联合地震位错模型和InSAR数据构建2017年九寨沟Mw 6.5地震同震三维形变场

利用哨兵（Sentinel）-1A卫星升、降轨影像,在地震位错模型约束下获取了2017年九寨沟Mw 6.5地震的高质量三维形变场。首先,利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）提取九寨沟地震升、降轨同震形变场;然后,通过“两步法”反演获取该地震发震断层的几何参数和分布式滑动模型,以此为约束,采用方差分量估计算法联合解算九寨沟地震三维形变场。结果表明,九寨沟地震同震三维形变场以水平位移为主,垂向形变较弱;南北向形变呈拉张趋势,断层上盘向南、下盘向北滑动,最大位移分别为－19.81 cm和14.38 cm;东西向形变不对称性明显,断层上盘西北部向东水平运动,最大位移为18.37 cm,下盘东南部向西运动,最大位移不足8 cm。将南北、东西向形变与6个全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）台站观测数据进行比较,两者一致性较好且均方根误差较小,分别为1.44 cm和1.77 cm,表明联合升、降轨InSAR观测和地震位错模型约束构建同震三维形变场方法具有较高可行性,显著降低了大地测量数据不足、InSAR观测对南北向形变不敏感等问题的影响。     

尼泊尔Mw 7.9级地震同震垂直位移与断层运动模型

2015年4月25日尼泊尔地区发生了Mw 7.9级地震,发震断层位于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞边界带,此次地震是一次典型的板块逆冲型事件。利用中国境内加密的GPS同震观测资料,融合ALOS-2卫星L波段的InSAR（interferometric synthetic aperture radar）同震形变数据,基于最小二乘方法获得了此次地震的同震垂直位移场。同震垂直位移结果表明,此次地震造成尼泊尔加德满都地区抬升约0.95 m,珠穆朗玛峰地区受地震的影响有所下降,其主峰的沉降量为2~3 cm,中国境内的希夏邦马主峰沉降约为20 cm。地区利用改进的二维弹性半空间位错模型反演了发震断层运动参数,本文模型显示此次地震的断层面破裂宽度约为60 km,平均滑动量达到4 m,相当于Mw 7.89级。     

联合地震位错模型和ESISTEM方法提取地震同震三维形变场

高精度同震三维形变场对于研究地震变形模式、震源机制等具有重要意义。设计并实现了一种联合地震位错模型和扩展融合大地测量、卫星形变观测、应变张量估计(extended simultaneous and integrated strain tensor estimation from geodetic and satellite deformation measurements, ESISTEM)方法的新方法,以2021年Ms 6.4漾濞地震为例,利用哨兵1号A、B星(Sentinel-1A/B)升、降轨影像获得该地震的合成孔径雷达干涉测量形变场,利用地震位错模型正演得到的南北向形变分量进行约束,成功提取了该地震完整的同震三维形变场及应变场。结果表明,漾濞地震断层西南侧主要向西、向北运动,最大形变分别为4.8 cm、9.5 cm;东北侧主要向东、向南运动,最大形变分别为7.4 cm、4.6 cm;垂直向抬升、沉降的最大值分别为3.6 cm、3.4 cm;发震断层以右旋走滑运动为主,兼有少量正断分量;发震断层区域受到显著的膨胀、剪切和旋转作用。     

基于GIS的InSAR结果分析方法及在汶川Mw7.9级地震同震解释中的应用

利用GIS对InSAR结果进行分析可以更全面地解释地表形变机制。介绍了利用GIS对SAR影像进行裁剪、切割和拼接处理、剖面和等值分析的方法。在此基础上,以汶川Mw7.9级地震为例介绍了基于GIS的InSAR结果分析方法在地震形变机制解释方面的应用:①根据InSAR距离向偏移量和同震形变场,利用GIS技术提取了汶川Mw7.9级地震发震断层的地表迹线;②将基于位错模型正演得到的视线向形变场与InSAR同震形变场进行比较,得到了汶川地区InSAR同震形变场的上盘和整体改正数,进一步借助GIS进行修正得到了更为真实的InSAR同震形变场;③利用2D/3DInSAR同震形变场、干涉纹图和剖面分析结果对汶川Mw7.9级地震同震形变特征进行了具体分析和解释。     

