基于WOFOST模型与UAV数据的玉米生长后期地上生物量估算

地上生物量能够有效反映作物的生长状态，其信息的实时估算对产量预测和农田生产管理都有重要意义。作物生长模型因其详尽的生理生化基础和对生长过程数字化描述能力，成为生物量估算的理想模型。近年来，研究人员利用数据同化算法将时间序列遥感数据同化到作物生长模型中，实现了作物模型由基于气象站的点模拟到区域尺度面模拟的外推，使生物量模拟结果同时具备大范围和机理性两个方面的特点。这一模式下，时间序列的遥感数据质量将对生物量模拟精度产生直接影响，作物生长后期受到光谱饱和的影响，遥感数据的作物冠层信息获取能力会出现明显下降，因此有必要对该阶段遥感数据和作物模型的结合方式进行优化，提升生物量模拟精度。本文针对东北地区春玉米生物量遥感估算存在的问题，提出了利用WOFOST作物模型结合无人机（UAV）遥感数据实现作物生长后期生物量准确估算的新思路。新思路首先利用多光谱遥感数据获取WOFOST模型具备较高空间异质性的土壤速效养分参数以提升模型的空间信息模拟能力，使其能在一定程度上摆脱点尺度模拟的限制。同时，结合集合卡尔曼滤波算法将生长前期无人机（UAV）遥感数据同化到模型中，以缩短模型单独运行时间，减少模型运行过程中的参数误差累积，实现无遥感数据参与下的短期作物生长模拟，并输出生长后期相应的生物量模拟结果。最后，本文利用地面实测数据对新方法的生物量模拟精度进行了评价。结果表明，与全生育期数据同化相比，新方法的生物量估算精度有了明显的提升（全生育期同化：R² = 0.45，RMSE = 4254.30 kg/ha；新方法：R²= 0.86，RMSE = 2216.79 kg/ha）。     

多源遥感与作物模型同化模拟作物物生长参数时空域连续变化

本文将遥感信息与作物模型同化实现作物生长参数的时空域连续模拟,进而监测生长参数的时空域变化.首先将作物模型WOFOST(World food studies) 与冠层辐射传输模型PROSAIL 耦合构建WOPROSAIL 模型,利用微粒群算法(PSO) 通过最小化从CCD 数据获取的土壤调节植被指数观测值SAVI(soil adjusted vegetation index) 与耦合模型得到的模拟值SAVI’之间差值优化作物模型初始参数.通过MODIS 数据反演实现参数的区域化,并将区域参数作为优化后作物模型输入参数驱动模型逐像元计算生长参数,实现生长参数的时空域连续模拟与监测,最终建立区域尺度遥感-作物模拟同化框架模型RS-WOPROSAIL .结果表明：同化模型解决了作物模型模拟空间域和遥感信息时间域的不连续问题.模型模拟的叶面积指数(LAI) 、穗重(WSO) 、地上总生物量(TAGP) 等生长参数较好地体现了水稻生长状况时空域变化,研究区水稻模拟产量与实际产量的误差为27.4% .     

中国灾害遥感研究进展

随着灾害系统理论的深化和遥感技术的快速发展,中国灾害遥感研究与应用服务取得了丰硕成果。本文以灾害系统理论为基础,从"天—空—地—现场"一体化灾害立体监测体系、灾害要素分类体系、灾害遥感服务体系和标准规范建设等方面,总结了灾害遥感理论研究进展。分析了洪涝、干旱、地震、地质灾害等主要灾害遥感监测评估方法,并对应用研究热点和存在的问题进行了讨论。分3个阶段阐述了中国灾害遥感系统的发展历程,基于业务应用需求介绍了灾害遥感业务系统的体系架构。按照灾害遥感日常监测业务、应急监测业务和特别重大自然灾害损失评估等3个方面介绍了业务应用模式,并从时效性、评估精度和业务流程等方面对业务应用进展水平进行了评述。分析了当前灾害遥感研究与应用工作面临的机遇与挑战,对今后发展提出了加强灾害遥感应用机理研究、加快防灾减灾空间基础设施建设、加强灾害监测评估方法研究、提升综合减灾空间信息服务能力和加强软环境建设等对策建议。     

