基于地表类型的TM6波段像元分解方法

先利用TM其他波段信息,将TM6波段的像元空间分辨率由120 m提高至30 m,对各子像元进行地类划分;再结合不同地表类型的热惯量特性,确定出每个子像元占原像元的权重和该子像元的辐射亮度;然后用单窗算法反演其温度,得到研究区地表温度的空间分布。对比三次卷积插值重采样反演地表温度的方法,该方法能更好地反演地表温度的空间分布特征。     

结合像元分解和STARFM模型的遥感数据融合

高空间、时间分辨率遥感数据在监测地表快速变化方面具有重要的作用。然而,对于特定传感器获取的遥感影像在空间分辨率和时间分辨率上存在不可调和的矛盾,遥感数据时空融合技术是解决这一矛盾的有效方法。本文利用像元分解降尺方法(Downscaling mixed pixel)和STARFM模型(Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)相结合的CDSTARFM算法(Combination of Downscaling Mixed Pixel Algorithm and Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model)进行遥感数据融合。首先,利用像元分解降尺度方法对参与融合的MODIS数据进行分解降尺度处理;其次,利用分解降尺度的MODIS数据替代STARFM模型中直接重采样的MODIS数据进行数据融合;最后以Landsat 8和MODIS遥感影像数据对该方法进行了实验。结果表明:(1)CDSTARFM算法比STARFM和像元分解降尺度算法具有更高的融合精度;(2)CDSTARFM能够在较小的窗口下获得更高的融合精度,在相同的窗口下其融合精度也高于STARFM;(3)CDSTARFM融合的影像更接近真实影像,消除了像元分解降尺度影像中的"图斑"和STARFM模型融合影像中的"MODIS像元边界"。     

子像元NDVI时间序列曲线生成研究

获取具有时态特性的NDVI曲线是进行土地利用与植被覆盖变化分析的必要步骤,为有效地利用多源遥感影像数据,本文基于尺度下降理论,利用具有不同时间分辨率的高、低空间分辨率遥感影像,采用线性光谱混合模型反向分解低空间分辨率混合像元,计算其子像元级地物反射率,生成具有高时态特性的子像元级NDVI时间序列曲线,使利用有限的遥感数据资源进行较精细的动态植被生物量变化分析成为可能。通过真实影像数据实验分析,其结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

顾及混合像元分解的遥感图像光谱模拟

基于尺度下降理论,利用高时间分辨率的MODIS遥感影像数据,结合同时间段高空间分辨率的ETM+遥感影像及其分类数据,应用混合像元分解技术,获得了不同时间段的MODIS子像元类别反射率数据。通过类别反射率与像元反射率间的关系模型,以原有的ETM+影像的像元反射率和时间序列的类别反射率,模拟出具有高时间分辨率与高空间分辨率特征不同时间段的模拟影像,实现了遥感影像地物类别反射率在时间上和空间上的细化。通过计算模拟影像与真实影像的相关系数,以及比较模拟影像与真实影像生成的NDVI影像,验证了该方法的有效性。     

利用Landsat 7与GF-1 WFV影像反演地表温度

地表温度在地气循环系统中具有重要作用,是目前地理学研究的重点。然而目前的国产高分辨率影像缺少热红外波段,且具有热红外波段的影像分辨率较低。基于此,本文利用低分辨率影像降尺度方法反演高分辨率影像的地表温度。首先通过Landsat 7影像的热红外波段,提取典型地物的地表温度;对GF-1 WFV影像进行预处理后,利用全约束最小二乘法对高分辨率影像进行混合像元分解;根据平均温度模型,得到高分辨率影像的地表温度,并进行降尺度,通过Landsat 7影像进行精度验证。验证结果显示,均方根误（RMSE）为1.40℃,平均绝对误差（MAE）为0.44℃,精度较高。     

Landsat 8地表温度反演及验证—以黑河流域为例

地表温度是区域和全球尺度地表物理过程的一个重要参数,目前已有的地表温度产品空间分辨率较低,缺乏高空间分辨率的地表温度产品。Landsat系列卫星提供了大量免费的高空间分辨率遥感数据,然而对应的高空间分辨率地表温度产品还未见到,为了获取长时间序列的高空间分辨率地表温度数据,针对Landsat 8 TIRS数据提出了一个物理单通道地表温度反演算法。该算法首先利用ASTER全球地表发射率产品(ASTER GED)结合Landsat 8地表反射率产品计算Landsat 8影像的地表发射率,然后利用快速辐射传输模型RTTOV结合MERRA大气廓线数据对热红外影像进行大气校正,最后利用物理单通道地表温度反演算法得到地表温度。利用黑河流域HiWATER试验2013年—2015年15个站点的实测地表温度数据对本文方法和普适性单通道算法进行了验证,同时对验证站点的空间异质性进行了分析。结果表明,本文方法和普适性单通道算法估算的地表温度整体精度均较高,能够获取高精度、高空间分辨率的地表温度数据,可以服务于城市热岛效应、地表蒸散发估算等相关研究。     