2016年意大利阿马特里切Mw 6.2地震震源机制InSAR反演

2016年8月24日，意大利中部阿马特里切（Amatrice）地区发生Mw 6.2地震。采用ALOS-2条带模式和SENTINEL-1A宽幅模式的合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar，SAR）数据分别进行SAR差分干涉测量处理，获取了该地震的同震形变场。结果显示，本次地震造成意大利中部地区发生明显的地壳形变，在雷达视线向最大沉降量达19.6 cm。基于合成孔径雷达干涉测量（interferometry synthetic aperture radar，InSAR）和GPS同震形变场数据对此次地震的发震断层进行联合反演，通过改进倾角和平滑系数获取方法，得到了最优滑动分布模型。通过使用单断层模型和双断层模型进行反演可知，双断层模型反演结果优于单断层反演结果，两种模型下反演模型相关系数分别为0.85和0.89，发震断层走向分别为160°和158°，倾角分别为44°和46°，倾滑分布主要位于地下5~7 km，平均倾滑角为-80°，最大倾滑量0.9 m位于地壳深度5 km处，该发震断层是亚平宁冲断带的一部分，为NW-SE向延伸的正断层，断层长约20 km。综合使用地震同震形变场和GPS数据对震源机制进行反演、模拟和分析，获取了高精度的震源参数，可以为分析地震危险性和断层破裂参数等提供数据支持。     

地震破裂模型约束的中国阿里地震三维形变场

利用环境卫星（Environmental Satellite,Envisat）的升、降轨数据在地震破裂模型约束下获取2007年阿里地震的高质量同震地表三维形变场。首先,对合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）影像进行差分干涉处理,得到地震造成的视线向同震地表形变场;然后,以地震破裂模型为约束条件,采用赫尔默特方差分量估计法来解算阿里地震的高质量地表三维同震形变场。结果表明,震中区域最大下沉达约4.7 cm,东西向位移较小,南北向呈挤压趋势。总体上,三维形变的特征表明阿里地震是一个以正倾滑为主兼少量右旋走滑运动的地震事件。     

Conjugate ruptures and seismotectonic implications of the 2019 Mindanao earthquake sequence inferred from Sentinel-1 InSAR data

In 2019, four strong earthquakes of Mw>6.4 occurred successively in Mindanao, Philippines. Based on the reports from the USGS and PHIVOLCS, these earthquakes were dominated by strike-slip ruptures. Whether these earthquakes are temporally and spatially related remained unknown. We characterized the coseismic displacement fields during the earthquake sequence using an InSAR technique with Sentinel-1 SAR data. The InSAR deformation measurements convincingly reveal that the four earthquakes produced distinct coseismic displacement patterns. We estimated the source parameters of the earthquakes with a two-step inversion strategy. The optimal model suggests that the earthquake sequence resulted from the reactivation of a conjugate fault structure that involves two nearly vertical left-lateral strike-slip faults and two high-angle right-lateral strike-slip faults. We calculated Coulomb stress changes from the earthquake sequence, suggesting that the previous strong earthquakes had significant stress-encouraging effects on the following events. The regional velocities based on the GPS analysis suggest that the formation of this conjugate structure is mainly due to the westward movement of the subducting Philippine Sea Plate. This earthquake sequence provides a seismotectonic background for subsequent strong earthquakes and helps to better understand the formation mechanisms and seismotectonic implications of conjugate structure rupturing.     

