三维真实感地形建模与可视化

研究了三维真实地形建模与可视化的整个流程，利用OpenGL通用图形程序接口实现了基于DEM数据与遥感影像的三维地形的快速生成与仿真；并将三维地形生成技术应用到了天山公路三维地质灾害场景可视化中。详细阐述了以遥感影像作为地形纹理的处理方式与流程以及构建真实地形场景技术的方法和优化方案，提出了在实际应用中建立个性化三维地形系统的重要性。     

一种真实感三维地形的实用生成方法

建立真实感三维地形,往往在很大程度依赖于遥感影像,而且实现起来比较复杂。本文提出了一种构建真实感三维地形的实用方法:利用电子地图制作纹理,利用PhotoShop为纹理图增加立体效果,用OpenGL为其添加光照信息,最后将生成的纹理映射到简化的三维地形上。按照此方法制作了河南三维地形仿真系统,具有较强的真实感和较快的速度。     

基于多角度遥感物理模型的叶面积指数反演

与传统遥感观测相比,多角度对地观测通过对林木多个方向的观察,可得到丰富的森林三维空结构信息,为定量遥感提供新的途径。本文根据不同遥感数据选择合适的模型并建立相应的查找表。TM/ETM+数据采用混合像元分解模型,CHRIS数据考虑不同森林场景选择不同的遥感物理模型,在选择合适的模型基础上,根据模型的不同敏感参数和试验区选择的特点设计查找表参数,并由模型正演建立查找表,再根据插值的方法由遥感图像的反射率值反演LAI。两种数据反演得到的LAI与MODIS 15A2 LAI产品比较分析。结果表明多角度遥感反演准确率有一定的提高,具有一定的理论研究和实际应用价值。     

五、P23摄影测量与遥感学

CH981722 利用OpenGL制作Landsat TM遥感图象三维影象图/常歌(郑州测绘学院)…∥解放军测绘学院学报。—1998,15(2)。—99～101 OpenGL是绘制高真实感三维图形,实现交互式视景仿真和虚拟现实的高性能开发软件包。Landsat TM图象是当前国际上利用最为广泛的遥感影象。对利用OpenGL制作Landsat TM遥感影象三维影象图技术进行研究与实践。对Landsat TM图象的几何失真,首先对其进行正射校正,然后在OprnGL函数包的基础上制作立体影象图。实验表明所生成卫星三维影象具有明显立体效果,影象与地形套和较好,含有丰富纹理信     

广东省三维地形场景仿真研究

三维地形场景的仿真是虚拟现实技术的关键部分之一。采用SRTM为DEM数据源,以Google Earth影像为仿真纹理,经影像数据截拼、投影转换、SRTM数据无缝拼接,以及Google Earth影像在DEM上的叠加,实现了广东省三维地形场景仿真。三维地形场景仿真更具有立体感和层次感,有利于快速直观地把握各地形地貌要素,在很大程度上缩短读图时间,有效地提高工作效率。     

一种大范围真实地形场景构建技术与其应用

提出了一种大范围真实地形三维场景的构建技术,很好地弥补了SketchUp不适宜建立大范围地形模型和容易缺失纹理信息的缺陷。并以三峡水电站周边地区40 km2区域作为研究对象,以该地区30 m精度的DEM和卫星影像图为基础数据,结合使用WorldMachine、SketchUp、Arc GIS等多种软件,快速建立大范围地形和地面要素的三维表达,并将模型导入SketchUp中进行浏览,以及通过Cesium开源框架实现对三峡水电站周边地区的三维场景动态漫游,为进一步的GIS二次开发提供模型数据支持。     

地形地质GIS三维可视化及应用

借助GIS强大的三维建模及可视化分析功能,以湖北省崇阳地区1：50 000区域地质成果为例,基于地理矢量数据、地质矢量数据和遥感影像数据,利用地形数据构建数字高程模型（DEM）,将DEM与遥感图像叠合生成三维影像图,建立集地形、地质、遥感等数据为一体的三维可视化模型,解决传统二维地质图件用于表示三维地质不直观等问题,提...     