面向开采扰动的离子型稀土矿区地表温度降尺度方法

离子型稀土的开采活动会导致矿区地表极其剧烈的生态扰动,并且会造成当地的生态环境问题,而矿区地表热环境分异变化能较好地反映矿区的生态扰动特点,是一种辨识地表生态扰动的重要参数。离子型稀土矿区存在矿点分散且单个矿点面积较小的特征,因此获取实用性强且空间分辨率更高的地表温度数据对稀土矿区生态环境的监测具有重要价值。构建了一种综合图像融合算法、线性光谱混合模型的地表温度降尺度模型。以赣州市辖区内的定南县岭北离子型稀土矿区作为研究区域,以Landsat 8卫星影像作为主要数据源,首先选取同一年份两个季相的数据,综合图像融合算法和线性光谱混合模型,将地表温度空间分辨率降至15 m;然后对降尺度后的地表温度结果进行定性定量的分析并检验其精度。结果表明,分解前、后矿区地表温度的空间分布和走向整体一致,降尺度后的地表温度能够更细致地反映矿区地表特征和空间差异性,研究区内两个季相的降尺度结果整体均方根误差分别为1.459 K、1.196 K,绝对误差分别为1.128 K、0.952 K,精度较高,表明该方法对于提升离子型稀土矿的地表温度空间分辨率有较好的适用性。     

地表温度日变化模型偏差系数解算的地表温度降尺度

地表温度LST（Land Surface Temperature）是全球气候变化研究的关键参数,遥感是获取全球和区域尺度地表温度的一种切实可行手段,但现有的单一传感器无法提供高时空分辨率的LST数据,限制了遥感地表温度数据的深入广泛应用。现有的降尺度方法难以生成无缝高时空分辨率的地表温度数据,且降尺度效果易受高空间分辨率LST数据缺失及有效时刻分布影响。本文提出了一种基于地表温度日变化模型DTC（Diurnal Temperature Cycle）偏差系数解算的地表温度降尺度方法,采用FY-4A、MODIS和Landsat 8的LST数据生成晴空及多云条件下逐小时100 m的无缝LST数据。方法主要包含4部分：（1）利用空值重建方法获取无缝的FY-4A的LST数据;（2）建立FY-4A LST数据的DTC模型;（3）采用时空融合模型对MODIS的LST数据进行空间降尺度;（4）解算DTC模型偏差系数,获取逐小时100 m分辨率的无缝LST数据。实验结果表明,本文提出的方法具有较高的降尺度精度,可获得晴空及多云条件下无缝高时空地表温度数据,且高空间分辨率的地表温度数据缺失和有效时刻分布对本文方法降尺度结果影响较小。     

像元交换在村镇地表超分辨率制图中的应用

村镇区域进行遥感制图受到数据条件的明显制约,主要表现为不易获取适宜的高分辨率影像,而可获取性强的低分辨率影像由于混合像元现象严重难以直接应用于较精细的制图解析中。对此,本文尝试将一种改进的软信息规整方法结合基于像元交换的超分辨率制图方法用于低分辨率影像制图中,以弥补高分辨率遥感数据的不足。从研究区真实遥感影像开展方法的可行性验证,并分析该方法在村镇地表制图中的适宜性,探讨混合像元分解技术对村镇地表超分辨率制图结果的影响。结果显示：制图结果的优劣依赖于混合像元分解技术,混合像元分解结果的误差直接传递至制图结果中,但是村镇地表超分辨率制图结果明显优于传统的硬分类结果,说明本文方法能有效将低分辨率数据用于村镇制图中。     

基于Landsat TM的地表温度分解算法对比

如何综合可见光波段信息提高地表温度的空间分辨率一直是热红外遥感应用研究的重要方向。以北京市Landsat TM图像为数据源,对比分析了SUTM和E-Dis Trad模型地表温度分解的空间特征差异性和适用范围。结果表明:在植被覆盖较低、地表温度较高的中心城区,SUTM模型的地表温度分解效果更佳,最小均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为1.522 K和1.191 K;在植被覆盖较高、地表温度较低的郊区,E-Dis Trad模型的地表温度分解效果更好,最小均方根误差和平均绝对误差分别为1.768 K和1.173 K。2种模型都能有效地提高地表温度的空间分辨率,但是在植被覆盖不同的地区分解结果呈现一定的差异性。     