应急遥感制图中敏感目标自动检测与隐藏方法

应急遥感制图在灾害响应中作用显著,能为灾害评估、救灾决策提供有力支撑。传统应急遥感制图流程中,人工检索敏感目标并使用图像编辑工具进行脱密处理的方式效率不高,与防灾救灾的高即时性要求相矛盾,无法实现快速发布与使用。将深度学习中的目标检测模型和生成式对抗网络模型相结合,构建遥感影像敏感目标检测与隐藏两阶段处理模型,并以遥感制图中飞机目标处理为例验证模型性能。针对飞机目标特点,采用损失函数重构、区域推荐网络候选框优化、Mask优化算法引入、注意力机制重构等改进方案。实验结果表明,该方法全流程处理时间较人工处理缩短50%以上,能快速、智能地进行遥感影像敏感目标检测与隐藏处理,缩短应急制图周期。     

农业遥感研究应用进展与展望

得益于中国自主遥感卫星、无人机遥感和物联网等技术的发展,中国农业遥感研究与应用在过去20年取得了显著进步,中国农业遥感信息获取呈现出天地网一体化的趋势;农业定量遥感在关键参数遥感反演技术方法与应用方面取得进展;作物面积、长势、产量、灾害遥感监测的理论与技术方法取得突破,农业遥感技术应用领域不断拓展。本文从农业遥感信息获取、农业定量遥感、农业灾害遥感、作物遥感识别与制图、作物长势遥感监测与产量预测、农业土地资源遥感等方面对中国农业遥感科研与应用进行了总结综述。     

地震及其次生灾害灾情专题图制图模板研究

结合地震灾害应急监测工作对遥感影像地图的需求,根据地震及其次生灾害发生分布特征及其危害情况,研究制定地震及其次生灾害灾情信息专题图制图模板;形成一套地震及其次生灾害灾情信息专题图的制图规范.能够及时准确提供典型灾情信息,进行快速制图工作,为灾害损失评估、调查及监测、灾后重建等提供及时的地理信息服务.     

辐射传输模型模拟与深度学习结合的高分一号卫星植被光合有效辐射吸收比例产品反演算法

植被光合有效辐射吸收比例FPAR (Fraction of absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation)是碳循环光能利用率模型中的关键参数之一。高分系列卫星的发射，为反演定量遥感产品提供了高时空分辨率的卫星遥感数据，基于高分数据的植被光合有效辐射吸收比例产品能够为生态系统碳循环的分析评估提供更加精细、精度更高的输入参数产品。本文发展了一种基于深度学习的光合有效辐射吸收比例反演方法。该方法利用SAIL(Scattering by Arbitrarily Inclined Leaves)模型模拟多种太阳入射角度、观测角度、大气条件下的植被冠层光合有效辐射吸收比例及冠层反射率，形成海量输入—输出模拟数据集，具有鲁棒性及更好的普适性；基于深度信念网络对数据集进行训练，得到高分一号（GF-1）卫星光合有效辐射吸收比例遥感反演模型。利用中国科学院怀来遥感综合试验站及黑河流域地表过程综合观测网FPAR地面站点连续观测数据对玉米作物、芦苇草地等下垫面反演的FPAR进行了对比验证，RMSE分别为0.15和0.17。本方法以辐射传输模型模拟的多维大气及地表输入...     

ASAR数据与水稻作物模型同化制作水稻产量分布图

提出了利用雷达数据进行水稻估产的技术方法,并以ASAR数据为例,探讨了雷达数据在水稻估产中的可行性.首先利用ASAR数据进行水稻制图,从各时相ASAR数据中提取水稻后向散射系数.随后,基于像元尺度,采用同化方法,以LAI为结合点,将水稻作物模型ORYZA2000与半经验水稻后向散射模型结合,建立嵌套模型模拟水稻后向散射系数.选择水稻出苗期和播种密度为参数优化对象,利用全局优化算法SCE-UA对0RYZA2000模型重新初始化,使模拟的水稻后向散射系数值与实测值误差最小,并由优化后的ORYZA2000模型计算每个像元的水稻产量,生成水稻产量分布图.结果表明,水稻产量分布图能够描绘研究区水稻实际产量的分布趋势,但由于采用潜在生长条件模拟,模拟的水稻平均产量比实测平均值高约13%,验证点的水稻产量模拟值与实测值相对误差为11.2%.由于半经验水稻后向散射模型存在对LAI变化不够敏感和对水层的简化处理,增加了水稻估产的误差.但从总体上看,利用该方法进行区域水稻估产是可行的,并为多云多雨地区的水稻遥感监测提供了重要参考.     

