基于小波相干的雾霾与GNSS对流层延迟相关性分析

为了进一步揭示雾霾与对流层延迟相关性的细部特征,基于小波相干算法构建雾霾与天顶对流层延迟（zenith tropospheric delay,ZTD）相关性分析的新方法,有效地分析了雾霾与ZTD相关性的时频空间分布特征及成因。首先,通过分析IGS（internet GNSS service）北京站2014-2017年每个月的ZTD与量化评定雾霾的空气质量指数（air quality index,AQI）的相关系数,发现两者在月尺度上相关系数绝对值大于0.4的比率占29.17%,宏观上显示了两者具有相关性。其次,采用小波相干的方法分析了北京2014-2017年期间年度ZTD与AQI的相关性,发现ZTD与AQI在一定的时频域上具有很强的相关性,并且通过了95%置信度检验。最后,由北京、长春部分时域的ZTD与AQI相关性分析可知,北京3月份ZTD与AQI总体上呈现正相关,并且AQI与温度、气压、湿度和风速具有较好的相关性;在研究时域内秸秆燃烧加剧了北京、长春的雾霾,进而影响对流层延迟。     

北京房山雾霾与GNSS水汽相关性分析

伴随着我国社会经济的高速发展,近年各地来雾霾事件频发,严重的影响了人民的日常生活。本文分析了北京房山2014到2017年空气质量影响因子(PM2.5、PM10和AQI)与大气可降水量的相关性,在此基础上本文对GNSS技术探测雾霾发生的可行性进行了研究。本文基于对北京房山站的分析结果,表明PM2.5、PM10含量、AQI与大气中可降水量PWV具有较强的正相关性,且大气中PM2.5、PM10含量、AQI与可降水量PWV都表现出明显的季节性特征,以上结论表明GNSS技术可用于雾霾的预测。     

高纬度BDS/GPS PPP中的对流层延迟改正模型优选

由于高纬度地区气温气压值及变化率与中低纬度地区有较大差异,因此目前发布的多种对流层延迟模型在高纬度地区使用的精度会不同。为了给高纬度地区BDS/GPS用户提供更好的对流层延迟模型选择,文中采用UNB3,EGNOS和GPT2模型,以IGS发布的ZPD产品和SINEX文件作为参考,对比基于这三种对流层延迟模型计算的天顶对流层总延迟量以及精密单点定位精度,可知GPT2较UNB3和EGNOS在高纬度地区定位中有更好的精度表现。     

基于北斗的精密单点定位估计对流层天顶延迟精度分析

通过全球导航卫星（GNSS）系统获取对流层天顶延迟对于气象和电波折射修正具有重要应用价值。利用自主研发的静态精密单点定位软件CRPPP,基于国际GNSS地球动力学服务局（IGS）发布的北斗系统（BDS）精密星历和精密钟差,给出了BDS估算天顶延迟结果。以IGS发布的全球定位系统（GPS）结果为参考对比,BDS估算天顶延迟结果平均偏差优于5mm,均方根误差（rms）优于2．3cm．同时,给出了西沙地区GPS与BDS估计结果,结果表明：利用北斗系统估计的对流层天顶延迟精度与GPS相当。     

卫星定位中对流层延迟模型对比分析

对流层延迟是全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）定位中的重要误差源之一,本文对其产生机理进行了理论分析;对常用的Saastamoinen、Hopfield、Black和EGNOS 4种对流层延迟改正模型进行了详细的论述;选取国际GNSS服务（IGS）全球观测站中位于中国的6个站,利用全球大地测量观测系统（GGOS）提供的气象数据,对4种模型在这些站点的（ZTD）进行了计算。以IGS提供的ZTD数据作参考,对4种模型在各个站点的改正效果进行了对比分析,给出并分析了其偏差和均方根差,客观评价了其优劣,为国内GNSS卫星精确定位时对流层延迟改正模型的选择提供了参考依据。     

