松嫩平原生态脆弱区生态系统服务功能价值变化

在遥感和地理信息系统技术支持下,以1986～2000年的1∶100000LandsatTM图像解译数据为基础,全面分析了1986～2000年该区土地利用/覆被的动态变化特征,运用Costanza等人对全球生态系统服务价值的计算方法,对松嫩平原西部生态脆弱区土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC)引起的生态环境质量变化进行了评估。计算结果表明:在1986～2000年间,由于土地利用面积的变化而使该地区的生态系统的生态价值减少,松嫩平原西部耕地和城乡建设用地有所增加,其他林地、草地、水域和未利用地的面积均减少。耕地面积增加的比例为9.80%、城乡建设用地增加0.66%;林地、草地、水域和未利用地面积减少的比例分别为1.10%、6.80%、1.20%和1.20%,15年的时间里松嫩平原西部生态脆弱区生态系统总价值减少7000.15×104美元,使生态系统服务价值损失9.74%。     

1987—2017年南京市土地利用/覆被变化及驱动力分析

以1987—2017年之间南京市土地利用/覆被变化(LUCC)为研究对象,以1987、2002和2017年的3期TM遥感影像数据为基础,通过RS/GIS技术方法从定量和定性的角度分析南京市近30年来的LUCC.结果表明:近30年间南京市土地利用/覆被发生了较大的变化,存在不同土地类型之间的相互转换,主要表现在耕地面积大量减少、林地面积增加.研究表明:南京市的土地利用类型变化主要受到政策及区域规划、经济发展和城镇化进程等方面的影响.     

迁西县土地利用空间变化分析

针对迁西县土地利用的分布特征和空间变化问题,该文运用面向对象的分类方法对迁西县2009、2013和2017年3期遥感影像进行土地利用分类,再运用转移矩阵、变化图谱和信息熵对研究区土地利用类型的数量、空间分布特征和系统结构有序性逐一进行分析。结果表明:2009—2017年,迁西县居民地、工矿用地和其他用地面积增加,林地、耕地、园地和水体面积减少,但是林地和耕地依然是研究区最主要的土地利用类型;林地和耕地的减少主要是由居民地和工矿用地引起的,且林地和耕地之间的互相转化最为频繁;总体来说,迁西县土地利用朝稳中向好的趋势发展。该研究可以为迁西县的土地利用结构调整、土地利用规划和土地的可持续发展提供一定的理论参考。     

基于3S技术的隆昌县土地利用/覆被动态监测

利用2000年和2010年遥感影像,分析了四川省隆昌县10 a间土地利用/覆被变化情况,并进行驱动力分析。研究表明,2000~2010年,耕地(包括水田和旱地)、水域、未利用地面积减少,林地、城镇、交通用地面积增加。分析表明,隆昌县土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力主要有人口因素、社会经济因素、城市化因素、政策导向,各因素间相互影响和制约。     

基于TM影像的北京城乡结合部土地利用变化分析

利用遥感分类技术能够快速获取土地利用变化信息。基于1996年和2006年两时相的北京城乡结合部地区TM卫星影像数据,采用监督分类和分类后处理方法,对研究区10年间的土地利用变化情况进行了详细分析,得到如下结论:10年间北京城南地区城乡结合部的各种土地利用类型之间相互转化,并以耕地,林地和建设用地相互转化最为显著;耕地和大范围水域面积较大幅度减少,城市居民点及工矿用地和未利用土地面积大幅度地增加,城乡结合部的范围在10年间从北向南进行了大范围地移动。     

近40年老哈河流域土地利用变化监测与分析

利用决策树和支持向量机分类方法,基于多期Landsat MSS,TM and ETM+遥感图像和其他辅助数据,对1970s以来近40年半干旱的老哈河流域土地利用变化(land use and land cover change,LUCC)进行动态监测,并利用GIS方法对LUCC进行了定量分析和空间分布制图.结果显示,利用支持向量机分类方法对该地区1976年、1989年、1999年和2007年土地覆盖类型分类可达到较满意的效果;近40年老哈河流域土地利用变化显著,水体和草地减少,城乡用地持续扩张,耕地大幅增加,林地和未利用地大幅度波动、总体减少.LUCC主要发生在林地、草地和耕地之间,表明农、林、牧用地之间转换显著,且在各个时期的空间分布差别较大.从变化强度来看,土地利用的年综合变化率最大值渐趋增大,年均土地动态度在空间分布上差异很大,另外在各研究期赤峰市区周边动态度都很大,反映了赤峰市持续性的城市化进程.     

