改进的重力地质法及其在中国南海地区海底地形反演中的应用

为进一步提高传统重力地质法（gravity-geologic method,GGM）反演海底地形的精度,顾及海底地形非线性项对GGM进行改进。采用改进的GGM反演了中国南海地区空间分辨率为1’×1’海底地形模型,并利用船测水深检核点对反演结果进行了精度评定,验证了所提方法的有效性。研究结果表明,忽略海底地形非线性项会在起伏约2 km的山区引起约50 mGal偏差;改进的GGM能有效地从短波重力异常中恢复海底地形的非线性项;获取的海底地形结果与ETOPO1、SIOV23.1及传统GGM反演模型相比具有最高的精度,与检核点差异的均方根为130.4 m;与传统GGM法反演结果相比,改进GGM获得的结果在黄岩海山链附近精度提高10.8 m,在中沙群岛附近精度提高4.7 m。     

联合多源重力数据反演菲律宾海域海底地形

对比分析重力-海深的“理论导纳”和实际数据的“观测导纳”,获得研究海域有效弹性厚度理论值为10 km。联合重力异常和重力异常垂直梯度数据,应用自适应赋权技术,采用导纳函数方法构建菲律宾海域1'×1'海底地形模型。试验发现,当重力异常垂直梯度反演海深结果与重力异常反演海深结果的权比为2∶3时,所构建的海深模型检核精度最高。同时,联合多源重力数据反演海深能够综合重力异常和重力异常垂直梯度在对待不同海底地形上的反演优势,生成精度优于单独使用重力异常数据和重力异常垂直梯度数据反演的海底地形模型。以船测数据作为外部检核条件,反演模型检核精度略低于V18.1海深模型,而相较于ETOPO1海深模型和DTU10海深模型检核精度分别提高了27.17%和39.02%左右;反演模型相对误差的绝对值在5%范围内的检核点大约占检核点总数的94.25%。     

顾及海底地形非线性项的最小二乘配置反演方法

针对目前常用的反演海底地形方法主要考虑海底地形和卫星测高重力数据线性趋势项而忽略非线性项影响现状,提出了顾及海底地形非线性项的最小二乘配置反演方法.选择日本海某海域作为目标海区,利用卫星测高重力异常和重力异常垂直梯度数据作为输入源进行了方法试算并构建了相应的海深模型,然后以实际船测海深作为外部检核参考,评估了反演模型效能,同时分析了反演模型频谱特征.目标海区试验结果表明:相较于本文仅仅考虑海底地形和重力数据线性趋势项采用最小二乘方法建立的海深模型,基于最小二乘配置方法,利用相同重力异常和重力异常垂直梯度数据获得的目标海区反演海深模型检核精度最低分别提高了大约2.5倍和3.5倍,相对精度最高分别提升了9.76％ 和13.07％,极大地提升了海底地形建模质量;采用本文方法建立的海底地形模型在研究海域表现良好,反演模型与S&S V18.1、ETOPO1、GEBCO和BAT_VGG模型在研究海域相关系数均达到了0.95以上;在研究海区本文模型检核精度与S&S V18.1相当,远远优于ETOPO1等海深模型;本文模型可有效改善船测海深相关波段信息(本文反演波段范围为15～160 km),其中重力异常垂直梯度构建的海深模型相比重力异常为输入源建立的海深模型改善船测海深相关波段信息更为明显,验证了本文方法的可行性和有效性.     