浅析对流层对GNSS基线解算的影响

对流层是影响GNSS信号传播的主要因素之一。利用中国境内及周边IGS站URUMLHAZ(乌鲁木齐-拉萨)、BJFS-PIMO(北京房山-菲律宾)的南北基线和URUM-BJFS(乌鲁木齐-北京房山)、BJFS-DAEJ(北京房山-韩国)的东西基线数据,分别计算其对流层改正前后基线长,总结改正前后基线变化规律,分析对流层改正时影响基线长波动的因素,对探究对流层对基线影响及改进GNSS定位精度具参考意义。     

利用IGS对流层产品预报空气质量指数研究

空气质量指数用来反映雾霾对大气的污染状况,如何对空气质量进行预报成为研究的重点和难点。空气质量指数与近地面气象参数相关,本文简要介绍了常用的空气质量预报方法及卫星数据观测预报的优势。利用北京房山IGS站气象数据文件,建立了空气质量指数预报的多元线性回归最小二乘模型和卡尔曼滤波模型。结果表明卡尔曼滤波模型得到的预报值与实际值的相关系数和RMS分别为0.995和7.532,均显著优于多元回归模型。为了验证模型的适用性和效果,选用了雾霾较少的2014年夏季气象数据和空气质量指数数据,试验发现:采用卡尔曼滤波模型得到的相关系数和RMS分别为0.985和7.378,预报值与实际值符合得很好,且预报精度较高。本文验证了利用卫星导航地面气象参数进行空气质量预报的可行性,为下一步利用卫星导航系统对流层产品对空气质量进行监测和预报奠定了一定的研究基础。     

利用社交媒体数据模拟城市空气质量趋势面

近年来,随着城市的发展,空气污染日益严重。目前,我国城市空气质量监测主要依靠空气质量监测站,但监测站数量有限,并且空气质量在一个城市的不同区域会出现较大起伏,单一利用监测站不易发现城市所有位置的空气质量起伏变化。对此,利用带有地理位置信息的新浪微博数据,分析空气污染相关主题微博与空气质量监测站点空气质量指数（air quality index,AQI）数据的相关性,建立两者间的函数关联,提出了一种建立城市空气质量趋势面的方法。实验结果表明,该方法不仅能定性地表现出城市不同区域的相对空气质量,也可定量、细粒度地展示城市空气质量情况。     

天线相位中心改正模型对PPP参数估计的影响

比较了IGS发布的相对天线相位中心改正模型与绝对天线相位中心改正模型,分析了两种不同模型对精密单点定位（PPP）参数估计的影响。结果表明,采用不同的天线相位中心改正模型,天顶对流层延迟（ZPD）的估值存在5mm左右的差异,接收机钟差参数存在3ns左右的差异,估计的测站坐标高程方向有1cm左右的差异。使用绝对天线相位中心模型估计得到的ZPD精度优于5mm,高程方向定位精度约为1cm,接收机钟差估计的精度达0.1ns。     

基于Keras平台的LSTM模型的对流层延迟预测

对流层延迟是影响全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）测量精度的重要因素. 针对现有对流层延迟模型稳定性差，精度较低等问题，在无实测气象参数条件下，提出一种基于Keras平台的长短期记忆神经网络（LSTM）的对流层延迟预测模型. 选取全球均匀分布的8个测站，使用其2016年第90-131年积日共42 天的整点对流层延迟数据预测其第132-136年积日的整点数据. 以国际GNSS服务（IGS）中心提供的对流层产品为真值，分析比较LSTM模型和反向传播（BP）神经网络模型的预测效果. 研究表明，LSTM模型预测结果的均方根误差基本达到mm级，其平均绝对误差和平均绝对百分比误差均比BP模型低，LSTM模型在精度和稳定性上较BP模型均有明显提高；LSTM模型在中高纬区域的均方根误差（RMSE）均值达到7.82 mm，中高纬地区更适合使用该模型.      

