多波束测深系统及其在水下工程监测中的应用

多波束测深系统也称声纳阵列测深系统，能实现测区全范围无遗漏扫测。GPS系统、罗经和姿态传感器在多波束测深系统中的应用，使得多波束测深系统作为一种高效率、高精度、高分辨率的船载水下地形测绘设备在水下工程监测中的应用越来越广泛，如水中探自然流鱼雷、探死者、探中华鲟、探沉船、大坝水下探伤、近坝水下探坑、检测轮船吃水深等。探讨工程测量中多波束测深技术，对开展工程水下地形测量及水中探物具有重要意义。     

利用BP神经网络剔除多波束测深数据粗差

针对多波束单ping水深数据多呈现较为复杂的曲线形式的现象，提出了基于逆传播（back propagation，BP）神经网络的多波束测深数据粗差剔除方法，即依据BP神经网络具有从输入到输出的映射功能，构建适应多波束单ping水深数据复杂曲线的训练学习算法进行曲线拟合。考虑地形之间的延续性进行相邻ping水深数据间的相关性分析，纵向检查定位并剔除粗差。通过实测多波束测深数据验证该方法的有效性，并与不确定性与测深学联合估值滤波以及交互式滤波方法进行比对分析，结果表明该方法可以有效剔除多波束测深数据中的粗差。     

机载海洋激光测深系统的自适应匹配滤波算法

机载海洋激光测深系统发射的激光脉冲经由大气、海气界面和海水的复杂信道传播,信号功率随海水深度的增加呈指数衰减,同时脉冲波形随深度增加发生严重的脉冲展宽与波形失真,此两类传输特性分别限制了最大测量深度与测深精度。为了在确保最大测量深度指标的前提下改进机载海洋激光测深系统的测深精度,首先结合实测水质数据与蒙特卡罗仿真方法,研究不同深度下的回波信号特性,揭示激光信号的传输特性,建立新的激光测深系统参数设计方法,可满足国际上现有机载海洋激光测深系统的指标;然后在系统参数确定的条件下,对不同深度回波信号的波形失真进行仿真,设计了自适应匹配滤波算法以提高测深精度。仿真结果表明,所设计的系统参数及自适应匹配滤波算法可以实现机载测绘性能为白天测深深度50 m、测深精度166 mm,夜晚测深深度70 m、测深精度172 mm。     

四、P229 海洋测量学

CH20021361 多波束与单波束测深数据的融合处理技术/黄谟涛(天津海洋测绘研究所)…∥测绘学报.—2001,30(4).—299～303 分析和总结了多波束海洋测深主要误差源,提出了通过相邻条带测深数据融合处理进行多波束测深系统偏差补偿方法,并提出以单波束测深数据作为控制,进一步提高多波束测深整体测量精度的数据处理方案;讨论了数据融合处理中数值解算的可行性和稳定性问题,相应提出了两步平差方法。以我国自行研制的条带测深系统实测数据验证了上述方法的有效性和可靠性。     

On the Hipparcos Link to the ICRF derived from VLA and MERLIN radio astrometry

Positions and proper motions obtained from observations by the very large array (VLA) and the multi-element radio-linked interferometer network (MERLIN) are used to establish the link of the Hipparcos Celestial Reference Frame (HCRF) to the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF). The VLA and MERLIN data are apparently the latest ones published in the literature. Their mean epoch at around 2001 is about 10 years after the epoch of the Hipparcos catalogue and, therefore, the data are considered suitable to check the Hipparcos link established at epoch 1991.25. The parameters of the link, i.e., the angles of frame orientation and the angular rates of frame rotation, are estimated by fitting these parameters to the differences of the optical and radio positions and proper motions of stars common to the Hipparcos catalogue and the VLA and MERLIN data. Both the estimates of the angles of orientation and the angular rates of rotation show nearly consistent but insignificant results for all samples of stars treated. We conclude that not only the size of the samples of 9–15 stars is too small, but also that the accuracy of the radio positions and, above all, of the radio proper motions is insufficient, the latter being based on early-epoch star positions of low accuracy. The present observational data at epoch 2001 suggest that maintenance of the Hipparcos frame is not feasible at this stage.     

