湿地水环境中生物膜吸附铅、镉能力的研究

利用向海自然保护区不同类型湿地水体培养的生物膜进行了铅、镉的吸附实验，结果表明，不同湿地水环境培养的生物膜吸附铅、镉的热力学数据可以用Langmuir等温吸附曲线来描述，各水体生物膜吸附铅、镉的能力存在很大的差异，吸附铅的能力大约比吸附镉的能力大一个数量级，且吸附铅、镉的能力与膜上锰、铁氧化物的含量有显著的相关性。     

湿地科学第2卷2004总目次

第 1期OdonateCommunities (Odonata :Insecta)inaTropicalRiverBasin ,MalaysiaCheSalmahMR　AbuHassanA　AmeiliaZS (1)…………………………………………………………………………湿地土草根层对铅、镉吸附与解吸的动力学研究李　鱼　王晓丽　董德明等 (10 )…………………………………………中国 1∶4 0 0万沼泽图的编制研究王化群 (15 )…………………………………………………………………………………中国泥炭资源地理信息系统的建立与应用研究尹怀宁　吕　芳　王瑞杰 (2 1)……………………………………………珠江河口滩涂…     

火烧对三江平原湿地土壤养分状况的影响

在三江平原腹地，洪河国家级自然保护区当年火烧地段以及中国科学院三江生态实验站烧后一年地段，设置当年火烧、火烧后一年与未烧湿地对照区，用对比法分析了火烧对湿地土壤养分状况的影响。结果表明，火烧会减少湿地土壤的有机质含量，火烧当年洪河保护区草根层与腐殖质层有机质含量下降尤为明显；火烧次年生态实验站火烧地表层土壤有机质含量仍低于未烧湿地。同时，伴随有机质的迅速分解与矿化，无论火烧当年还是次年，土壤草根层与腐殖质层全氮、全磷含量都较未烧湿地低，而全钾含量提高。火烧当年保护区土壤速效氮、速效磷含量虽然降低，但速效氮、速效磷占全量的比例较未烧湿地高；草根层土壤内速效钾含量较未烧湿地高，占全量比例也较高，但在其他层次内未见提高。三江生态实验站内火烧后一年的土壤，除速效氮占全氮的比在腐殖质层及潜育层内仍高于未烧湿地外，其他速效养分含量占全量比值普遍低于未烧地。另外，火烧后湿地土壤的pH值略有升高。以上结果均在湿地草根层与腐殖质层表现明显，火烧对湿地土壤潜育层影响不明显。     

沙漠颗粒物对磷酸盐的吸附动力学研究

研究了乌兰布和沙漠和库布齐沙漠颗粒物在黄河水体中对磷酸盐(P)的吸附动力学及其影响因素和吸附/解吸平衡质量浓度(EPC0值)。结果表明：①不同沙漠颗粒物对P的吸附能力各不相同,但吸附速率均在前 8 h内较快,以后逐渐趋缓,在48 h时基本达到吸附平衡。磷初始浓度和颗粒物浓度均对颗粒物吸附P有一定影响;②颗粒物对P的吸附过程均符合准二级吸附动力学模型及Weber-Morris扩散方程,吸附过程主要由P在颗粒物内的扩散过程控制;③入河沙漠颗粒物在黄河水体中对P的吸附过程存在一个吸附/解吸平衡点,该点对应的不同颗粒物对P的EPC0值为0.010~0.042 mg·L-1,且其值均大于相应黄河水体中的P浓度,说明沙漠颗粒物入河后有向水体释磷的趋势。     

冻融干湿交替下灰绿板岩矿质元素释放特征及释放模型

针对宁夏中部干旱带压砂地土壤肥力下降、灰绿板岩矿质元素淋溶释放规律不明等问题,通过室内模拟灰绿板岩冻融干湿循环交替试验,采用修正的Elovich方程、抛物线方程、双常数速率方程、一级动力学方程对各矿质元素的累积释放曲线进行拟合,研究不同粒径板岩在冻融干湿循环作用下的释放动力学特征及最优动力学方程。结果表明：两种粒径灰绿板岩淋溶液中矿质元素淋溶总量随循环次数增大而增大,1 cm粒径灰绿板岩矿质元素累积淋溶总量、淋溶速率在不同循环次数下均大于3 cm粒径。灰绿板岩矿质元素淋溶释放是多因素共同控制的物理、化学过程,其释放过程可大致分为快速反应阶段和反应趋于平衡阶段;压砂地土壤中Ca、K、Mg、P元素的供给量运用修正的Elovich方程预测结果较好,抛物线方程更适用于描述S元素的释放规律。研究结果可为宁夏中部干旱带旱作农田土壤肥力调控提供决策参考。     