Coseismic surface deformation of the 2014 Napa earthquake mapped by Sentinel-1A SAR and accuracy assessment with COSMO-SkyMed and GPS data as cross validation

ABSTRACT

The new land observation satellite Sentinel-1A was launched on 25 April 2014 with a C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor, which has the significant enhancements in terms of revisit period and high resolution. The Mw 6.1 Napa, California earthquake occurring on 24 August 2014, almost 4 months after the launch, is the first moderate earthquake imaged by the Sentinel-1A. This provides an opportunity to map the coseismic deformation of the event and evaluate the potential of Sentinel-1A SAR for earthquake study. Two techniques including the interferometric SAR (InSAR) and pixel offset-tracking (PO) are, respectively, employed to map the surface deformation along the radar line of sight (LOS), azimuth and slant-range directions. The cross comparison between Sentinel-1A InSAR LOS deformation and GPS observations indicates good agreement with an accuracy of ～2.6?mm. We further estimate the earthquake source model with the external COSMO-SkyMed InSAR and GPS data as constraints, and forward calculate the surface deformation as cross validation with the Sentinel-1A observations. The comparison between the observed and modeled deformation shows that the Sentinel-1A measurement accuracy can achieve 1.6?cm for InSAR technique along LOS direction, and 6.3 and 6.7?cm for PO along azimuth and range directions, respectively.     

InSAR-MAI技术监测玉树地震2-D同震形变场研究

InSAR由于大范围、高精度、全天候等优势,被广泛应用。但InSAR局限于监测视线向形变,无法观测方位向形变。多孔径干涉测量技术(MAI)作为一种监测方位向形变的有效技术得到广泛应用,其精度可达厘米级。该技术对监测快速,激烈的地表形变更为有效,如冰川流速、同震形变等。文中利用MAI-InSAR技术,选用日本ALOS卫星PALSAR数据,监测玉树Mw=6.9地震的2-D同震形变场,获得有益的结论。     

利用InSAR及其差分技术获取仲巴地震的同震形变场

本文简要介绍了InSAR及其差分技术的基本原理,并以仲巴地震为例,采用已知DEM的二路差分法获取了仲巴地震的同震形变场。结果表明:仲巴地震为是一个以倾滑为主的浅源正断层型地震,断层面走向近乎南北方向。     

利用断层自动剖分技术的2008年青海大柴旦Mw6．3级地震InSAR反演研究

2008-11-10青海大柴旦地区发生了Mw6．3级地震,其发震断层位于青藏高原东北缘的大柴旦一宗务隆山断裂带。利用欧空局Envisat／ASAR卫星雷达影像数据,采用二通差分干涉技术获得了地震的同震地表形变场,基于1D协方差函数估计InSAR同震形变场的中误差为0．52cm,方差一协方差衰减距离为5．9km。在此基础上,采用弹性半空间矩形位错模型进行断层几何参数反演,并利用断层自动剖分技术确定了地震的最佳同震滑动分布模型。结果表明,该地震的震源机制解为走向107．19°,倾角56．57°,以逆冲为主兼具少量右旋走滑分量;滑动分布主要发生在10-20km深度范围内,最大滑动量为0．51m,释放的能量为4．3×10^18Nm。     

GPS时间序列中同震和震后形变的自动识别和估计

地震发生时,附近GPS观测站会捕捉到同震和震后形变,同震和震后形变对地学研究和维持动态参考框架具有重要作用,识别和估计同震和震后形变也是GPS时间序列处理的重要内容。提出综合检校法识别和估计GPS时间序列中的同震和震后形变,首先利用该方法对GPS站建模,综合考虑多源的同震阶跃及兼容性和均方根RMS减小率来判断测站是否受到地震影响,然后用试错法搜索最优衰减常数τ后,利用最小二乘估计包含同震和震后形变的所有参数,最后以真实震例验证了该方法的有效性。     

利用附加系统误差参数的升降轨InSAR-GPS数据融合方法建立三维形变场

针对合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）监测形变时高空间分辨率的优势以及GPS监测数据高精度、高时间分辨率的特点,对升、降轨InSAR与GPS数据融合获取高精度的三维形变场的方法展开研究。提出以高精度的GPS观测值为约束,对升、降轨InSAR观测方程分别添加一个跟点的位置有关的系统误差函数,以对InSAR数据中残留的系统误差进行修正,减弱或消除系统误差的影响。模拟数据和实测数据表明,该方法能够有效地补偿不同轨道InSAR数据与GPS数据间的系统误差影响,且计算简单;采用附加系统误差参数的升、降轨InSAR-GPS综合形变分析模型建立的三维形变场具有更高的精度。     