提高中巴卫星IR MSS图像空间分辨能力的光谱保真融合方法

介绍一种提高中巴资源卫星IRMSS图像空间分辨能力的光谱保真融合方法。通过计算低分辨率图像上每一个像元对应的高分辨率图像上一组子像元的平均亮度值及二者之差,将该差值与高分辨率图像上相应子像元亮度求和,形成新的图像。该图像具有高分辨率图像的空间细节,又具有低分辨率图像的光谱信息,从而实现融合图像信息保真。试验表明,光谱保真融合方法可以在不改变光谱信息的前提下提高IRMSS图像的空间分辨能力,是一种新的简单实用的数据处理方法。     

HJ-1B卫星热红外遥感影像农田地表温度反演

本文以我国自主研发的HJ-1B卫星影像为数据源,利用其热红外影像、基于JM&S普适性单通道算法反演2009年5月20日河北省涿州市和高碑店市的农田地表温度。最后将HJ-1B IRS影像的地表温度反演结果与同时相Landsat TM5影像的反演结果进行比较分析,分析结果表明:本文所提出的基于HJ-1B卫星热红外影像反演农田地表温度精度可靠,该方法是可行性的。     

A spatial–temporal Hopfield neural network approach for super-resolution land cover mapping with multi-temporal different resolution remotely sensed images

The mixed pixel problem affects the extraction of land cover information from remotely sensed images. Super-resolution mapping (SRM) can produce land cover maps with a finer spatial resolution than the remotely sensed images, and reduce the mixed pixel problem to some extent. Traditional SRMs solely adopt a single coarse-resolution image as input. Uncertainty always exists in resultant fine-resolution land cover maps, due to the lack of information about detailed land cover spatial patterns. The development of remote sensing technology has enabled the storage of a great amount of fine spatial resolution remotely sensed images. These data can provide fine-resolution land cover spatial information and are promising in reducing the SRM uncertainty. This paper presents a spatial–temporal Hopfield neural network (STHNN) based SRM, by employing both a current coarse-resolution image and a previous fine-resolution land cover map as input. STHNN considers the spatial information, as well as the temporal information of sub-pixel pairs by distinguishing the unchanged, decreased and increased land cover fractions in each coarse-resolution pixel, and uses different rules in labeling these sub-pixels. The proposed STHNN method was tested using synthetic images with different class fraction errors and real Landsat images, by comparing with pixel-based classification method and several popular SRM methods including pixel-swapping algorithm, Hopfield neural network based method and sub-pixel land cover change mapping method. Results show that STHNN outperforms pixel-based classification method, pixel-swapping algorithm and Hopfield neural network based model in most cases. The weight parameters of different STHNN spatial constraints, temporal constraints and fraction constraint have important functions in the STHNN performance. The heterogeneity degree of the previous map and the fraction images errors affect the STHNN accuracy, and can be served as guidances of selecting the optimal STHNN weight parameters.     

Retrieval of land surface temperature (LST) from landsat TM6 and TIRS data by single channel radiative transfer algorithm using satellite and ground-based inputs

The present study proposes land surface temperature (LST) retrieval from satellite-based thermal IR data by single channel radiative transfer algorithm using atmospheric correction parameters derived from satellite-based and in-situ data and land surface emissivity (LSE) derived by a hybrid LSE model. For example, atmospheric transmittance (τ) was derived from Terra MODIS spectral radiance in atmospheric window and absorption bands, whereas the atmospheric path radiance and sky radiance were estimated using satellite- and ground-based in-situ solar radiation, geographic location and observation conditions. The hybrid LSE model which is coupled with ground-based emissivity measurements is more versatile than the previous LSE models and yields improved emissivity values by knowledge-based approach. It uses NDVI-based and NDVI Threshold method (NDVI^THM) based algorithms and field-measured emissivity values. The model is applicable for dense vegetation cover, mixed vegetation cover, bare earth including coal mining related land surface classes. The study was conducted in a coalfield of India badly affected by coal fire for decades. In a coal fire affected coalfield, LST would provide precise temperature difference between thermally anomalous coal fire pixels and background pixels to facilitate coal fire detection and monitoring. The derived LST products of the present study were compared with radiant temperature images across some of the prominent coal fire locations in the study area by graphical means and by some standard mathematical dispersion coefficients such as coefficient of variation, coefficient of quartile deviation, coefficient of quartile deviation for 3rd quartile vs. maximum temperature, coefficient of mean deviation (about median) indicating significant increase in the temperature difference among the pixels. The average temperature slope between adjacent pixels, which increases the potential of coal fire pixel detection from background pixels, is significantly larger in the derived LST products than the corresponding radiant temperature images.     