三种土壤铅和镉的质量基准初步研究*

在制定地下水源保护区污染控制措施时,最常遇到的问题之一是缺少土壤包气带和含水层中化学物质的基准和标准。文中以铅、镉为例,结合北京、唐山地下水水源地实际情况,运用“平衡分配法”,根据土壤对铅和镉的吸附容量和分配系数研究包气带土壤中的铅和镉的质量基准。结果表明,土壤中铅和镉的质量基准与溶液pH值成对数线性关系,据此可计算不同pH条件下的土壤中重金属的质量基准。     

福建山地红壤磷酸离子（H2P04^-）吸附与解吸附的初步研究

对福建山地红壤磷吸附和解吸状况作了研究．结果表明：福建山地红壤磷吸附与解吸状况极显著地吻合了Langmuir方程．运用该方程可推算出最大吸附量和标准需磷量。福建山地红壤磷吸附量较大、解吸量较小，且磷吸附量与土壤有机质、酸度、有效磷、粘粒有着显著的相关关系。     

北固山淡水潮汐湿地土壤对铜(Ⅱ)和铬(Ⅵ)的吸附特征研究

以长江河口地区北固山淡水潮汐湿地为研究对象,采用一次平衡法研究了生长有芦苇(Phragmites austra-lis)、虉草(Phalaris armdinacea)植物的湿地土壤和边滩裸地对重金属Cu(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附特征。结果表明,湿地土壤对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附受到植物类型与温度变化效应的交互影响。20℃时,生长有芦苇的湿地土壤对Cu(Ⅱ)的吸附量最大,生长有虉草的湿地土壤次之,边滩裸地最小;当温度的升高至30℃时,上述差异明显减小。对以阴离子形式存在的Cr(Ⅵ)而言,湿地土壤和边滩裸地对其吸附量的植物类型差异性不明显。当温度从20℃升高至30℃时,湿地土壤和边滩裸地对Cu(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量都减小,反映出研究区湿地土壤对两种重金属的吸附机制表现为化学吸附作用较弱,物理吸附作用相对较强,吸附呈放热过程。Freundlich方程是描述淡水潮汐湿地土壤Cu(Ⅱ)、Cr(Ⅵ)等温吸附的最佳模型,方程中常数n和k的大小能够体现吸附过程中存在的植物类型与温度变化影响效应,比较真实的反映了吸附的过程。     

向日葵根分泌物对针铁矿吸附Cd2+的抑制效应

向日葵根分泌物明显抑制针铁矿吸附Cd2+。随着pH的升高,针铁矿对Cd2+的吸附量升高,针铁矿对Cd2+的平衡吸附量pH在3~6时增长的幅度较大,pH>7后,对Cd2+的吸附量的增长趋于稳定。在溶液初始pH为3~8的范围内,向日葵根分泌物抑制针铁矿对Cd2+的吸附。针铁矿等温吸附Cd2+符合Langmu ir方程和Freund lich方程,吸附动力学符合二级速率方程。根分泌物的存在明显抑制针铁矿对Cd2+的吸附强度和吸附速率。表明针铁矿对Cd2+的吸附是一个熵增的吸热反应;根分泌物的存在则降低了吸附反应的自发性。     