青川县LUCC遥感动态监测及驱动力分析

四川广元市青川县是国家生态试点县和退耕还林实施县,查明该区土地利用/覆被现状及其时空动态变化信息,为政府有关部门规划决策提供科学依据具有重要意义。应用RS和GIS技术,基于2000年、2005年和2010年3个时相的陆地卫星TM图像,通过图像处理和信息提取,获得了该区3期土地利用/覆被数据。在此基础上,分析了青川县近10 a土地利用/覆被动态变化过程,查明了引起动态变化的主要驱动力因素,最后,对该区2015年和2020年土地利用/覆被的面积比例进行了预测。研究结果表明:青川县2000—2005年间,耕地、水域和未利用地面积减少,林地、草地和建设用地面积增加;2005—2010年间,耕地和草地面积减少,林地、水域、建设用地和未利用地面积增加;两段时期耕地面积持续减少,但减幅减小,林地面积持续增加,增幅减小,建设用地持续增加且增幅增大,水域和未利用地先减后增,草地先增后减。究其原因,认为政策、经济发展和人口增长及自然灾害等因素是研究区土地利用变化的主要影响因子。经过预测,在相关政策不变且没有自然灾害发生的情况下,2015年林地面积占全县总面积的比例将由2010年的58.57%增长为59.01%,到2020年将继续增长为59.44%,耕地面积比例到2020年将减少至29.13%,建设用地面积比例继续增加至0.22%。     

槟城土地利用及景观格局动态变化分析

土地利用及景观格局变化对城市的发展具有重要意义,为全面了解槟城1990年～2018年土地利用及景观格局变化情况,利用指数分类法和纹理特征判断相结合的方法对槟城1990年的TM和2018年的OLI遥感影像进行土地利用分类,依据转移矩阵和景观指数对槟城土地利用及景观格局变化进行分析。结果表明:近28年来,槟城土地利用发生明显变化,其中建设用地面积增加138.63km~2,种植园以每年1.56%的速率减少,主要转化为建设用地和林地;林地和水体破碎度增高,耕地、种植园、建设用地、未利用的破碎度降低;林地和建设用地最大斑块指数增高,耕地和种植园降低,水体和未利用地则变化微小。     

基于GIS的庄河市土地利用变化及驱动力

以庄河地区为研究对象,采用遥感、GIS一体化技术,以2000年和2010年2期遥感影像为主要数据源,对庄河市10 a来土地利用的变化进行了研究。通过相关分析、主成分分析等方法对庄河市2000~2010年间的土地利用变化的驱动因子进行定量分析,并采用因子分析法将影响庄河市土地利用变化的因素概括为社会经济发展、人口增长和城市化水平3个方面。结果表明,2000年以来10 a间各类建设用地增加了3.21万hm2,占总面积的比重增加了8.78%;旱地减少了3.76万hm2,占总面积的比重减少了10.29%;水田面积增加了0.57万hm2,占总面积的比重增加了1.56%;林地和水域面积略有减少,草地和其他利用类型土地面积略有增加,土地利用不合理现象严重。     

基于 GIS 的庄河市土地利用变化及驱动力简

以庄河地区为研究对象,采用遥感、GIS一体化技术,以2000 年和2010 年2 期遥感影像为主要数据源,对庄河市10 a来土地利用的变化进行了研究.通过相关分析、主成分分析等方法对庄河市2000～2010 年间的土地利用变化的驱动因子进行定量分析,并采用因子分析法将影响庄河市土地利用变化的因素概括为社会经济发展、人口增长和城市化水平3 个方面.结果表明,2000 年以来10 a 间各类建设用地增加了3.21 万hm2, 占总面积的比重增加了8.78% ;旱地减少了3.76 万hm2, 占总面积的比重减少了10.29% ;水田面积增加了0.57 万hm2,占总面积的比重增加了1.56% ;林地和水域面积略有减少,草地和其他利用类型土地面积略有增加,土地利用不合理现象严重.     

Spatiotemporal analysis of land use/cover changes in Nanchang area,China

Based on remote sensing and Geographic Information System techniques, multi-temporal Landsat data were used to monitor land use/cover changes (LUCC) in the Nanchang area during 1989–2010. Quantitative and spatiotemporal indicators derived from the transition matrix for overall changes, intensity analysis for inter-category transitions, and spatiotemporal analysis of intra-category variations were constructed to analyze the spatiotemporal LUCC evolution. The study results show that urban and industrial land rapidly and continually expanded. The spatial extent of rural settlements shrunk while their distribution density increased. Cultivated land showed a tendency of spatially continuous loss and fragmented distribution, whereas the spatial pattern of forest tended to concentrate. The extents of ponds and reservoirs remained stable, but spatial changes were obvious. Rivers and bottomlands decreased significantly and tended toward fragmentation. The overall LUCC pattern showed that construction land rapidly sprawled while cultivated land decreased substantially, indicating an accelerating stage of urbanization and industrialization. Although rigid land requirements for urbanization had to be satisfied, land development and consolidation across forests and water body areas, as well as adjustment of agricultural structure, laid the foundation for a transition toward intensive land use in the Nanchang area.     