Fusion of VNIR and thermal infrared remote sensing data based on GA-SOFM neural network

The multi-source data fusion methods are rarely involved in VNIR and thermal infrared remote sensing at present. Therefore, the potential advantages of the two kinds of data have not yet been adequately tapped, which results in low calculation precision of parameters related with land surface temperature. A new fusion method is put forward where the characteristics of the high spatial resolution of VNIR (visible and near infrared) data and the high temporal resolution of thermal infrared data are fully explored in this paper. Non-linear fusion is implemented to obtain the land surface temperature in high spatial resolution and the high temporal resolution between the land surface parameters estimated from VNIR data and the thermal infrared data by means of GA-SOFM (genetic algorithms & self-organizing feature maps)-ANN (artificial neural network). Finally, the method is verified by ASTER satellite data. The result shows that the method is simple and convenient and can rapidly capture land surface temperature distribution of higher resolution with high precision.     

单窗算法的大气参数估计方法

根据地表热辐射传导方程,提出了一个简单可行且精度较高的专门用于从TM6数据中演算地表温度的方法——单窗算法.这一算法把大气和地表状态对地表热传导的影响直接包括在演算公式中.该方法需要两个大气参数进行地表温度的演算,即大气平均作用温度和大气透射率.本文论述这两个大气参数的估计方法:根据大气水分含量或地表附近空气湿度来估计大气透射率;通过分析标准大气剖面资料,尤其是大气水分和气温随高程的变化规律,根据地表温度推算大气平均作用温度.     

Sentinel-2A与Landsat 8O LI逐像元辐射归一化方法研究

考虑不同传感器光谱响应函数差异及不同地物类型反射率光谱的差异，提出了一种逐像元辐射归一化方法，并以2017年7月17日内蒙古达里诺尔湖地区准同步过境的Sentinel-2A及Landsat 8数据为例，对两类数据可见-近红外波段（VNIR）地表反射率结果进行归一化。首先采用Sen2cor方法及NASA官方提供大气校正算法，分别对Sentinel-2A及Landsat 8 OLI影像进行大气校正并重采样到同一空间分辨率；然后基于光谱库计算匹配因子并构建图像与光谱库之间的匹配转换模型，实现像元尺度上从Sentinel-2影像到Landsat 8影像地表反射率相似波段之间的转换。结果表明，经逐像元归一化的影像相比原始影像及经HLS光谱归一化的影像，与Landsat 8 VNIR波段的相关性明显提高，辐射一致性增强。该转换模型为多源中高分辨率遥感图像高精度辐射归一化提供了新思路。     

Contribution of Landsat 8 data for the estimation of land surface temperature in Batna city,Eastern Algeria

In this study, we presented a mono-window (MW) algorithm for land surface temperature retrieval from Landsat 8 TIRS. MW needs spectral radiance and emissivity of thermal infrared bands as input for deriving LST. The spectral radiance was estimated using band 10, and the surface emissivity value was derived with the help of NDVI and vegetation proportion parameters for which OLI bands 5 and 4 were used. The results in comparison with MODIS (MOD11A1) products indicated that the proposed algorithm is capable of retrieving accurate LST values, with a correlation coefficient of 0.850. The industrial area, public facilities and military area show higher surface temperature (more than 37 °C) in comparison with adjoining areas, while the green spaces in urban areas (34 °C) and forests (29 °C) were the cooler part of the city. These successful results obtained in the study could be used as an efficient method for the environmental impact assessment.     

Land surface temperature and emissivity estimation for Urban Heat Island assessment using medium- and low-resolution space-borne sensors: A review

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, a typical characteristic on urban landscapes, has been recognised as a key driver to the transformation of local climate. Reliable retrieval of urban and intra-urban thermal characteristics using satellite thermal data depends on accurate removal of the effects of atmospheric attenuations, angular and land surface emissivity. Several techniques have been proposed to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) from coarse resolution sensors. Medium spatial resolution sensors like the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer and the Landsat series offer a viable option for assessing LST within urban landscapes. This paper reviews the theoretical background of LST estimates from the thermal infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, LST retrieval algorithms applicable to each of the commonly used medium-resolution sensors and required variables for each algorithm. The paper also highlights LST validation techniques and concludes by stipulating the requirements for LST temporal and spatial configuration.