阿拉尔河悬浮物对铀的吸附影响研究

为了解阿拉尔河悬浮物对铀的吸附特性,通过静态吸附实验,研究了吸附时间、pH值、温度和铀初始浓度等因素对模拟含铀水中U(VI)去除率的影响,并从热力学和动力学方面对吸附过程进行了分析。结果表明,在T=25℃,溶液初始pH=7,接触时间为16 h时,悬浮物对铀的平衡吸附率最佳,为95.48%。随着铀初始浓度的增加,吸附量增加,但吸附率随之下降,升高温度有利于铀的吸附。铀在悬浮物上的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,说明悬浮物对铀为单分子层吸附,且化学吸附占主导地位。吸附动力学过程可用准二级吸附动力学模型描述,表明吸附主要受动力学控制,由两个以上步骤共同控制。FTIR和EDS分析结果表明,吸附过程中铀主要与悬浮物表面活性基团螯合并以表面络合吸附为主。吸附前后的能谱对比分析表明,吸附过程中存在离子交换行为。因此,悬浮物对铀的吸附机理是以表面络合吸附和离子交换为主、物理吸附为辅的混合吸附过程。     

河水中悬浮颗粒物对重金属的吸附行为

本研究以瓯江河水为对象,研究河水中悬浮颗粒物对重金属（Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb）离子的吸附行为．分别进行了Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb在悬浮颗粒物的吸附速率,解吸速率以及溶解性有机质（DOM）对吸附解吸行为的影响实验．结果表明：河水中悬浮颗粒物对Cu、Zn、Cd、Ph的吸附和解吸速率较快,吸附平衡时间为8h,解吸平衡时间为4h...     

中水灌溉下重金属在土壤中的垂直迁移及其对地下水的污染风险

中水灌溉是解决水资源短缺的潜在途径,关于中水灌溉条件下土壤中重金属的迁移行为及其对浅层地下水的污染风险至今仍缺乏研究。本文通过土柱模拟试验,分析中水灌溉条件下重金属在土壤中的迁移趋势及其对浅层地下水的污染风险。试验用添加重金属（As、Cd、Cu、Pb浓度分别为2、0.2、20、20 mg.kg-1）的人工污水和中水以1年、3年的灌溉量进行土柱淋溶实验。结果表明,淋溶20天（1年的灌溉量）以及60天（3年的灌溉量）,灌溉水中的As、Cd、Cu和Pb主要在表层（0¹0cm）累积。随着淋溶时间的延长,4种重金属（尤其是Cd）表现出向下迁移的趋势。但与地下水I级水质标准（GB/T14848-93）相比,淋滤液中4种重金属均未超标。因此,从本文的模拟试验来看,以北京市当前的中水进行灌溉,As、Cu、Pb对浅层地下水的污染风险不大。     

北京市小麦籽粒的重金属含量及其健康风险分析

为评价北京市小麦重金属含量及其健康风险,采集北京市现有小麦种植区土壤和小麦籽粒对应样品68份,分析其重金属含量,并估算消费导致重金属摄入量。结果表明:北京市麦地土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均值分别为7.46、0.165、37.8、20.3、24.2、14.3和70.1mg/kg,处于比较清洁水平。这说明小麦种植这种土地利用方式并不会导致土壤重金属升高。小麦籽粒中重金属含量,除Cr与食品卫生标准限值没有显著性差异外,其他元素均显著低于相应标准限值。普通人群通过小麦制品消费,As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的摄入量分别为0.005、0.004、0.136、0.994、0.041、0.024、4.75mg/人 · d。北京小麦种植的主要4个区中,顺义产小麦的Cr、Cu、Ni和Pb导致的重金属摄入量高于其他3个区,房山产小麦导致的重金属摄入量最低。对于普通人群而言,通过小麦和蔬菜摄入重金属没有明显风险。     

Heavy metal pollution of soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province

A total of 219 agricultural soil and 48 vegetable samples were collected from the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River (the Hengyang–Changsha section) in Hunan Province. The accumulation characteristics, spatial distribution and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted. There are higher accu-mulations of heavy metals such as As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in agricultural soils, and the contents of Cd (2.44 mg kg-1), Pb (65.00 mg kg-1) and Zn (144.13 mg kg-1) are 7.97, 3.69 and 1.63 times the corresponding background contents in soils of Hunan Province, respectively. 13.2% of As, 68.5% of Cd, 2.7% of Cu, 2.7% of Ni, 8.7% of Pb and 15.1% of Zn in soil sam-ples from the investigated sites exceeded the maximum allowable heavy metal contents in the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995, Grade II). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly due to Cd. The contents of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in vegetable soils are significantly higher than the contents in paddy soils. 95.8%, 68.8%, 10.4% and 95.8% of vegetable samples exceeded the Maximum Levels of Contami-nants in Foods (GB2762-2005) for As, Cd, Ni and Pb concentrations, respectively. There are significantly positive correlations between the concentrations of Cd, Pb and Zn in vegetables and the concentrations in the corresponding vegetable soils (p<0.01). It is very necessary to focus on the potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River, Hunan Province of China.     