Using Landsat Thematic Mapper records to map land cover change and the impacts of reforestation programmes in the borderlands of southeast Yunnan,China: 1990–2010

At the beginning of the new millennium, after a severe drought and destructive floods along the Yangtze River, the Chinese government implemented two large ecological rehabilitation and reforestation projects: the Natural Forest Protection Programme and the Sloping Land Conversion Programme. Using Landsat data from a decade before, during and after the inception of these programmes, we analyze their impacts along with other policies on land use, land cover change (LULCC) in southwest China. Our goal is to quantify the predominant land cover changes in four borderland counties, home to tens of thousands of ethnic minority individuals. We do this in three time stages (1990, 2000 and 2010). We use support vector machines as well as a transition matrix to monitor the land cover changes. The land cover classifications resulted in an overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient for forested area and cropland of respectively 91% (2% confidence interval) and 0.87. Our results suggest that the total forested area observed increased 3% over this 20-year period, while cropland decreased slightly (0.1%). However, these changes varied over specific time periods: forested area decreased between 1990 and 2000 and then increased between 2000 and 2010. In contrast, cropland increased and then decreased. These results suggest the important impacts of reforestation programmes that have accelerated a land cover transition in this region. We also found large changes in LULC occurring around fast growing urban areas, with changes in these peri-urban zones occurring faster to the east than west. This suggests that differences in socioeconomic conditions and specific local and regional policies have influenced the rates of forest, cropland and urban net changes, disturbances and net transitions. While it appears that a combination of economic growth and forest protection in this region over the past 20 years has been fairly successful, threats like drought, other extreme weather events and land degradation remain.     

基于GIS和RS的延安地区土地利用及生态脆弱性评价

基于延安市8个区县1997年、2004年和2011年的TM影像数据,运用遥感和地理信息系统软件,对延安地区自退耕还林(草)政策实施以来土地利用动态变化的数量、速度及其空间格局特征进行了定量分析,并结合经济、社会和自然因素数据,通过主成分分析法对延安地区生态脆弱性进行评价。结果表明,1997年至2011年,延安地区的土地利用类型发生了很大变化。耕地面积呈现减少的趋势;居民用地面积处于增长的态势;林地面积增加,并且后期的增加速度明显大于前期;草地面积有小幅度的减少;未利用地和水体面积呈先减少后增加的趋势。生态脆弱性评估表明,在延安地区的8个区县中,北部四县的生态脆弱性指数比南部四县高。在1997年至2011年期间,研究区域内生态环境脆弱性指数逐渐减小,生态环境安全性逐渐增强。     

论土地利用与覆盖变化遥感信息提取技术框架

利用遥感技术提取土地利用和覆盖变化信息是一个多因素交织的复杂过程,为提高遥感信息提取的自动化和定量化水平,本文针对变化信息本身的内涵(容)将这一复杂过程分解为变化位置发现、变化区域提取、变化类型确认以及变化信息表示等过程,构建了基于遥感技术的土地利用与覆盖变化信息提取技术流程,并对流程中的关键技术和方法进行了论述和探讨。本文的技术方法能有效应用于多时相遥感数据或已有土地利用与覆盖数据支持下的单一时相遥感数据情况下的变化信息提取。     

Changing landscape in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Yangtze River from 1977 to 2005: Land use/land cover,vegetation cover changes estimated using multi-source satellite data

The eco-environment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) in China has received much attention due to the construction of the Three Gorges Hydropower Station. Land use/land cover changes (LUCC) are a major cause of ecological environmental changes. In this paper, the spatial landscape dynamics from 1978 to 2005 in this area are monitored and recent changes are analyzed, using the Landsat TM (MSS) images of 1978, 1988, 1995, 2000 and 2005. Vegetation cover fractions for a vegetation cover analysis are retrieved from MODIS/Terra imagery from 2000 to 2006, being the period before and after the rising water level of the reservoir. Several analytical indices have been used to analyze spatial and temporal changes. Results indicate that cropland, woodland, and grassland areas reduced continuously over the past 30 years, while river and built-up area increased by 2.79% and 4.45% from 2000 to 2005, respectively. The built-up area increased at the cost of decreased cropland, woodland and grassland. The vegetation cover fraction increased slightly. We conclude that significant changes in land use/land cover have occurred in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The main cause is a continuous economic and urban/rural development, followed by environmental management policies after construction of the Three Gorges Dam.     