自动化样本生成策略用于冬季作物制图——以兰陵县为例

准确地获取作物空间分布是作物生长监测和产量预测的前提。目前,遥感图像处理需要足够的人工采集的训练样本,因此,大规模作物分布的自动获取仍然是一个挑战。以高效、经济的方式获得足够的训练样本成为作物制图的关键因素之一。因此,本文结合冬季作物物候特征与Sentinel-2时间序列影像,提出了一种自动化样本生成策略用于冬季作物制图。首先,利用归一化植被指数（NDVI）时间序列曲线进行冬季作物的判别;然后,通过时间序列曲线相似性度量的方法,判断样本点与标准的绿色叶绿素植被指数（GCVI）时间序列曲线的差距,从而为未知样本赋予正确的标签;最后,利用获取的样本训练随机森林模型,实现研究区域的冬季作物提取。最终精度评定结果：总体精度（OA）为98.46%,Kappa为0.973,表明该方法对于快速实现冬季作物自动制图的有效性。     

基于云量影像的日照百分率遥感集成模型

通过遥感影像云量数据和地面站点日照百分率观测数据建立遥感集成日照百分率模型,模拟遥感集成日照百分率的空间分布。基本思路是以空间尺度上的富余弥补时间尺度上的稀缺。云的移动是连续的,所以一幅云量遥感影像中,某一格网点周围一定区域范围内的云量都有可能对该点日照情况产生影响,因此对遥感总云量数据在日照轨迹内及云移动所经路径内重采样,能够更接近可照时段内云量的真实情况。然后按云量和日照百分率的负相关性,建立了日尺度的日照百分率遥感集成综合模型,实现对遥感集成日照百分率的模拟,完成日照百分率的遥感集成空间分布模拟图。结果表明：（1）重采样后的总云量克服了云量观测在时间上的局限性;（2）遥感集成日照百分率克服了气象站点空间上的局限性;（3）遥感集成日照百分率模型模拟精度相对插值法有显著的提高。     

Yield Forecasting of Spring Maize Using Remote Sensing and Crop Modeling in Faisalabad-Punjab Pakistan

Real time, accurate and reliable estimation of maize yield is valuable to policy makers in decision making. The current study was planned for yield estimation of spring maize using remote sensing and crop modeling. In crop modeling, the CERES-Maize model was calibrated and evaluated with the field experiment data and after calibration and evaluation, this model was used to forecast maize yield. A Field survey of 64 farm was also conducted in Faisalabad to collect data on initial field conditions and crop management data. These data were used to forecast maize yield using crop model at farmers’ field. While in remote sensing, peak season Landsat 8 images were classified for landcover classification using machine learning algorithm. After classification, time series normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) of the surveyed 64 farms were calculated. Principle component analysis were run to correlate the indicators with maize yield. The selected LSTs and NDVIs were used to develop yield forecasting equations using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression. Calibrated and evaluated results of CERES-Maize showed the mean absolute % error (MAPE) of 0.35–6.71% for all recorded variables. In remote sensing all machine learning algorithms showed the accuracy greater the 90%, however support vector machine (SVM-radial basis) showed the higher accuracy of 97%, that was used for classification of maize area. The accuracy of area estimated through SVM-radial basis was 91%, when validated with crop reporting service. Yield forecasting results of crop model were precise with RMSE of 255 kg ha^?1, while remote sensing showed the RMSE of 397 kg ha^?1. Overall strength of relationship between estimated and actual grain yields were good with R² of 0.94 in both techniques. For regional yield forecasting remote sensing could be used due greater advantages of less input dataset and if focus is to assess specific stress, and interaction of plant genetics to soil and environmental conditions than crop model is very useful tool.     