汶川地震GPS形变约束的破裂分段特征及滑移

为了解2008年汶川地震破裂分段特征及滑移,采用弹性位错模型和模拟退火算法,数值模拟汶川震区密集的GPS同震形变。结果表明,GPS同震形变场至少需要用铲状的映秀-北川五断裂加上灌县－江油断裂来模拟,该模型对GPS数据的符合程度与汶川地震滑动分布模型相当,基本反映了汶川地震破裂特征。映秀－北川断裂总长255~294km。南段以逆冲为主,分上下两层,最深达30km。中段右旋走滑和逆冲都很大,而北段以右旋走滑为主。映秀段地震周期最短为3000年。破裂上层深度14km可能是龙门山中央断裂的闭锁深度。汶川地震可能源于相邻块体的相对运动和挤压、深部滑脱或浅部闭锁,在薄弱构造处首先爆发地震。     

利用SAR影像配准偏移量提取地表形变的方法与误差分析

单一的InSAR观测技术可提取地表沿雷达视线方向(LOS)上的一维位移,而利用SAR影像配准过程中的同名像素偏移量可提取地表沿雷达方位向(近南北向)与距离向(近东西向)的二维形变场,与LOS方向的一维形变形成优势互补。本文在分析SAR影像配准偏移量提取地表形变场方法的基础上,推导建立了雷达方位向与距离向形变提取的误差模型,探讨了该方法提取地表形变的主要误差源。以Bam地震ASAR影像和玉树地震PALSAR影像为数据源,分别开展同震形变场的提取与误差分析试验,结果表明,基于SAR像素配准偏移量提取同震形变场的精度主要受匹配窗口尺寸与过采样因子影响,形变提取误差随匹配计算窗口的增大而减小,形变提取精度随过采样因子的增大有适量提高,地形起伏效应在高差较大的SAR影像区域中表现较为显著。     

The spatial response pattern of coseismic landslides induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake to the surface deformation and Coulomb stress change revealed from InSAR observations

The 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake triggered plenty of coseismic giant landslides, which resulted in almost one third of total fatalities and economic losses during the event. Previous studies investigated the spatial relations between landslide distribution and topographic and seismic factors such as elevation, slope aspect, distance from rupture trace and seismic intensity. However, few studies are performed exploring the effects of coseismic surface deformation and Coulomb stress change on triggering landslides due to lack of adequate deformation observation data and stress calculation model for slope failure. In this study, we develop an envelope method to map an entire coseismic deformation field in both near- and far-field areas of seismic faults through the data fusion from InSAR and pixel offset-tracking (POT) techniques. The change in static Coulomb stress (SCS) acting on coseismic landsliding surface caused by the event is determined using the faulting model derived from the joint inversion of InSAR and GPS data, and also with the use of the elastic half-space dislocation theory and the generalized Hook’s law. The analysis suggests the spatial response pattern of seismic landslides to the coseismic ground motion and stress change, especially in the vicinity of fault rupture trace. The landslide density dramatically rises with the stress increase within the range from Yingxiu to Beichuan areas along the major surface rupture. Moving further and eastward along the fault strike, most of large landslides are triggered as the zone of positive SCS change narrows. Moreover, the high-magnitude surface displacements are possibly responsible for the giant landsliding events in the easternmost section. From the analysis of the stress transfer, the occurrence of landslides in the study area is largely controlled by the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault with overwhelming rupture length and fault slip, yet the Pengguan fault indeed shows dominance in the area between the two faults. The results show that coseismic surface deformation (derived from InSAR data in this study) and static Coulomb stress change can serve as two significant controlling factors on seismic landslide distribution and that the stress factor seems more significant in the vicinity of surface rupture.     