PPP估计天顶对流层延迟方法与结果分析

介绍了精密单点定位估计天顶对流层延迟的方法,利用武汉大学研发的TriP软件解算了7个IGS跟踪站的天顶对流层延迟,将其与IGS分析中心提供的天顶对流层延迟数据进行了对比分析。     

Assessment of time-series of troposphere zenith delays derived from the Global Data Assimilation System numerical weather model

Troposphere zenith path delays derived from the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) numerical weather model (NWM) are compared with those of the International GNSS Service (IGS) solutions over a 1.5-year period at 18 globally distributed IGS stations. Meteorological parameters can be interpolated from the NWM model at any location and at any time after December 2004. The meteorological parameters extracted from the NWM model agree with in situ direct measurements at some IGS stations within 1 mbar for pressure, 3° for temperature and 13% for relative humidity. The hydrostatic and wet components of the zenith path delay (ZPD) are computed using the meteorological parameters extracted from the NWM model. The total ZPDs derived from the GDAS NWM agree with the IGS ZPD solutions at 3.0 cm RMS level with biases of up to 4.5 cm, which can be attributed to the wet ZPDs estimates from the NWM model, considering the less accurate interpolated relative humidity parameter. Based on this study, it is suggested that the availability and the precision of the GDAS NWM ZPD should be sufficient for nearly all GPS navigation solutions.

A new type of troposphere zenith path delay product of the international GNSS service

The International GNSS Service (IGS) has been producing the total troposphere zenith path delay (ZPD) product that is based on combined ZPD contributions from several IGS Analysis Centers (AC) since GPS week 890 in 1997. A new approach to the production of the IGS ZPD has been proposed that replaces the direct combination of diverse ZPD products with point positioning estimates using the IGS Combined Final orbit and clock products. The new product was formally adopted in 2007 after several years of concurrent production with the legacy product. We describe here the advantages of the new approach for the IGS ZPD product, which enhance the value of the new ZPD product for climate studies. We also address the impact the IGS adoption in November 2006 of new GPS antenna phase center standards has had on the new ZPD product. Finally we describe plans to further enhance the ZPD products.     

GTDM:一种获取全球对流层延迟的新模型

对流层延迟是GNSS定位的主要误差源。现有的各对流层延迟模型大多存在过度拟合的弊端,不能反映延迟在短时间内的细节变化。本文利用2011-2017年ECMWF气象资料分析了对流层延迟的变化特征,发现同一格网相邻年份之间全球对流层延迟偏差绝大多数在5 cm内。在此基础上,本文提出了一种非参数拟合的对流层延迟模型GTDM。经验证,GTDM模型具有较好的拟合效果。本文将2016-2017年IGS分析中心提供的对流层延迟产品数据、探空气象数据解算的对流层延迟作为外检核数据,验证结果表明,GTDM模型在全球范围的精度均优于GZTD、GPT2w、UNB3m模型。GTDM模型建模方法简单,可避免过度拟合对流层延迟值的问题,能够有效地反映对流层延迟变化特征。     

我国环境空气质量时空分布特征分析

根据国家环保部PM2.5 IN网站公布的环境空气质量指数,和国家气象局提供的气象数据,利用GIS强大的数据处理功能、空间分析功能和可视化功能,对2013年全国各个城市的环境空气质量指数数据进行处理与分析。初步揭示了环境空气质量在季节上的周期性,与降水、气压、温度的相关性,以及AQI在地域上南低北高、在垂直方向上呈递减趋势,且随高度的增加,变化趋势逐渐减慢的空间格局。     

Implementation and testing of the gridded Vienna Mapping Function 1 (VMF1)

