Multi‐temporal transport network models for accessibility studies

Vehicle tracking is a spatio‐temporal source of high‐granularity travel time information that can be used for transportation planning. However, it is still a challenge to combine data from heterogeneous sources into a dynamic transport network, while allowing for network modifications over time. This article uses conceptual modeling to develop multi‐temporal transport networks in geographic information systems (GIS) for accessibility studies. The proposed multi‐temporal network enables accessibility studies with different temporal granularities and from any location inside the city, resulting in a flexible tool for transport and urban planning. The implemented network is tested in two case studies that focus on socially excluded people in a large global city, São Paulo, Brazil, including accessibility analyses from slum areas. It explores variations within a day and differences between transport modes across time. Case study results indicate how the accessibility is heterogeneous in low‐income regions.     

应急救灾公路运输中的车辆分配问题

对净空条件下,通过公路大规模运输应急救灾物资和人员时,如何分配沿不同道路行驶的车辆,才能在最短时间内将救灾物资和人员运到目的地进行了深入研究。在汽车刹车距离模型的基础上得出了最大公路交通流、最大流行驶速度,重点建立了最短通行时间的数学模型并给出了一个有效算法,有效地解决了应急救灾以及军事机动中大规模运输车辆的最优分配问题。该成果可以应用于地理信息系统中的路网分析。     

An adaptive compromise programming method for multi-objective path optimization

Network routing problems generally involve multiple objectives which may conflict one another. An effective way to solve such problems is to generate a set of Pareto-optimal solutions that is small enough to be handled by a decision maker and large enough to give an overview of all possible trade-offs among the conflicting objectives. To accomplish this, the present paper proposes an adaptive method based on compromise programming to assist decision makers in identifying Pareto-optimal paths, particularly for non-convex problems. This method can provide an unbiased approximation of the Pareto-optimal alternatives by adaptively changing the origin and direction of search in the objective space via the dynamic updating of the largest unexplored region till an appropriately structured Pareto front is captured. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology, a case study is carried out for the transportation of dangerous goods in the road network of Hong Kong with the support of geographic information system. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the approach.     

地理信息在户外应急救援的应用

户外应急救援是户外运动的安全保障,空间位置信息是户外应急救援工作的核心需求,本文对地理信息在户外应急救援的整合应用进行探讨,分析两者的密切联系和应用特性,介绍了当前现状下户外救援和地图导航工作的快速开展方式,设计并实现基于地理信息的户外应急救援系统,为信息化的户外应急救援体系建设提出了实效方案。     

利用浮动车GPS轨迹识别与提取城市道路交叉口

道路交叉口作为道路交汇的枢纽,是路网的重要组成部分,也是最重要的基础地理信息数据之一。浮动车GPS数据具有易获取、低成本和数据量大等优点,但工作同时伴随不少噪点。为了降低噪点对交叉口提取过程的影响,提高计算效率,本文运用KNN算法建立空间索引;计算向量夹角,判定道路出入口,粗筛取交叉口附近点;分别采用K-means算法、DBSCAN算法和层次算法进行聚类分析,进一步确定交叉口位置。最后以成都某区域浮动车GPS数据为例,提取道路交叉口并进行了对比分析,进一步表明本文方法可以服务于智能交通研究与应用。     

A comparison of network model creation algorithms based on the quality of wayfinding results

Various network model creation algorithms have been introduced to demonstrate a better approximation of the actual walking pattern and to provide a better wayfinding guide. However, it is under‐investigated which algorithm creates the most appropriate indoor navigation network model in the context of wayfinding applications. Due to the lack of discussion, some studies unconsciously extended an algorithm designed for creating an outdoor navigation network model to indoor space applications. This is problematic because indoor space has different spatial contexts from outdoor space, such as non‐linear space and no‐designated walking space. Our solution is to select five well‐known algorithms that have been introduced, to reproduce the algorithm for the automated construction of the indoor navigation network model, and to evaluate the applicability of algorithms for indoor wayfinding applications. This article compares the quality of wayfinding results from the output of the indoor navigation network model against two criteria: route efficiency (i.e., length) and route simplicity (i.e., number of directions). Our statistical analysis illustrates that the visibility graph algorithm is the most appropriate for indoor wayfinding applications.     