Maize drought disaster risk assessment of China based on EPIC model

Abstract

Digital Agriculture is one of the important applications of Digital Earth. As the global climate changes and food security becomes an increasingly important issue, agriculture drought comes to the focus of attention. China is a typical monsoon climate country as well as an agricultural country with the world's largest population. The East Asian monsoon has had a tremendous impact upon agricultural production. Therefore, a maize drought disaster risk assessment, in line with the requirements of sustainable development of agriculture, is important for ensuring drought disaster reduction and food security. Meteorology, soil, land use, and agro-meteorological observation information of the research area were collected, and based on the concept framework of ‘hazard-inducing factors assessment (hazard)-vulnerability assessment of hazard-affected body (vulnerability curve)-risk assessment (risk),’ importing crop model EPIC (Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator), using crop model simulation and digital mapping techniques, quantitative assessment of spatio-temporal distribution of maize drought in China was done. The results showed that: in terms of 2, 5, 10, and 20 year return periods, the overall maize drought risk decreased gradually from northwest to southeast in the maize planting areas. With the 20 year return period, high risk value regions (drought loss rate ≥0.5) concentrate in the irrigated maize region of Northwest china, ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in Northern China, Hetao Irrigation Area, and north-central area of North China Plain, accounting for 6.41% of the total maize area. These results can provide a scientific basis for the government's decision-making in risk management and drought disaster prevention in China.     

基于时间序列叶面积指数稀疏表示的作物种植区域提取

以华北平原黄河以北地区为研究区域,以时间序列叶面积指数LAI(Leaf Area Index)傅里叶变换的谐波特征作为不同作物识别的数据源,利用稀疏表示的分类方法识别2007年—2016年冬小麦、春玉米、夏玉米等主要农作物种植区域。首先利用上包络线Savitzky-Golay滤波分别对2007年—2016年的时间序列MODIS LAI曲线进行重构,进而对重构的年时间序列LAI进行傅里叶变换,以0—5级谐波振幅、1—5级谐波相位作为作物识别的依据,基于各类地物的训练样本,通过在线字典学习算法构建稀疏表示方法的判别字典,对每个待测样本利用正交匹配追踪算法求解稀疏系数,从而计算对应于各类地物的重构误差,根据最小重构误差判定待测样本的作物类型,并对作物识别结果的位置精度进行验证。结果表明,2007年—2016年作物识别的总体精度为77.97%,Kappa系数为0.74,表明本文提出的方法可以用于研究区域主要作物种植区域的提取。     

异质性地表的叶面积指数反演的不确定性分析

叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index)可用来反映作物的生长状况,常作为主要指标应用于农作物估产。本文研究遥感中常见的混合像元问题对LAI反演所带来的不确定性问题。研究的混合像元由两种情况构成,一种是由不同长势的作物所构成的混合像元,另一种情况是由不同端元形成的混合像元。结果表明,不同长势形成的混合像元对LAI的准确反演影响不大;不同组分形成的混合像元对LAI反演影响很大。从验证的角度讲,地面实测点的LAI数据不能代表一定分辨率区域的LAI的值,对于像元LAI的验证要注意正确获得像元的LAI。     

Non-destructive estimation of potato leaf chlorophyll from canopy hyperspectral reflectance using the inverted PROSAIL model

Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilization in crop production by in-season measurements of crop N status may improve fertilizer N use efficiency. Hyperspectral measurements may be used to assess crop N status by estimating leaf chlorophyll content. This study evaluated the ability of the PROSAIL canopy-level reflectance model to predict leaf chlorophyll content. Trials were conducted with two potato cultivars under different N fertility rates (0–300 kg N ha⁻¹). Canopy reflectance, leaf area index (LAI) and leaf chlorophyll and N contents were measured. The PROSAIL model was able to predict leaf chlorophyll content with reasonable accuracy later in the growing season. The low estimation accuracy earlier in the growing season could be due to model sensitivity to non-homogenous canopy architecture and soil background interference before full canopy closure. Canopy chlorophyll content (leaf chlorophyll content × LAI) was predicted less accurately than leaf chlrophyll content due to the low estimation accuracy of LAI for values higher than 4.5.     

Assessing the supplementary irrigation for improving crop productivity in water stress region using spatial hydrological model

Water stress during crop cultivation due to inconsistent rainfall is a common phenomenon in maize growing area of Shanmuganadi watershed, located in the semi-arid region of southern peninsular India. The objective is to estimate the supplementary irrigation required to improve the crop productivity during water stress period. Spatial hydrological model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool, has been applied to simulate the watershed hydrology and crop growth for rabi season (October–February) considering the rainfed and irrigated scenarios. The average water stress days of rainfed maize was 60 days with yield of 1.6 t/ha. Irrigated maize with supplementary irrigation of 93–126 mm was resulted in improved yield of 3.8 t/ha with 28 water stress days. The results also suggest that supplemental irrigation can be obtained from groundwater reserves and by adopting early sowing strategy can provide opportunities for improving water productivity in rainfed farming.     