湘江中下游农田土壤和蔬菜的重金属污染

A total of 219 agricultural soil and 48 vegetable samples were collected from the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River（the Hengyang-Changsha section）in Hunan Province.The accumulation characteristics,spatial distribution and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted.There are higher accumulations of heavy metals such as As,Cd,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn in agricultural soils,and the contents of Cd（2.44 mg kg^-1 ）,Pb（65.00 mg kg^-1 ）and Zn（144.13 mg kg^-1 ）are 7.97,3.69 and 1.63 times the corresponding background contents in soils of Hunan Province,respectively. 13.2%of As,68.5%of Cd,2.7%of Cu,2.7%of Ni,8.7%of Pb and 15.1%of Zn in soil samples from the investigated sites exceeded the maximum allowable heavy metal contents in the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils（GB15618-1995,Grade Ⅱ）.The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly due to Cd.The contents of As,Cd,Cu,Pb and Zn in vegetable soils are significantly higher than the contents in paddy soils.95.8%, 68.8%,10.4%and 95.8%of vegetable samples exceeded the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods（GB2762-2005）for As,Cd,Ni and Pb concentrations,respectively.There are significantly positive correlations between the concentrations of Cd,Pb and Zn in vegetables and the concentrations in the corresponding vegetable soils（p〈0.01）.It is very necessary to focus on the potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human health in agricultural soils and vegetables in the midstream and downstream of the Xiangjiang River,Hunan Province of China.     

兰州市土壤一蔬菜系统典型重金属空间评价及健康风险分析

通过田间试验和室内分析相结合,对兰州市蔬菜和土壤中重金属cd、Hg、Pb、As和cr的含量进行测定并评估经食入途径对人体的健康风险,同时运用改进的物元模型综合评价兰州市三县四区土壤重金属污染并进行分区。结果表明：（1）兰州市菜地土壤中Cd、Hg、Pb、As和cr的平均含量都高于背景值,存在明显的积累,但均低于《土壤环境...     

青海省湟水河西宁段重金属元素的污染和评价

湟水河是西宁市的重要河流。开展湟水河西宁段沉积物的重金属研究对西宁市的环境保护和生态建设具有重要意义。本次研究对湟水河西宁段表层泥质沉积和河水以及流域内的现代菜地表土和松树苗地表土的重金属含量进行了测定。同时,采用全新世以前的黄土、湟水河一级阶地的砂质沉积给出了西宁市自然状态下的重金属背景值。各类样品的重金属元素含量结果表明:1)自然状态下,Pb为29.5 mg/kg,As为15.6 mg/kg,Hg为0.01 mg/kg,Cd为0.18 mg/kg,Cr为31.1 mg/kg。2)河流表层泥质沉积的重金属含量平均值,Pb为45.2 mg/kg,As为7.8 mg/kg,Hg为0.02 mg/kg,Cd为0.48 mg/kg,Cr为48.8 mg/kg。3)总体上,河流表层泥质沉积、现代菜地表土和松树苗地表土的Cd、Pb、Hg、Cr均比自然状态下的背景值要高。4)湟水河西宁段已出现较明显的重金属污染,应控制Cd等重金属元素向河流中的排放。     

Spatial Distribution and Anthropogenic Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments of Klang River