山地森林叶面积指数(LAI)遥感估算研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

叶面积指数LAI (Leaf Area Index)是表征植被几何结构及生长状态的重要生物物理参数,也是陆表过程模型的重要输入参数,如何获取高精度LAI一直备受关注。近年来,随着遥感数据的不断丰富,LAI遥感估算算法得到了快速发展,全球尺度的LAI产品已被广泛应用于气候与生态环境变化研究。然而,当前主流的LAI遥感产品生成算法基本上基于平坦地表假设而忽略了地形的影响,因此在地形复杂的地区精度较差。这是因为在山地中崎岖的地表不仅会导致严重的辐射失真现象,还会因邻近的地形对地物目标造成遮挡,因此森林多样的冠层结构和山地复杂地形的相互影响给LAI遥感反演带来了较大的不确定性。山地作为一种特殊的地貌,约占全球陆地表面的1/4,在中国占了近2/3,在这些复杂区域中估算LAI考虑地形因素十分必要。在本文中,我们首先系统地总结了现有LAI反演算法和全球遥感产品的分辨率、精度等信息,并讨论了将这些算法和产品应用于崎岖地形LAI反演的主要挑战。然后,针对山地植被场景中存在的地形效应、尺度效应,总结出山地植被冠层LAI反演的策略主要包括地形校正方法和山地辐射传输模型,并讨论了不同策略的优缺点。接着,文章讨论了野外观测的LAI数据在崎岖地形上存在的地形效应和尺度效应,以及这些效应对反演结果验证的影响程度。最后,综合总结和展望表明,遥感观测、山地辐射传输建模、机器学习技术等方面的协调使用将来可以为崎岖地表的LAI精准估算和可靠验证提供了一条有希望的途径。     

球体剖分瓦块的大区域真三维地理场景构建

针对目前地理信息科学领域存在的三维地理场景大都是局部的、基于投影的2.5维表面模型的问题,该文提出了利用球体大圆弧八叉树剖分(SGOG)瓦块建立大区域真三维地理场景的方法。将SGOG特定剖分层次的顶点与全球共享DEM数据进行匹配,构建大区域真三维地形框架;以地形起伏度为阈值,采用不同层次的瓦块进行自适应建模,大大减少了数据量;粘贴遥感纹理,建立虚拟地理场景。中国大陆地区的实验结果表明:所提方法不但顾及了地球曲率,克服了投影变形的缺陷,而且可以利用SGOG多尺度特性,灵活建立各种(混合)尺度的模型,并可实现地表上下空间的一体化建模。     

基于DEM的森林植被空间分析与变化检测

采用1∶10 000地形图等高线地形数据建立内蒙古大兴安岭克一河林业局DEM,用于自动提取地形因子,获得高程、坡度和坡向分级图;并利用2012~2015年高分辨率卫星遥感影像监测森林资源变化情况。结果表明,基于1∶10 000地形图等高线地形数据DEM的地形分类具有可接受的垂直精度,山区植被分布图为遥感树种识别与分类提供了可能,三维可视化空间表达提高了森林资源的空间分析能力,卫星遥感影像判读区划与现地验证是监测林地变化的有效技术手段。     

利用车载动态PPP技术检核SRTM、ASTER GDEM和AW3D模型的高程精度

SRTM、ASTER GDEM和AW3D是比较有代表性的全球数字高程模型。本文探讨了采用车载动态PPP技术对上述3类模型的区域高程精度进行检核,首先沿广州至肇庆公路进行连续数据采集,采用动态精密单点定位（PPP）技术解算动态点的WGS-84坐标;然后利用EGM2008重力场模型和仪器高获得动态点的正常高;最后采用4种不同的插值方法对SRTM、ASTER GDEM和AW3D模型进行高程检验。检核结果显示：不同的插值方法具有较好的一致性,SRTM3 V4.1、ASTER GDEM V2、AW3D30的高程标准差分别优于3.4 m、4.1 m和3.3 m,均优于其全球标称高程精度;本文检核方法快速高效,有较好的适用性。     

基于ICESat-2 ATLAS数据的DEM高程精度评价

为探究ASTER GDEMV3、SRTM1 DEM和AW3D30 DEM 3种开源DEM数据的高程精度,本文以高精度ICESat-2 ATLAS测高数据为参考数据,利用GIS统计分析、误差相关分析及数理统计对DEM的高程精度进行对比评价。结果表明：①AW3D30的质量最稳定;SRTM1 DEM在平原精度最高;在高原山地精度由高到低依次为AW3D30 DEM、ASTER GDEMV3、SRTM1 DEM。②DEM数据高程精度受地表覆盖影响较大,且与地形因素密切相关,在相同地表覆盖的两个研究区中DEM数据高程精度表现情况不一致,SRTM在平原地表覆盖下精度表现最好,平均误差为3.15 m,AW3D30 DEM在山地地表覆盖下精度表现最好,平均误差为7.61 m。③坡度对DEM数据的高程精度影响较大,在两个研究区3种DEM数据的高程误差均随坡度的增加而增加;坡向对DEM数据的高程精度影响较小,未发现明显的规律。     

ASTER GDEM与SRTM3高程差异影响因素分析

作为最新发布的全球地形数据,ASTER GDEM比目前常用的SRTM3数据有着更高的分辨率和更广的覆盖范围,对于相关地学分析具有重要意义。本文以华中地区为研究区域,对ASTER GDEM与SRTM3数据进行了比较,重点分析了坡度、坡向、地形起伏度、土地利用类型、植被覆盖度、生成ASTER GDEM栅格点高程数据所用的ASTER DEM影像数等因素对2种DEM数据高程差异的影响。结果表明,在研究区域内,ASTER GDEM高程比SRTM3高程平均低5.42 m,两种DEM数据高程差异的RMS值为16.90 m;ASTER GDEM与SRTM3之间的高程差异随着坡度、地形起伏度、植被覆盖度的增大而增大,而ASTER DEM影像数越大,高程差异越小;坡向、土地利用类型对高程差异也有影响。     

Vertical accuracy evaluation of freely available latest high-resolution (30 m) global digital elevation models over Cameroon (Central Africa) with GPS/leveling ground control points.