Surface deformation associated with the 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from ALOS L-band SAR interferometry

The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake (in China) occurred on 12 May 2008 as a result of slip on the northeastern-striking Longmen Shan (LMS) faults beneath the rugged margin between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Sichuan Basin. The catastrophic event caused significant surface ruptures and permanent ground displacement in a wide area. This paper concentrates on mapping surface deformation caused by the main shock with the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology. The coseismic interferogram covering an area of over 83,000 km² is computed with use of 46 SAR images that were collected along 6 adjacent ascending orbits by the L-band SAR sensor onboard the Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS). The displacements measured at 16 GPS sites are used to check the accuracy of the InSAR deformation measurements. The radar coherence is computed and analyzed in relation to the topography and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) estimated from the Landsat-7 imagery. The results show that the coseismic surface deformation can be mapped up to a centimeter-accuracy level even over the highly mountainous and heavily vegetated area with the L-band interferometer. It is also demonstrated that the L-band interferograms with time interval of months to years can still maintain acceptable radar coherence for deformation extraction over the area under the extreme conditions. The extracted InSAR deformation measurements show that the lands in the Sichuan Basin had moved 0.1–1.3 m toward the satellite along the radar line of sight (LOS) direction with an azimuth of 349.8° and an elevation angle of 51.3°, while the lands in the LMS area had moved 1.4 m at most away from the satellite.     

升降轨InSAR与GPS数据集成反演西安形变场

根据InSAR观测量对南北向形变不敏感的特点,将内插GPS数据得到的南北向形变场信息和InSAR监测数据进行集成和融合解算,提取三维形变场。该方法有效避免了因直接忽略南北向形变而带来的精度影响问题,较好地改善了垂向形变场的反演精度。以西安市作为研究区域,融合EnviSat ASAR、ALOS PALSAR及GPS数据,反演西安市2009—2010年在东西向和垂向的绝对的年平均形变速率场(形变场),并与11个水准监测结果进行比对,发现融合反演法不仅能提供三维形变场,而且反演的垂向精度明显优于忽略南北向形变后的反演形变结果,从而对西安市地表形变有更深入的认识。     

强震时空统计分析及InSAR同震形变场空间分布特征

收集整理了全球1976年至2022年初的198个强震（Mw≥7.5）信息,统计分析了强震发生的时空分布、震源深度分布和强震发震类型占比,并结合公开发表的典型强震的合成孔径雷达干涉测量（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）同震形变场图,分析了强震同震形变的空间分布特征。研究表明,强震空间分布呈条带状聚集,主要位于环太平洋地震带和喜马拉雅-地中海地震带,强震大多发生在各大板块交界处,与现代大地测量观测到的地壳强应变区域重合;强震时间分布存在活跃期和平静期交替出现的现象,1976―1992年为相对平静期,1992年至今为相对活跃期,强震发生频率有逐年增加趋势;在收集的全球198个强震中,发生在海洋中的强震占大多数,陆地强震仅有44个,且绝大多数强震属于逆冲断层地震,按震源深度统计,浅源强震最多且分布广泛,占比达81.3%;InSAR卫星对地观测新技术可以捕获强震的全域同震形变场,详细呈现强震同震形变的空间范围和分布特征,其中陆地强震同震形变波及的范围主要集中在发震断层两侧附近的条带状区域,离断层越远,形变衰减越快,而且形变关于断层呈不对称性。运用全球覆盖的InSAR和全球导航卫星系统地壳形变监测技术,拼接全球不同位置的活动断层形变信息片段,有可能揭示陆地强震的全周期孕震形变过程。     

Measuring deformations using SAR interferometry and GPS observables with geodetic accuracy: Application to Tokyo,Japan

This paper presents new methodology for correcting interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) deformation maps using GPS observables and products. The methodology presents a sequential procedure for correcting the errors presented in InSAR deformation maps such as troposphere delay, ionosphere delay and baseline error. The main target of this research is to measure land deformations with geodetic accuracy using only one L-band interferogram with the aid of GPS observables and products. The proposed methodology was tested on Tokyo bay area which has been affected by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. The results were verified against deformations detected by GPS stations and geodetic triangulation network showing a standard deviation of 5.6 and 10.5 mm, respectively.