The study was conducted to quantify the concentration and distribution of metals (Cd, Zn, Ni, Cu, Pb, and Fe) in the surface sediments and to assess the status of metal contaminations in the Klang River, Malaysia. The concentrations of metals (μg∕g, Fe%, dry weight) were as follows: 0.57-2.19 μg∕g Cd; 31.89-272.33 μg∕g Zn; 5.96-24.47 μg∕g Ni; 10.57-52.87 μg∕g Cu; 24.23-64.11 μg∕g Pb and 1.56%-3.03% Fe. Sequential extraction technique (SET) showed that mean anthropogenic portions of metals were in the order of Zn (60.22%), Cu (56.01%), Cd (45.63%), Ni (42.08%), Pb (33.22%) and Fe (10.26%). The highest concentrations of metals ( p<0.05) were found in the stations located close to industrial parks and highly populated areas. The results of the present study showed that the effectiveness of total organic carbon (TOC) contents in controlling the distribution and enrichment of metals was a more important factor compared to grain size. The study also indicated that the control of metals pollution from direct influx of domestic wastes and insufficiently treated industrial wastes in the Klang River was an important and desirable way to minimize the detrimental effects of metals.     

湘江中下游农田土壤和蔬菜的重金属污染

从湖南省湘江中下游衡阳-长沙段沿岸采集219 个农田土壤样品和48 个蔬菜样品, 测 试其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 等7 种重金属元素的含量, 并结合GIS 作图与数据统 计, 对农田土壤中重金属空间分布、土壤和蔬菜中重金属富集特征以及其潜在风险进行分析。 结果表明, 农田土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb 和Zn 含量均大于湖南省相应土壤重金属含量背 景值, Cd (2.44 mg kg^-1)、Pb (65.00 mg kg^-1)、Zn (144.13 mg kg^-1) 含量分别超标7.97、3.69 和 1.63 倍。与我国《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995) 中II 级标准(pH 6.5~7.5) 比较, 土壤 As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb 和Zn 含量的超标率分别为13.2%、68.5%、2.7%、2.7%、8.7%和 15.1%, 表现为以Cd 为主的多种重金属混合污染。菜地土壤中As、Cd、Cu、Pb 和Zn 的含 量( 几何均值) 分别高于水稻土As、Cd、Cu、Pb 和Zn 含量。与《食品中污染物限量》 (GB2762-2005) 等标准比较, 蔬菜As、Cd、Ni、Pb 含量的样本超标率分别为95.8%、68.8%、 10.4%和95.8%; 蔬菜Cd、Pb、Zn 含量与相应土壤的Cd、Pb、Zn 含量存在极显著的相关性 (P < 0.01)。湘江中下游的农田土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染的潜在风险值得关注。     

Contaminations of Heavy Metals in Surface Soils of Various Lands and Their Health Risks in Tianjin Qilihai Ancient Lagoon Wetlands,China

A total of 36 surface soil profiles were set at the wetlands in Qilihai Ancient Lagoon Wetlands,Tianjin,the surface soils of 0-20 cm depth were sampled at various use types of lands to provide information on the concentrations of heavy metals in the coastal wetlands.Total concentrations of arsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),copper(Cu),lead(Pb),chromium(Cr)and zinc(Zn)were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry(ICP-AES)to address the pollution levels in the sampling sites.The results showed that the concentrations of Cd,Cu in the soils disturbed by human activities intensively,the Phragmites australis marshes,the farmland,the brushes decreased in turn;among the sites,the concentrations of As,Cd and Cu were the highest in the soil of build-up areas,while the concentrations of Pb and Zn were the higher in the soil of farmland.The mean concentrations of Cu,Cr,Cd,Pb,Zn and As in the soils of 0-20 cm depth were 38.74 mg/kg,83.52 mg/kg,0.19 mg/kg,34.27 mg/kg,121.7 mg/kg and 18.77 mg/kg,respectively.The contamination indices of As were on the high pollution level in the soils of farmland and disturbed by human activities intensively;the concentrations of Cd in the soils of the marshes and farmland were at the moderate pollution level,while that in the soil disturbed by human activities intensively was at high pollution level.The values of comprehensive contamination index demonstrated that the variation of As contents was the maximum in the soils,Cd pollution reached to a high level.Geoaccumulation index showed that As pollution was at moderate level,and Cd,Cu and Zn pollution were at slight level,and the Pb and Cr pollution wasn't found in the build-up areas.