The new gridded Vienna Mapping Function (VMF1) was implemented and compared to the well-established site-dependent VMF1, directly and by using precise point positioning (PPP) with International GNSS Service (IGS) Final orbits/clocks for a 1.5-year GPS data set of 11 globally distributed IGS stations. The gridded VMF1 data can be interpolated for any location and for any time after 1994, whereas the site-dependent VMF1 data are only available at selected IGS stations and only after 2004. Both gridded and site-dependent VMF1 PPP solutions agree within 1 and 2 mm for the horizontal and vertical position components, respectively, provided that respective VMF1 hydrostatic zenith path delays (ZPD) are used for hydrostatic ZPD mapping to slant delays. The total ZPD of the gridded and site-dependent VMF1 data agree with PPP ZPD solutions with RMS of 1.5 and 1.8 cm, respectively. Such precise total ZPDs could provide useful initial a priori ZPD estimates for kinematic PPP and regional static GPS solutions. The hydrostatic ZPDs of the gridded VMF1 compare with the site-dependent VMF1 ZPDs with RMS of 0.3 cm, subject to some biases and discontinuities of up to 4 cm, which are likely due to different strategies used in the generation of the site-dependent VMF1 data. The precision of gridded hydrostatic ZPD should be sufficient for accurate a priori hydrostatic ZPD mapping in all precise GPS and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) solutions. Conversely, precise and globally distributed geodetic solutions of total ZPDs, which need to be linked to VLBI to control biases and stability, should also provide a consistent and stable reference frame for long-term and state-of-the-art numerical weather modeling.     

基于GIS的气温对漳州城市主要大气污染物影响分析

漳州城市建设和工业飞速发展,汽车数量剧增,人为大气污染排放显著增加,空气质量下降,对人们的生活和健康造成了影响。本文利用2014—2015年连续2年的日平均污染数据,选择主要污染物SO2、NO2、O3、PM10、PM2.5和AQI指数,分别与日平均气温做相关分析,研究发现:SO2浓度在不同季节与温度的相关不同,这是由于气温与SO2的清除机制没有直接关系,因此相关不确定;NO2浓度与气温基本呈负相关,而O3的浓度呈正相关。秋季影响当地空气质量的主要气象条件是气温,当气温高于25℃时,空气质量改善明显。     

A real-time meteorological-based troposphere (RMT) correction with integrity bound for long baseline DGPS

This paper concentrates on the analysis of a real-time meteorological (MET)-based troposphere (RMT) model where MET data are used in real-time to provide troposphere error corrections with a bounded level of integrity for a prototype National Differential Global Positioning System-High Performance (NDGPS-HP) architecture. Toward this goal, three aspects are studied for this approach: sensitivity analysis, accuracy assessment, and integrity analysis. A Hopfield zenith delay and Chao mapping function models were chosen as a good compromise between accuracy and complexity in the integrity analysis. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that the Hopfield model is mostly sensitive to hot humid conditions, which is compounded slightly more and where some relative humidity sensors are less accurate. The accuracy assessment was performed with respect to both absolute and relative accuracy. In the absolute accuracy assessment, the comparison was made in terms of zenith troposphere delay estimation error, with respect to the International GPS Service (IGS) final troposphere zenith path delay (ZPD) product, which was used as the true ZPD. For locations where IGS stations are not available, a relative accuracy assessment was performed whereby comparisons were made in terms of GPS double difference (DD) carrier-phase troposphere correction residuals using various techniques. The accuracy assessment results indicate that the RMT has insignificant differences from the prototype National Oceanic and Atmosphere Administration (NOAA) troposphere error forecast model. An integrity analysis was performed, which presents integrity bounds for the RMT that can be applied to a NDGPS-HP architecture in which integrity requirements exist. The overriding goal of this effort was to establish a preliminary real-time troposphere error estimation model, with defined levels of integrity in its troposphere error estimation that can be included in an NDGPS-HP architecture, where integrity is a key system requirement. The conclusion is drawn that the RMT model may be well suited for a variety of users within a NDGPS-HP architecture. An erratum to this article can be found at