一种非公网环境下应急GIS平台消息发送方法

针对非公网环境下的应急GIS平台指挥决策信息传递受限问题,提出了一种不依赖于互联网的消息传递方法。采用ADB+Web Service技术实现内网环境下指挥决策者与一线救援人员间的消息传递,有效地解决了非公网环境下的指挥决策信息传递问题。相较于传统方式,保证了应急平台的灵活性与独立性,降低了平台维护成本,同时由于减少了第三方运营商代理接口的运作环节,从整体上提高了决策指挥者与救援单位间的通信效率,保障了救援工作的及时性与高效性。研究结果对解决应急管理工作中存在的实际问题具有重要的现实意义。     

扩展卡尔曼滤波的安卓手机定位算法研究

随着手机定位的应用越来越多,目前市场中许多APP(Application)都会用到定位功能.但多数APP使用传统的定位算法,不能满足人们实时获取高精度地理位置信息的需求.现阶段对于手机的全球定位系统(GPS)芯片原始数据定位方法的研究较少,因此本文主要对利用手机GPS原始数据定位的可行性及定位算法进行了研究.利用Android 7.0系统提供的应用程序接口获取GPS芯片的原始数据参数,根据手机实用场景的速度特征,分别设计并实现了针对于静态场景的静态卡尔曼滤波和针对低速场景的动态卡尔曼滤波定位算法.通过静态实验以及电动车实验和步行实验的结果表明:与传统的定位算法相比,本文设计的静态卡尔曼滤波和动态卡尔曼滤波定位算法拥有更好的定位结果,更加接近实际行走路线,证明了利用手机GPS原始数据定位的可行性,同时也证明了设计的卡尔曼滤波算法可以提高定位精度,论文的研究结果为实现静态与动态的高精度手机定位算法提供了理论依据.     

关联规则挖掘在LBS动态数据管理的应用研究

为了满足人们能在任意地点、任意时刻存取任意数据的需求,基于位置的服务(LBS,LocationBasedService)需要进行动态数据管理。一种解决方案是服务器根据关联规则挖掘出的规律,对热点数据进行预测,并利用数据广播技术将热点数据不断地推向移动客户机。但经典的Apriori算法并不适合时序数据的处理,而现有的时序关联规则挖掘算法又对服务的关联时间阀值考虑不够,故本文对经典的Apriori算法进行改进,使之适应动态数据管理的需要,从而为解决LBS动态数据管理问题提出新的解决思路。     

Improving geospatial query performance of an interoperable geographic situation‐awareness system for disaster response

Disaster response operations require fast and coordinated actions based on real‐time disaster situation information. Although crowdsourced geospatial data applications have been demonstrated to be valuable tools for gathering real‐time disaster situation information, they only provide limited utility for disaster response coordination because of the lack of semantic compatibility and interoperability. To help overcome the semantic incompatibility and heterogeneity problems, we use Geospatial Semantic Web (GSW) technologies. We then combine GSW technologies with Web Feature Service requests to access multiple servers. However, a GSW‐based geographic information system often has poor performance due to the complex geometric computations required. The objective of this research is to explore how to use optimization techniques to improve the performance of an interoperable geographic situation‐awareness system (IGSAS) based on GSW technologies for disaster response. We conducted experiments to evaluate various client‐side optimization techniques for improving the performance of an IGSAS prototype for flood disaster response in New Haven, Connecticut. Our experimental results show that the developed prototype can greatly reduce the runtime costs of geospatial semantic queries through on‐the‐fly spatial indexing, tile‐based rendering, efficient algorithms for spatial join, and caching, especially for those spatial‐join geospatial queries that involve a large number of spatial features and heavy geometric computation.     

时态GIS的空间实体关联技术应用研究

在自然界中大多数现实世界的实体都是动态的,地图上的公路、铁路、居民地等只是相对于一个很短的时间里是静态的,经过一个长的时间这些实体都将发生改变。本文根据不同时态地理实体的各种特征比较,将两个时态的数据进行关联,建立几何、位置和属性的变化模型,将这个动态的过程表现出来。试验表明,本文的算法是有效的。     

青海省公共应急地理信息系统原型设计与实现

从应急处置的角度着手,建立省级公共应急地理信息系统原型。以青海省为例探讨了基于GIS的应急事件处置流程,并围绕该处置流程,设计并实现了公共应急地理信息系统原型,实现了突发事件定位、影响范围分析、影响因素分析、救援资源分析、态势标绘等功能,为建设青海省公共应急地理信息系统探索了一条切实可行的技术路线。     

基于CORS的智能手机高精度定位平台研究

以智能手机为载体,研究了连续运行参考站(CORS)和智能手机相结合高精度导航定位关键技术,形成了基于江苏省连续运行参考站(JS-CORS)的移动终端高精度导航定位解决方案. 同时,开发了相应软件系统,包含一套移动端手机软件(APP)和一套位置管理平台. 基于CORS的智能手机高精度定位平台的建设,对于延伸智能手机在地理测绘、智能交通、应急救援,公共安全等方面多场景应用,拓展CORS应用领域具有重要意义.      

A Multi‐Objective,Multi‐Criteria Approach to Improve Situational Awareness in Emergency Evacuation Routing Using Mobile Phone Data

Emergency services personnel face risks and uncertainty as they respond to natural and anthropogenic events. Their primary goal is to minimize the loss of life and property, especially in neighborhoods with high population densities, where response time is of great importance. In recent years, mobile phones have become a primary communication device during emergencies. The portability of cell phones and ease of information storage and dissemination has enabled effective implementation of cell phones by first responders and one of the most viable means of communication with the population. Using cellular location data during evacuation planning and response also provides increased awareness to emergency personnel. This article introduces a multi‐objective, multi‐criteria approach to determining optimum evacuation routes in an urban setting. The first objective is to calculate evacuation routes for individual cell phone locations, minimizing the time it would take for a sample population to evacuate to designated safe zones based on both distance and congestion criteria. The second objective is to maximize coverage of individual cell phone locations, using the criteria of underlying geographic features, distance and congestion. In summary, this article presents a network‐based methodology for providing additional analytic support to emergency services personnel for evacuation planning.     