中国海及邻近海域2′×2′海底地形

利用由Seaset、Geosat、ERS_1和Topex/Poseidon卫星测高结果解算的 2′× 2′重力资料进行重力场分离 ,提取与海底地形起伏相关的重力异常 ,结合 5′× 5′ETOPO5海底地形资料进行反演 ,得到了中国海及邻域 2′× 2′高精度、高分辨率的海底地形结果。     

由垂直重力梯度异常反演全球海底地形模型

本文给出了海底地形起伏与垂直重力梯度异常之间的响应函数关系。据此,联合船测海深和垂直重力梯度异常数据,构建了全球75°S~70°N范围内1′×1′海底地形模型。以船测海深为检核参考,考察了本文模型在印度洋南部和西北太平洋地区的精度。结果表明,在考察区域内,本文模型精度优于ETOPO1、GEBCO和DTU10模型,且在印度洋南部与SIO的最新海底地形模型V15.1精度相当,在西北太平洋地区略优于V15.1。探讨了高次项和地壳均衡现象的影响量级,发现两者对反演结果的影响很小,可以忽略。通过与重力异常反演结果的比较,发现垂直梯度异常反演在中短波长部分（100~200km）表现较优。在西北太平洋地区,联合重力异常和垂直梯度数据进行海底地形反演计算,反演结果的精度较V15.1模型提高了约29.5％,说明联合这两种数据可以计算精度更高的海底地形模型。     

应用重力地质方法反演皇帝海山的海底地形

论述了采用重力地质方法(GGM)反演海底地形的基本原理,并使用该方法计算了皇帝海山南部的海底地形模型,与现有的海深模型和船测海深数据相比,其精度略高于ETOPO2模型。与经典方法相比,GGM方法不需引入先验模型,不必考虑海底的均衡状况,模型简单,易于计算。     

顾及局部地形改正的GGM海底地形反演

研究了顾及局部地形改正的GGM(gravity-geologic method)海底地形反演方法,采用该方法反演了印度洋Rodriguez三联点区域的1 ′×1′海底地形模型,说明了反演计算过程及结果的有效性.同时将该方法应用于南中国海内4°×4°区域的海底地形的反演.与船测海深比较发现,在研究区域内,GGM方法反演得到的海深模型精度优于ETOPO1模型,并且在南中国海研究区域内,改进方法大大提高了海底地形的反演精度.     

利用多元回归分析反演西南印度洋区域海底地形

针对海底地形与重力异常和重力异常垂直梯度在相应频段呈现强线性相关的特点,引入多元回归分析技术,提出并详细推导了联合多元重力数据的海底地形建模方法。然后,在西南印度洋SWIR(Southwest India Ridge)所在部分海域开展了海底地形反演试验及地形地貌分析研究。试验结果表明:6种海深模型中,基于多元回归分析技术构建的海深模型(BDVG模型)检核精度最高,相较于S&S V18.1模型和ETOPO1模型精度分别提高了11.51%和57.81%左右;2000 m以上水深海域,各个海深模型的检核精度较高,相对误差波动较小,反映了深海海域具有良好的反演效果;地形起伏剧烈海域或者浅海海域,BDVG海深模型,相较于以重力异常和重力异常垂直梯度作为单一输入源建立的BDG模型和BVGG模型相对误差及相对误差波动变化较小,反映了BDVG模型拥有更好的稳定性,从而体现了联合反演的必要性和优势。Indomed FZ—Gallieni FZ上唯一轴部缺失裂谷洋脊段(27洋脊段)目前属于岩浆供应充足阶段,构造作用的海底扩张对其影响较小;同时由于对称裂离方式影响,27洋脊段沿轴南北对称分布有地形隆起。     

导纳函数的中国南海海底地形模型

针对目前大面积海域依然存在海深测量数据空白的问题,该文选取中国南海4°×4°(12~16°N,115~119°E)海域范围为研究区域,通过频率域上的相关性分析,得到重力异常在30~130km波长范围与研究海域海底地形的相关程度较高。以ETOPO1海深模型作为先验模型,应用导纳函数实现了在无船测数据情况下对海深的反演,最终得到1′×1′的海深模型。将反演结果与检核点进行比较发现,模型1在2 500m以上海域相对误差较小,反演精度较高;2 500m以下海域相对误差变化大,反演精度较低。无船测数据环境下,适当加入一定数量船测海深值作为控制点得到的海深模型2,相较于未加控制点的模型1,在1 000m以下水深处的标准差明显优于模型1,与检核点的差值精度最大提高了45%左右。     

联合多源数据确定中国海及周边海底地形模型!