SENSOR: a tool for the simulation of hyperspectral remote sensing systems

The consistent end-to-end simulation of airborne and spaceborne earth remote sensing systems is an important task, and sometimes the only way for the adaptation and optimisation of a sensor and its observation conditions, the choice and test of algorithms for data processing, error estimation and the evaluation of the capabilities of the whole sensor system.The presented software simulator SENSOR (Software Environment for the Simulation of Optical Remote sensing systems) includes a full model of the sensor hardware, the observed scene, and the atmosphere in between. The simulator consists of three parts. The first part describes the geometrical relations between scene, sun, and the remote sensing system using a ray-tracing algorithm. The second part of the simulation environment considers the radiometry. It calculates the at-sensor radiance using a pre-calculated multidimensional lookup-table taking the atmospheric influence on the radiation into account. The third part consists of an optical and an electronic sensor model for the generation of digital images. Using SENSOR for an optimisation requires the additional application of task-specific data processing algorithms.The principle of the end-to-end-simulation approach is explained, all relevant concepts of SENSOR are discussed, and first examples of its use are given. The verification of SENSOR is demonstrated. This work is closely related to the Airborne PRISM Experiment (APEX), an airborne imaging spectrometer funded by the European Space Agency.     

Monitoring the Deformation of Cableways

One type of aerial cableway consists of a continuous cable,which works at the same time as carrying cable and drawing cable.This kind of cableway is supported by many towers,which divide the total length in linear sections.even small deviations from the planed layout can increase the strain of the cable and the danger of derailments.The deviations of the position of the towers from the planed layout are due to local sliding or sinking of the foundation or other mechanical movements.Up to now the axis of the cableways were periodically measured by traditional methods. The goal of this project is to demonstrate the possibility of measuring the axis of a cableway with GPS techniques,while the cable is moving.The results show that the proposed measuring device provides precise results in a simple and reliable way.     

A review of ground-based SAR interferometry for deformation measurement

This paper provides a review of ground-based SAR (GBSAR) interferometry for deformation measurement. In the first part of the paper the fundamentals of this technique are provided. Then the main data processing and analysis stages needed to estimate deformations starting from the GBSAR observations are described. This section introduces the two types of GBSAR acquisition modes, i.e., continuous and discontinuous GBSAR, and reviews the different GBSAR processing and analysis methods published in the literature. This is followed by a discussion of the specific technical aspects of GBSAR deformation measurement. A section then summarizes the pros and cons of GBSAR for deformation monitoring. The last part of the paper includes two reviews: one concerning the GBSAR systems described in the literature, including non-strictly SAR systems and a second one addresses the main GBSAR applications.     

Contribution of multispectral (optical and radar) satellite images to the classification of agricultural surfaces

The monitoring of different crops (cultivated plots) and types of surface (bare soils, etc.) is a crucial economic and environmental issue for the management of resources and human activity. In this context, the objective of this study is to evaluate the contribution of multispectral satellite imagery (optical and radar) to land use and land cover classification.Object-oriented supervised classifications, based on a Random Forest algorithm, and majority zoning post-processing are used. This study emerges from the experiment on multi-sensor crop monitoring (MCM'10, Baup et al., 2012) conducted in 2010 on a mixed farming area in the southwest of France, near Toulouse. This experiment enabled the regular and quasi-synchronous collection of multi-sensor satellite data and in situ observations, which are used in this study. 211 plots with contrasting characteristics (different slopes, soil types, aspects, farming practices, shapes and surface areas) were monitored to represent the variability of the study area. They can be grouped into four classes of land cover: 39 grassland areas, 100 plots of wheat, 13 plots of barley, 20 plots of rapeseed, and 2 classes of bare soil: 23 plots of small roughness and 16 plots of medium roughness. Satellite radar images in the X-, C- and L-bands (HH polarization) were acquired between 14 and 18 April 2010. Optical images delivered by Formosat-2 and corresponding field data were acquired on 14 April 2010.The results show that combining images acquired in the L-band (Alos) and the optical range (Formosat-2) improves the classification performance (overall accuracy = 0.85, kappa = 0.81) compared to the use of radar or optical data alone. The results obtained for the various types of land cover show performance levels and confusions related to the phenological stage of the species studied, with the geometry of the cover, the roughness states of the surfaces, etc. Performance is also related to the wavelength and penetration depth of the signal providing the images. Thus, the results show that the quality of the classification often increases with increasing wavelength of the images used.     