Simulating the effect of Nitrogen application on Wheat Yield by linking remotely sensed measurements with wtgrows simulation model

A field experiment was conducted on wheat at New Delhi with five treatments of Nitrogen (N) fertilizer application (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kgha^-1). Relationship has been established between observed leaf area index (LAI) and remotely sensed vegetation indices. These relationships are inverted and used for predicting LAI from vegetation indices on different days after sowing. The “re-initialization” strategy is implemented in model WTGROWS in which initial conditions of model are changed so that the model simulated LAI match remote sensing predicted LAI. The model performance with re-initialization has been evaluated by comparing the simulated grain yield and total above-ground dry matter (TDM) values with the actual observations. The results show that in-season re-initialization is effective in model course correction by improving the simulated results of yield and TDM for different N treatments even though the model was run with no N stress condition. Model re-initialization at different days shows that the closer is the day of re-initialization to crop anthesis the more effective is model course correction. Also, the treatment showing maximum error in yield simulation without re-initialization shows maximum reduction in error by re-initialization. The approach shows that the remote sensing inputs can substitute for some of the inputs or errors in inputs required by crop models for yield prediction.     

Farm-Level Yield mapping for precision crop management by linking remote sensing inputs and a crop simulation model

A study aimed at generating wheat yield maps of farmer’s fields by using remote sensing (RS) inputs was undertaken during the rabi season of 1998-99 in six villages of Alipur Block of Delhi State. RS derived leaf area index (LAI) were linked to wheat simulation model WTGROWS by adopting a strategy christened “Modified Corrective Approach”. This essentially uses an empirical relation of grain yield and LAI, which was derived from WTGROWS simulation model by running model for a combination of input resources, management practices and soil types occurring in the area. This biometric relationship was applied to all the wheat fields of the study area for which the LAI was derived from single acquisition of IRS LISS-III data (Jan 27, 99). The LAI-NDVI relation adopted was logarithmic in nature (R²=0.83) and was based on ground measurements of LAI in farmer’s fields in the same area. A comparison of predicted grain yield by the modified corrective approach and actual observed yield for the 22 farmer’s fields showed high correlation coefficient of 0.8 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 597 kg ha^-1 which was 17% of the observed mean yield. Thus linking of RS information and crop simulation model provides an alternative for mapping and forecasting crop yield under highly variable cropping environment of Indian farms, which is a pre-requisite for implementing Precision Crop Management (PCM).     

Directional effects on NDVI and LAI retrievals from MODIS: A case study in Brazil with soybean

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is largely used to estimate Leaf Area Index (LAI) using radiative transfer modeling (the “main” algorithm). When this algorithm fails for a pixel, which frequently occurs over Brazilian soybean areas, an empirical model (the “backup” algorithm) based on the relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and LAI is utilized. The objective of this study is to evaluate directional effects on NDVI and subsequent LAI estimates using global (biome 3) and local empirical models, as a function of the soybean development in two growing seasons (2004–2005 and 2005–2006). The local model was derived from the pixels that had LAI values retrieved from the main algorithm. In order to keep the reproductive stage for a given cultivar as a constant factor while varying the viewing geometry, pairs of MODIS images acquired in close dates from opposite directions (backscattering and forward scattering) were selected. Linear regression relationships between the NDVI values calculated from these two directions were evaluated for different view angles (0–25°; 25–45°; 45–60°) and development stages (<45; 45–90; >90 days after planting). Impacts on LAI retrievals were analyzed. Results showed higher reflectance values in backscattering direction due to the predominance of sunlit soybean canopy components towards the sensor and higher NDVI values in forward scattering direction due to stronger shadow effects in the red waveband. NDVI differences between the two directions were statistically significant for view angles larger than 25°. The main algorithm for LAI estimation failed in the two growing seasons with gradual crop development. As a result, up to 94% of the pixels had LAI values calculated from the backup algorithm at the peak of canopy closure. Most of the pixels selected to compose the 8-day MODIS LAI product came from the forward scattering view because it displayed larger LAI values than the backscattering. Directional effects on the subsequent LAI retrievals were stronger at the peak of the soybean development (NDVI values between 0.70 and 0.85). When the global empirical model was used, LAI differences up to 3.2 for consecutive days and opposite viewing directions were observed. Such differences were reduced to values up to 1.5 with the local model. Because of the predominance of LAI retrievals from the MODIS backup algorithm during the Brazilian soybean development, care is necessary if one considers using these data in agronomic growing/yield models.