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) contain topographic relief data that are vital for many geoscience applications. This study relies on the vertical accuracy of publicly available latest high-resolution (30?m) global DEMs over Cameroon. These models are (1) the ALOS World 3D-30?m (AW3D30), (2) the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 1 Arc-Second C-Band Global DEM (SRTM 1) and (3) the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Global DEM Version 2 (ASTER GDEM 2). After matching their coordinate systems and datums, the horizontal positional accuracy evaluation was carried out and it shows that geolocation errors significantly influence the vertical accuracy of global DEMs. After this, the three models are compared among them, in order to access random and systematic effects in the elevation data each of them contains. Further, heights from 555 GPS/leveling points distributed all over Cameroon are compared to each DEM, for their vertical accuracy determination. Traditional and robust statistical measures, normality test, outlier detection and removal were used to describe the vertical quality of the DEMs. The test of the normality rejected the hypothesis of normal distribution for all tested global DEMs. Overall vertical accuracies obtained for the three models after georeferencing and gross error removal in terms of Root Mean Square (RMS) and Normalized Median Absolute Deviation (NMAD) are: AW3D30 (13.06?m and 7.75?m), SRTM 1 (13.25?m and 7.41?m) and ASTER GDEM 2 (18.87?m and 13.30?m). Other accuracy measures (MED, 68.3% quantile, 95% quantile) supply some evidence of the good quality of AW3D30 over Cameroon. Further, the effect of land cover and slope on DEM vertical accuracy was also analyzed. All models have proved to be worse in the areas dominated by forests and shrubs areas. SRTM 1 and AW3D30 are more resilient to the effects of the scattering objects respectively in forests and cultivated areas. The dependency of DEMs accuracy on the terrain roughness is evident. In all slope intervals, AW3D30 is performing better than SRTM 1 and ASTER GDEM 2 over Cameroon. AW3D30 is more representative of the external topography over Cameroon in comparison with two others datasets and SRTM 1 can be a serious alternative to AW3D30 for a range of DEM applications in Cameroon.     

国产资源三号测绘卫星DSM数据质量评价--以高海拔山区为例

为了评价国产资源三号测绘卫星DSM数据精度,在顾及地貌类型的情况下,以涵盖平原、台地、丘陵等地貌的高海拔山区为研究案例,并以1∶1万实测地形图DEM为假定真值,以90m分辨率SRTM DEM为评价参照,从高程精度和地形描述精度两个方面,对15m分辨率ZY-3DSM进行精度评价分析。研究结果表明:ZY-3DSM高程精度优于SRTM DEM,前者高程中误差仅为后者的1/6;就地形描述精度来讲,ZY-3DSM与SRTM DEM相比,其地形描述精度更接近理论值,前者RMS Et实际值仅为理论值0.99倍,而后者的实际值却是理论值5.13倍。由此看来,ZY-3DSM数据精度整体上高于SRTM DEM。     

基于资源三号测绘卫星DSM的精度评估研究

作为我国首颗民用立体测绘卫星数据产品,ZY-3 DSM对于我国地学分析具有极其重要的作用。本文在顾及地貌情况前提下,选取云南省高海拔山区为试验区,辅以1∶10 000野外实测地形图DEM为参考值,将分辨率为15 m的ZY-3 DSM与90 m的SRTM DEM从高程精度和地形精度进行较为全面的数据质量比较。结果表明:ZY-3 DSM在高程精度和地形精度均有更好的表现。总体看来,ZY-3 DSM数据质量更高,具有更广泛的利用价值。     

Comparative evaluation of horizontal accuracy of elevations of selected ground control points from ASTER and SRTM DEM with respect to CARTOSAT-1 DEM: a case study of Shahjahanpur district,Uttar Pradesh,India

