元素同位素质谱测定新方法及其应用研究

该项研究成果总结了利用石墨的非还原热离子发射特性所建立的高精度热电离质谱测定硼氯溴同位素的方法,实现了硼氯溴同位素重要突破。该成果对质谱中的热电离理论进行了较深入地讨论,建立了高精度质谱测定锂铟同位素的方法。     

氯同位素质谱法测定进展

主要总结了测定氯同位素比值的四种质谱法 :由电子轰击产生的基于HCl+离子的气体质谱法、基于CH3 Cl+离子的气体质谱法、基于Cl-离子负热电离质谱法 (NTIMS)和基于Cs2 Cl+离子正热电离质谱法(PTIMS)。并分析了使用这四种方法测定氯同位素时处理含氯样品和使用仪器测定样品氯同位素的方法及其优缺点 ,对测定结果的精度进行了比较 ,最后对测定氯同位素发展前景进行了展望。     

盐卤硼酸盐化学Ⅹ Ⅹ Ⅴ Ⅲ硼氧酸盐结晶液固相硼同位素组成

实验研究了硼氧酸盐在水溶液结晶沉淀后液固相硼同位素组成，结果表明，硼氧酸盐结晶固相的硼同位素组成与溶液相ｐＨ、总硼浓度及析出固相后固液相硼摩尔比有关，不仅存在正的硼同位素分馏效应，而且存在负的硼同位素分馏效应。     

盐卤硼酸盐化学ⅩⅩⅤⅢ硼氧酸盐结晶液因相硼同位素组成

实验研究了硼氧酸盐在水溶液结晶沉淀后液固相硼同位素组成，结果表明，硼氧酸盐结晶固相的硼同位素组成与溶液相ＰＨ、硼浓度及析出固相后固液相硼摩尔比有关，不仅存在正的硼同位素分馏效应，而且存在负的硼同位素分馏效应。     

盐湖水中硼同位素丰度比值的质谱法测定

<正> 自然界中的硼存在着两种同位素:~(11)B和~(10)B。随着产地和测定方法的不同,得到的同位素丰度比值也有所不同。质谱法测定硼同位素丰度比值可采用硼的气态化合物和固态化合物。自1958年提出用热电离发射法进行硼同位素丰度比值的质谱法测定以来,采用硼砂作为工作物     

正热电离质谱同时测定硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素组成

初步研究了一种硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素质谱测定的新方法。该法利用石墨的非还原热离子发射特性 ,建立了以测定 Cs2 NO2 + 离子的正热电离质谱测定硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素组成的过程 ,对方法的可行性、特点和存在的问题进行了讨论 ,并对几种测定氮和氧同位素的方法进行了比较。运用正热电离质谱法对几种不同厂家生产的硝酸盐试剂的氮和氧同位素组成进行了测定 ,发现氮和氧同位素组成存在较大的差异     

元素同位素质谱测定新方法及其应用研究获国家自然科学二等奖

继一九九五年由柳大纲院士、高世扬研究员主持的“大柴旦盐湖调查、盐卤硼酸盐化学和综合利用基础研究”秋国家自然科学二7．等奖之后，肖应凯研究员等人主持的“元素同位素质谱测定新方法及其应用”又于一九九七年获国家自然科学二等奖。该项目属同位素化学和同位素地球化学。中国科学院青海盐湖研究所经过近二十年的研究，取得了一系列成果，包括同泣素质谱测定及其应用两大部分。同位素质谱测定方法方面：（1）在世界上首次发现了石墨的非还原热离子发射特征，利用这种特性建立了高精度热电离质谱测定硼、氯和澳同位素的新方法，其测定精…     

对正热电离质谱法硼同位素测定的实验设计和条件优化

为了确定正热电离质谱法测定硼同位素时的最佳实验条件 ,采用均匀设计法进行实验表头设计 ,并用MATLAB进行数据处理和回归模型优化。将最佳优化条件应用于硼同位素测定中 ,得到了与理论计算相吻合的高精度测定结果。     