从共享库“智能制图”谈测绘地理信息服务新思路

建设宁夏地理空间基础信息共享库,有效地整合了交通、水利等部门地理数据资源,集中建立了覆盖全区、多比例尺的地理空间共享库,为政府部门和社会公众提供了基础数据服务。特别是其中创新的"智能制图"部分,是测绘地理信息服务型新思路的集中体现。通过网络制图新模式,用户无须使用任何地理信息软硬件,依据共享库里提供的免费底图和符号工具,就可以方便快捷地创建自己需要的地图,创建好的地图还可以通过链接页面对组织内部分享,可操作性强,具有广泛的应用前景。     

Method for calculating the encounter probability in network space

Probabilistic time geography (PTG) can be used to measure the probability of random encounters between two moving objects. Available PTG methods are based on homogeneous space, while the network space is typically heterogeneous, which constrains individuals to the network. Therefore, the PTG of the network must consider the geographic network. Based on this, we put forward a method for calculating the encounter probability of objects that are moving in a network by considering network constraints on movement. These constraints not only restrict the space‐time accessibility of the moving objects, but also affect the probability of them visiting locations or encountering other objects in space and time. Therefore, in network space, our method improves measures of the likelihood of encounters between moving objects, thereby enabling more accurate predictions of encounter events and their probabilities. Finally, the performance of the method is experimentally evaluated. In the experiment, campus road network data and simulated trip data are used to calculate the encounter probabilities of two moving objects and to determine when and where two moving objects meet with the highest probability.     

Research on Emergency Rescue of Urban Flood Disaster Based on Wargame Simulation

In view of the great impact of urban flooding disasters on residents, traffic and urban infrastructure in recent years, we aim at finding high-risk events and loopholes in emergency plans at low cost, and simulate the emergency rescue process. According to the principles of wargame and the disaster theory, combining GIS technology and decision tree, we have established dynamic models for game pieces, rainstorm rules, visual maps and models of wargame, and demonstrated the process of urban flooding emergency rescue. Results showed that, under a 5-year rainstorm scenario and 18 deduction rounds, among the two emergency rescue action plans, our action 1 could complete the emergency rescue, but with a very high probability of loss, while action 2 could complete the emergency flooding rescue, with a small probability of loss. The application of wargame method in rescuing during urban flooding can precisely rollout the practicability of emergency plans. The results of such studies are of great significance to the training of emergency department in commanding ability, emergency management ability and decision-making ability in emergency response.     

DBSTC: an effective method for discovering cluster features with different spatiotemporal densities

Spatiotemporal clustering is one of the most advanced research topics in geospatial data mining. It has been challenging to discover cluster features with different spatiotemporal densities in geographic information data set. This paper presents an effective density-based spatiotemporal clustering algorithm (DBSTC). First, we propose a method to measure the degree of similarity of a core point to the geometric center of its spatiotemporal reachable neighborhood, which can effectively solve the isolated noise point misclassification problem that exists in the shared nearest neighbor methods. Second, we propose an ordered reachable time window distribution algorithm to calculate the reachable time window for each spatiotemporal point in the data set to solve the problem of different clusters with different temporal densities. The effectiveness and advantages of the DBSTC algorithm are demonstrated in several simulated data sets. In addition, practical applications to seismic data sets demonstrate the capability of the DBSTC algorithm to uncover clusters of foreshocks and aftershocks and help to improve the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of dynamic spatiotemporal processes in digital earth.     

t-GIS与环境动力学模型

提出了３种面向ｔ－ＧＩＳ的环境动力学模型建模法：机制建模法、经验模拟法和理论．经验模拟混合法。对建立地形演变分析信息系统、农田水肥状态分析信息系统、生态环境分析系统和我国人口分布及变动状况分析系统,提出了若干考虑。     

卫星遥感应急监测信息服务框架设计与应用——以四川木里森林火灾为例

构建及时、有效的卫星遥感应急监测信息服务框架，是开展自然灾害应急救援能力建设的重要内容。本文以数据统筹管理、多源数据处理、应灾信息分析及信息服务快速发布等关键技术为核心，依托高效互联机制和高速数据通道，构建了卫星遥感应急监测信息服务框架。通过在四川木里森林火灾应急遥感监测中的具体应用，实现了对灾前灾后数据的实时推送，以及灾区遥感解译图、三维地形、救援通达性及火灾变化等综合信息服务的及时发布，为四川省火灾一线救援工作提供了科学指导，为新时期国家应急能力建设提供了探索性技术途径。