联合船测海深、重力异常和垂直重力梯度异常数据,构建了中国海及周边地区1′×1′海底地形模型。船测海深数据主要用于构建波长大于200km波段的海底地形,垂直重力梯度异常数据用于反演100~200km波段内的海底地形,而重力异常数据用于反演波长小于100km波段的海底地形。以船测海深为检核参考,考察了本文模型在南中国海和菲律宾海地区的精度。结果表明,本文模型精度优于ETOPO1、GEBCO和DTU10模型,在南中国海地区与斯克里普斯海洋研究所(Scripps Institute of Oceanography,SIO)的海底地形模型V15.1精度一致,在菲律宾海地区较V15.1模型精度提高了约8.2%。     

Spherical harmonic modelling to ultra-high degree of Bouguer and isostatic anomalies

The availability of high-resolution global digital elevation data sets has raised a growing interest in the feasibility of obtaining their spherical harmonic representation at matching resolution, and from there in the modelling of induced gravity perturbations. We have therefore estimated spherical Bouguer and Airy isostatic anomalies whose spherical harmonic models are derived from the Earth’s topography harmonic expansion. These spherical anomalies differ from the classical planar ones and may be used in the context of new applications. We succeeded in meeting a number of challenges to build spherical harmonic models with no theoretical limitation on the resolution. A specific algorithm was developed to enable the computation of associated Legendre functions to any degree and order. It was successfully tested up to degree 32,400. All analyses and syntheses were performed, in 64 bits arithmetic and with semi-empirical control of the significant terms to prevent from calculus underflows and overflows, according to IEEE limitations, also in preserving the speed of a specific regular grid processing scheme. Finally, the continuation from the reference ellipsoid’s surface to the Earth’s surface was performed by high-order Taylor expansion with all grids of required partial derivatives being computed in parallel. The main application was the production of a 1′ × 1′ equiangular global Bouguer anomaly grid which was computed by spherical harmonic analysis of the Earth’s topography–bathymetry ETOPO1 data set up to degree and order 10,800, taking into account the precise boundaries and densities of major lakes and inner seas, with their own altitude, polar caps with bedrock information, and land areas below sea level. The harmonic coefficients for each entity were derived by analyzing the corresponding ETOPO1 part, and free surface data when required, at one arc minute resolution. The following approximations were made: the land, ocean and ice cap gravity spherical harmonic coefficients were computed up to the third degree of the altitude, and the harmonics of the other, smaller parts up to the second degree. Their sum constitutes what we call ETOPG1, the Earth’s TOPography derived Gravity model at 1′ resolution (half-wavelength). The EGM2008 gravity field model and ETOPG1 were then used to rigorously compute 1′ × 1′ point values of surface gravity anomalies and disturbances, respectively, worldwide, at the real Earth’s surface, i.e. at the lower limit of the atmosphere. The disturbance grid is the most interesting product of this study and can be used in various contexts. The surface gravity anomaly grid is an accurate product associated with EGM2008 and ETOPO1, but its gravity information contents are those of EGM2008. Our method was validated by comparison with a direct numerical integration approach applied to a test area in Morocco–South of Spain (Kuhn, private communication 2011) and the agreement was satisfactory. Finally isostatic corrections according to the Airy model, but in spherical geometry, with harmonic coefficients derived from the sets of the ETOPO1 different parts, were computed with a uniform depth of compensation of 30?km. The new world Bouguer and isostatic gravity maps and grids here produced will be made available through the Commission for the Geological Map of the World. Since gravity values are those of the EGM2008 model, geophysical interpretation from these products should not be done for spatial scales below 5 arc minutes (half-wavelength).     