茅台地区酱香白酒硼同位素组成的初步研究

汪强等在题为"茅台地区酱香白酒硼同位素比较研究"一文中采用ICP-MS检测茅台地区不同厂家生产的酱香型白酒中11B/10B比率,得到的11B/10B比值为0.8713～1.0610,此值之低,值得怀疑。采用离子交换的方法提取硼后,采用VG354热电离质谱计和基于加石墨检测Cs2BO2+离子测定硼同位素的方法,初步测定了茅台地区浓香型与酱香型白酒的11B/10B比值分别为4.0184和4.0437(δ11B=-7.9‰和-1.6‰),落在地球物质硼同位素组成正常变化范围内,基本是可靠的,与汪强所报道的异常低的结果存在极大差别。对汪文中造成测定的11B/10B比值异常的可能原因进行的分析表明,汪强的测定结果是不可信的。     

NO_3~-对硼同位素测定的干扰及其消除

在石墨存在下测定Cs2BO2+离子是硼同位素测定的最佳方法，但NO3-却存在严重的干扰，本文对这种干扰进行了详细的研究。为了避免NO3-的干扰，本文改进了硼的分离提取方法，完全避免了NO3-的引入，取得了满意的测定结果。     

Material versus isobaric internal boundaries in the Earth and their influence on postglacial rebound

Most previous earth models used to calculate viscoelastic relaxation after the removal of the Late Pleistocene ice loads implicitly assume that there is no exchange of mass across the mantle density discontinuities on periods of tens of thousands of years (the material boundary formulation). In the present study, simple incompressible models are used to determine the Earth's behaviour in the case where the density discontinuity remains at a constant pressure rather than deforming with the material (the isobaric boundary formulation). The calculation of the movement of the boundary is more rigorous than in earlier studies and uses the local incremental pressure calculated at the depth of the boundary and allows for the vertical deformation caused by the change in volume as material changes phase. It is shown that the buoyancy modes associated with the density discontinuities decrease in strength and increase in relaxation time analogous to what results when the density contrast is reduced. Also, two viscoelastic modes arise from an isobaric boundary, which is also predicted when there is a contrast in rigidity or viscosity across a material boundary. The difference in predicted radial deformation between the isobaric boundary model and the material boundary model is largest for long-wavelength loads for which the material incremental pressure at depth is largest. If the isobaric boundary model is appropriate for the treatment of the mineral phase changes in the mantle on glacial rebound timescales, then previous inferences of the deep-mantle to shallow-mantle viscosity ratio based on large-scale deformation (spherical harmonic degree < 10) of the Earth and including data from the early part of the glacio-isostatic uplift are too small.     

701和L波段雷达测风探测资料的对比统计分析

利用蒙自探空站高空探测系统换型的对比观测资料,通过质量控制,对701雷达和L波段雷达探测数据进行筛选,按时间序列分别对雷达探测3个要素进行图形比较分析,同时应用统计学方法,对规定等压面上的风向、风速进行统计分析,根据统计结果,判定L波段探测资料离散度较小,更为准确、可靠。     

1955~2010年小三江平原沼泽湿地景观格局变化及其对人为干扰的响应

以湿地变化较为剧烈的小三江平原为研究区域,以1955~2010年的地形图和Landsat TM遥感数据为数据源,采用网格分析法研究景观指数的时空分异规律,并分析不同时期人为干扰度对景观格局指数的影响。结果表明：① 从时间上看,1955~2010年小三江平原沼泽湿地的面积和最大斑块逐渐减小,斑块占景观比从52.87%下降到10.41%,最大斑块减少了47.6%,破碎化和分散性逐渐增加,连接度从1.02%增加到2.88%后下降为0.79%,呈先增加后降低的趋势,斑块的形状由复杂变得简单后又变得复杂,人为干扰度逐渐增加,从0.31%增加到0.6%;② 从空间上看,1955年研究区沼泽湿地景观由西南向东北破碎化逐渐减弱,1986年后变为由西南向东北破碎化逐渐增加的格局。沼泽湿地斑块类型所占景观面积比例和连接度指数的高值区主要分布在研究区的中部和东北部。人为干扰度的空间分布格局是由西南向东北逐渐减弱;③ 1955~2010年人为干扰对小三江平原沼泽湿地的邻近与连接程度的影响逐渐减弱,对沼泽湿地边缘密度影响逐渐增强,人为干扰对沼泽湿地斑块密度的影响主要受沼泽湿地面积的影响,人为干扰对沼泽湿地斑块的形状影响较小,沼泽湿地的优势景观控制力逐渐下降,人为干扰是小三江平原湿地面积减少的主要原因。     