Studying Changes in Land Use Within the Poyang Lake Region

Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China. Because the lake is faced with a series of ecological and environmental problems, it is important and necessary to study the land use changes in the Poyang Lake region. In this study, Landsat images from 1976, 1989, 1999 and 2009, were used along with other evaluation methods (quantitative analysis of changes in land use, land use dynamic, degree and transfer matrix analyses) to investigate the changes in land use within the Poyang Lake region from 1976 to 2009. Land use was classified into seven types: cropland, woodland, grassland, the water body, construction land, bottomland and unused land. Areas of cropland, bottomland and the water body were decreasing although the area of the water body decreased relatively slowly. However, areas of construction land, grassland, woodland and unused land increased to a certain extent, with unused land increasing the most rapidly given its smaller proportion compared to the other types. All land types in the study region had different levels of conversion between other types of land. As a whole, the decrease in cropland and the increase in construction land, woodland and grassland were caused by human activities and the conservation policies such as Grain-for-Green and “returning farm to lake”. However, the decrease in the water body area was mainly influenced by natural factors and human activities. Changes in the area of bottomland were mainly influenced by water levels and human farming activities.     

基于遥感的蒸散与土地利用及主要地表参数的关系研究——以乌裕尔河下游为例

以TM/ETM+影像为数据源,利用自动分类与目视解译相结合的方法提取了研究区1992～2001年共5个时相的土地利用信息;采用SEBAL模型估算影像过境当天的日蒸散量;最后对蒸散与土地利用变化、植被覆盖度及地表温度等地表参数之间的关系进行了相关性分析。结果表明:水体、湿地具有较高的日蒸散量,草地、旱地、林地次之,盐碱地、居民地最低。说明蒸散与地表温度、植被覆盖度等密切相关,土地利用变化是引起上述变化的主要驱动力之一。     

基于土地利用变化模拟的生态风险动态评价

以松滋市2000年和2010年Landsat TM影像为基础,利用CA-Markov模型并引入土地利用总体规划限制因素,预测松滋市2020年土地利用情况。构建土地利用生态风险指数,运用4 km×4 km的网格模型采样,采用普通克里金插值法进行插值,引入密度分割法进行归一化等级划分,利用GIS工具进行空间叠加分析并制作土地利用生态风险分级图,实现土地利用变化生态风险动态评价,揭示生态风险变化趋势。模拟预测及评价结果显示:1松滋市2000~2020年土地利用结构发生较大变化,耕地、水域和未利用地面积减少,林地和建设用地面积增加。2土地利用生态风险呈逐步升高趋势,由2000年的21.95升高到2020年的88.53,分布以中部及南部较高,西部及东北部较低。32000~2020年分级结果主要以低风险、较低风险及次中风险为主,特高风险区域逐渐增多,生态风险等级以中心城区为中心呈圈层分布,且距离越远生态风险等级越低。     

Using NDVI Differencing and Temporal Logic to Enhance ISODATA Classification in Urban Environments

This paper presents a new approach to improving land use/cover mapping accuracy in an urban environment. Bi-temporal Landsat TM images (1987 and 1997) were initially classified using the ISODATA method. An NDVI difference image was derived and classified, with each class indicating certain land use/cover changes. Temporal logical reasoning was then performed on the classified NDVI difference map and the initial land use/cover maps. The procedure successfully resolved the confusion between forest clear-cuts/fallow cropland and urban, as well as between forest clear-cuts and cropland. The kappa analysis test led to a Z value of 1.837 with the p-value of 0.026 for the year 1987, and a Z value of 1.924 with the p-value of 0.014 for 1997, indicating significant enhancement at the 95% confidence level.     

Major forest changes and land cover transitions based on plant functional types derived from the ESA CCI Land Cover product

Land use and land cover change are of prime concern due to their impacts on CO₂ emissions, climate change and ecological services. New global land cover products at 300 m resolution from the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Land Cover (CCI LC) project for epochs centered around 2000, 2005 and 2010 were analyzed to investigate forest area change and land cover transitions. Plant functional types (PFTs) fractions were derived from these land cover products according to a conversion table. The gross global forest loss between 2000 and 2010 is 172,171 km², accounting for 0.6% of the global forest area in year 2000. The forest changes are mainly distributed in tropical areas such as Brazil and Indonesia. Forest gains were only observed between 2005 and 2010 with a global area of 9844 km², mostly from crops in Southeast Asia and South America. The predominant PFT transition is deforestation from forest to crop, accounting for four-fifths of the total increase of cropland area between 2000 and 2010. The transitions from forest to bare soil, shrub, and grass also contributed strongly to the total areal change in PFTs. Different PFT transition matrices and composition patterns were found in different regions. The highest fractions of forest to bare soil transitions were found in the United States and Canada, reflecting forest management practices. Most of the degradation from grassland and shrubland to bare soil occurred in boreal regions. The areal percentage of forest loss and land cover transitions generally decreased from 2000–2005 to 2005–2010. Different data sources and uncertainty in the conversion factors (converting from original LC classes to PFTs) contribute to the discrepancy in the values of change in absolute forest area.