重力均衡与地形波长——兼论均衡理论不适宜于珠峰重力值的推估

150多年来，重力均衡的理论已得到很大的发展，均衡异常与大地水准面差距在地球科学诸多学科中已得到了广泛的应用，各种均衡理论及其相应的重力异常在各种文献中已作了比较和评论；不同波长地形的重力效应，包括短波长的地形不能构成补偿也作了进一步研究。因此，在局部场中不宜用均衡补偿的方法作山区重力点值的推估，而曾经仅用地形（高程）的数据推估珠穆朗玛峰顶上的重力倒是适合的。     

月球Airy均衡状态与月壳厚度估计

月球水准面异常和表面地形变化是其内部密度不均匀和各个界面的起伏变化的体现,因此利用水准面和地形之比(geoid to topography ratio,GTR)可估计月球均衡和月壳厚度。本文基于月球重力场模型SGM100h和地形模型STM359_grid-02,经过去除表面玄武岩填充和深层异常质量影响,并结合理论Airy均衡模型中GTR与参考月壳厚度的关系,计算得到了新的月壳厚度模型。该模型的月壳平均厚度为36.9 km,背面比正面平均厚约13.5 km,Apollo12/14登陆点的月壳厚度分别是28.3 km和29.1 km。在各月海盆地存在着中央较薄、四周逐渐增厚的趋势。     

A new isostatic model of the lithosphere and gravity field

Based on the analysis of various factors controlling isostatic gravity anomalies and geoid undulations, it is concluded that it is essential to model the lithospheric density structure as accurately as possible. Otherwise, if computed in the classical way (i.e. based on the surface topography and the simple Airy compensation scheme), isostatic anomalies mostly reflect differences of the real lithosphere structure from the simplified compensation model, and not necessarily the deviations from isostatic equilibrium. Starting with global gravity, topography and crustal density models, isostatic gravity anomalies and geoid undulations have been determined. The initial crust and upper-mantle density structure has been corrected in a least squares adjustment using gravity. To model the long-wavelength (>2000 km) features in the gravity field, the isostatic condition (i.e. equal mass for all columns above the compensation level) is applied in the adjustment to uncover the signals from the deep-Earth interior, including dynamic deformations of the Earths surface. The isostatic gravity anomalies and geoid undulations, rather than the observed fields, then represent the signals from mantle convection and deep density inhomogeneities including remnants of subducted slabs. The long-wavelength non-isostatic (i.e. the dynamic) topography was estimated to range from –0.4 to 0.5 km. For shorter wavelengths (<2000 km), the isostatic condition is not applied in the adjustment in order to obtain the non-isostatic topography due to regional deviations from classical Airy isostasy. The maximum deviations from Airy isostasy (–1.5 to 1 km) occur at currently active plate boundaries. As another result, a new global model of the lithosphere density distribution is generated. The most pronounced negative density anomalies in the upper mantle are found near large plume provinces, such as Iceland and East Africa, and in the vicinity of the mid-ocean ridge axes. Positive density anomalies in the upper mantle under the continents are not correlated with the cold and thick lithosphere of cratons, indicating a compensation mechanism due to thermal and compositional density.     

大气压力变化对武汉台站重力场观测的影响

利用全球2°×2.5°、中国及邻区域30′×30′ 气压资料和Farrell弹性地球模型负荷理论,采用数值积分方法,计算了大气压力变化对武汉台站重力场观测的影响。对1990年1月1日至12月31日的数值结果分析表明,全球大气压力变化对武汉台站重力的影响峰对峰达12微伽,大气重力导纳的年平均值为-0.260 μGal/mba(1 mba=1 hPa),这一结果同潮汐分析中由回归分析方法获得的导纳值相近。说明在利用超导重力仪观测资料应用于地球动力学研究之前,有必要作精细的全球气压变化改正。     

Bathymetric inversion of South China Sea from satellite altimetry data

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