Digital elevation model (DEM) data of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) are distributed at a horizontal resolution of 90 m (30 m only for US) for the world, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) DEM data provide 30 m horizontal resolution, while CARTOSAT-1 (IRS-P5) gives 2.6 m horizontal resolution for global coverage. SRTM and ASTER data are available freely but 2.6 m CARTOSAT-1 data are costly. Hence, through this study, we found out a horizontal accuracy for selected ground control points (GCPs) from SRTM and ASTER with respect to CARTOSAT-1 DEM to implement this result (observed from horizontal accuracy) for those areas where the 2.6-m horizontal resolution data are not available. In addition to this, the present study helps in providing a benchmark against which the future DEM products (with horizontal resolution less than CARTOSAT-1) with respect to CARTOSAT-1 DEM can be evaluated. The original SRTM image contained voids that were represented digitally as ?140; such voids were initially filled using the measured values of elevation for obtaining accurate DEM. Horizontal accuracy analysis between SRTM- and ASTER-derived DEMs with respect to CARTOSAT-1 (IRS-P5) DEM allowed a qualitative assessment of the horizontal component of the error, and the appropriable statistical measures were used to estimate their horizontal accuracies. The horizontal accuracy for ASTER and SRTM DEM with respect to CARTOSAT-1 were evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE) and relative root mean square error (R-RMSE). The results from this study revealed that the average RMSE of 20 selected GCPs was 2.17 for SRTM and 2.817 for ASTER, which are also validated using R-RMSE test which proves that SRTM data have good horizontal accuracy than ASTER with respect to CARTOSAT-1 because the average R-RMSE of 20 GCPs was 3.7 × 10^?4 and 5.3 × 10^?4 for SRTM and ASTER, respectively.     

中国地区3"SRTM高程误差特征

系统评估了中国地区航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务（Shuttle Radar Topography Mision,SRTM）3″高程误差的分布及其与地形和地表覆盖因素的关系。通过单因子分析法,使用从50多万个样本点中提取的地表特征属性确定误差的变化规律。结果显示:SRTM高程误差与不同地形和地表覆盖类型关系密切;坡度增大误差由正变负,误差绝对值增大;正误差集中在偏北坡向,负误差集中在西南坡向;误差随植被覆盖增加而增大;冰川、沙漠、湿地区域误差整体为负,城镇建筑区的误差整体为正;坡度作为主导因素,同时影响其他因素对高程误差的作用。数据在某些区域存在明显高程异常,在平坦地区存在条带现象。整体上SRTM高程误差在中国地区呈现复杂的变化规律。     

Assessment of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Elevation Data Based on Topographic Maps in Turkey

Depending on scale, topographic maps depicting the shape of the land surfaces of the Earth are produced from different data sources. National topographic maps at a scale of 1:25 000 (25K maps) produced by General Command of Mapping are used as the base map set in Turkey. This map set, which consists of approximately 5500 sheets, covers the whole country and is produced using photogrammetric methods. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) created from these maps are also available. Recently, another data source, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) interferometric data, has become more important than those produced by conventional methods. The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) contains elevation data with 3 arc-second resolution and 16 m absolute height error (90 percent confidence level). These data are freely available via the Internet for approximately 80 percent of the Earth's land mass. In this study, SRTM DEM was compared with DEM derived from 25K topographic maps for different parts of Turkey. The study areas, each covering four neighboring 25K maps, and having an area of approximately 600 km², were chosen to represent various terrain characteristics. For the comparison, DEMs created from the 25K maps were obtained and organized as files for each map sheet in vector format, containing the digitized contour lines. From these data, DEMs in the resolution of 3 arc-second were created (25K-DEM), in the same structure as the SRTM DEM, allowing the 25K-DEMs and the SRTM DEM to be compared directly. The results show that the agreement of SRTM DEM to the 25K-DEM is within about 13 m, which is less than the SRTM's targeted error of 16 m. The spatial distribution of the height differences between SRTM-DEM and the 25K-DEM and correlation analysis show that the differences were mainly related to the topography of the test areas. In some areas, local height shifts were determined.     

基于CA模型的3维虚拟城市构建方法研究

结合城市元胞自动机(CA)方法和虚拟现实(VR)技术,构建一个基于元胞的3维虚拟城市.首先建立基于元胞实体数据结构的城市CA模型,用以表示3维虚拟城市中建筑物的平面分布状态.通过CA模型生成一组城市建筑物的时空分布数据.然后利用DEM和DOM数据生成一个真实的3维地形,建立了不同种类的3维建筑模型库.最后通过程序调入城市3维建筑模型,根据元胞实体属性将模型布设于3维地形的相应位置,生成3维虚拟城市.

Abstract：

This paper unified the urban cellular automata method and the virtual reality technology to construct a three-dimension (3D) virtual city which was based on automata. First, constructing an urban CA model that is based on the data structure of cellular entities can present the plane distribution state of the building in the 3D virtual city. The CA model was used to compute a group of temporal layout data of buildings in the virtual city,Then,DEM and DOM data were used to generate real three-dimensional terrain and produce different type library about 3D building model. Finally, The program was used to load and lay the 3D buildings to the corresponding position in the 3D virtual terrain to obtain a 3D virtual city, according to the cellular entity attribute.