滑坡蠕变与遥感影像上植被异常关系

以滑坡蠕变阶段坡体的蠕变会引起环境条件的改变，进而影响植被生长状况的野外考察客观现实为依据，提出一种间接监测滑坡变化的新方法。利用高分辨率光学遥感技术，对滑坡蠕变阶段遥感影像上坡体上覆植被的异常特征进行判识，建立遥感影像上植被异常与滑坡蠕变的关系，反映滑坡的演化过程，弥补GPS技术、InSAR技术及部分地面监测手段在地势高、地形陡峭、植被茂盛等条件下监测工作的不足，为后续的滑坡预测研究提供帮助。以植被覆盖度较高的新磨村山体高位滑坡为例，首先，对研究区域进行分区；其次，计算各分区的植被覆盖度；最后，利用植被覆盖度分析遥感影像上的植被异常与滑坡蠕变的关系，并根据滑后遥感影像和实地考察情况进行验证。结果显示，2014年—2016年，滑坡的主要物源区、变形体上方细长局部崩滑区和泉眼及冲沟周边的植被覆盖度出现明显的下降，即随着滑坡发生时间的临近，植被受滑坡蠕变的影响变大，植被生长状况变差；而且随着距裸地等滑坡风险较大区域的距离增大，植被受滑坡蠕变的影响变小，植被生长状况变好。这表明，植被异常与滑坡蠕变存在明显的时空相关性，体现了滑坡蠕变阶段遥感影像上植被异常与滑坡蠕变的内在联系，反映了滑坡逐步失稳的演化过程，为进一步预测滑坡的发生提供依据。     

基于WebGL的三维智慧管网系统的设计与实现

随着城市面貌日新月异,地下管网的建设也在持续推进,作为城市的地下“神经网络”,全天24 h保障城市的正常运转和发展。本文以实现城市管网管理系统的高可用、无插件、智能化为目标,采用“地上地下一体”“二三维一体”的设计理念,研究基于WebGL的三维智慧管网系统的关键技术,实现了管线设施管理的信息数字化、空间化与图形化。     

地理本体在动态交通系统中的应用

随着移动定位、移动GIS与物联网等技术的不断发展,动态交通信息的服务能力和服务水平不断提升,对数据管理效率提出了更高要求。本文将本体应用到交通GIS中,借助本体概念层次结构和语义扩展等特性来组织和分析动态交通数据：首先应用本体论的理论和方法,从交通本体的层次模型出发,构建一个简单的交通应用本体;其次以实例的形式给出交通信息本体的系统应用框架;最终就动态交通信息本体实现与应用进行进一步论述。大量实测的试验数据结果表明,本文方法可解决交通信息领域中的多专题动态信息综合管理问题,促进交通信息管理与服务的提升。     

GridGNSS--网格化全球卫星导航系统

计算机网络技术的发展已经使全球的信息资源实现网络互联和页面浏览,新一代的基于IPv6的IP地址方案的实施,将可以满足全球几乎任意的资源连接互联网的需要。随着移动通讯技术的发展,移动互联网和移动IP技术可以使移动用户通过网络实现全球资源的互联和访问。因此,对于通过全球卫星定位系统进行移动目标定位的用户,可以通过移动网络的方式实现传统的数据传输和通讯。随着新一代互联网络的的发展,WebService成为全球信息发布的最主要的平台,基于WebService的GNSS综合信息发布可以实现全球GNSS资源和信息的访问,计算机网格的出现为全球GNSS计算提供技术支持,本文基于网格技术,提出了GNSS网格和GridGNSS的概念,对GridGNSS的功能和研究内容进行了详细分析,并对GridGNSS的实现过程和应用进行了阐述。     

施工总图空间数据结构研究

根据系统空间数据结构的特点 ,提出了图块_实体数据模型 ,有效地解决了对空间信息操作的复杂性 ,有利于施工中空间数据的动态更新和维护。该系统的空间数据结构为相关信息系统建立适宜的空间数据结构提供了一条可行的途径。