Characteristics of the circulation regime over Kodar range during the glacier ablation period

Using monthly bulletins of the Irkutsk Center for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring for June–August 2009–2011, a synoptic analysis was made of the atmospheric circulation over the area of Kodar Range. Based on results from analyzing the surface and altitude maps, isobaric fields (NCEP/NCAR) and temperature measurements on the Sygykta Glacier (Kodar), we investigated the correlations between ablation on the glacier and the meso- and macrocirculation processes in the lower troposphere.     

影响中尺度对流系统移动的知识发现

空间数据挖掘是近年来迅速发展起来的面向应用的新技术。运用1998年夏季日本静止气象卫星(GMS) 探测反演出的红外辐射亮温资料和国家卫星气象中心高分辨率有限区域分析预报系统产品中的数值格点预报资料 (HLAFS) 对青藏高原上的中尺度对流系统 (MCS) 进行了自动追踪。在此基础上,运用空间关联规则研究了移出高原的MCS与其环境场之间的关系,结果表明, 在400 hPa这一层次,等压面高度、相对湿度、涡度、散度、垂直速度这5 个物理量是影响其移出高原的主要因子;而在500 hPa 层次,移出高原的MCS与等压面高度、相对湿度、温度、垂直速度和K指数关系密切。     

南极半岛及附近地区大风天气及其预报

南极半岛及附近地区经常出现大风天气,它是影响该地区的主要天气现象.造成大风的主要天气系统是极地气旋.极地气旋的强弱、移速和路径的不同,对南极半岛及附近地区的影响也不同.而周围的环境流场也是形成大风的重要因素.所以,分析天气形势背景,对做好该地区大风天气现象的预报是十分重要的.本文利用1985年1月到1987年10月中国南极长城站接收的智利南极弗雷气象中心播发的南半球地面传真天气图,北京气象中心绘制的南半球地面和500hPa高空天气图资料,结合长城站的地面气象观测资料,对影响南极半岛及附近地区的大风天气过程进行了分析和研究.主要根据地面天气图上的天气形势归纳为四种类型:(1)强极地高压型;(2).强副热带高压型;(3)南美大陆高压型;(4)副热带高压脊线南伸型.同时,结合分析结果提出了预报南极半岛及附近地区大风天气的思路.     

Spatial Distribution of Surface Soil Organic Carbon Density and Related Factors along an Urbanization Gradient in Beijing

Urban surface soil has a unique set of structures and processes that affect surface soil organic carbon density (SOC_density) and its spatial variations. Using Beijing as a case study, and assisted by field investigations and experiments, we analyzed the spatial distribution of SOC_density in different land use types and functional regions, and assessed associated factors such as urbanization level, the physiochemical properties of soil and plant configurations. The present study aims to provide useful information about the mechanisms driving soil organic carbon and climate change in developing and developed areas in urbanized regions like Beijing. Results indicate that P is the main factor positively influencing SOC_density in most regions. Because of the specific interference directly related to human beings in urban areas, with decreases in the urbanization level, more physiochemical factors of soil can influence SOC_density. SOC_density under grasses is not significantly different from that under other plant compositions. Urbanization processes decrease the heterogeneity of the spatial pattern of SOC_density in most land use types, but increased its contents when the area reached a developed level in Beijing. More factors related to human interference and spatial variation of surface soil carbon storage, especially under impervious land in urban areas, should be considered in future studies.     

多尺度视角下的印度地缘环境解析及对中国的启示

在中国和印度共同崛起的背景下,随着中国“向西开放”和“一带一路”倡议的推进,中国与印度的地缘竞争日益激烈。加强对印度地缘环境解构有助于中国更好地识别地缘风险和制定有效的地缘策略。本文从地理环境、国家的地缘政治想象、地缘关系环境三个方面,从全球、区域和国家内部三个尺度来解构印度的地缘环境,并论证了印度如何在其地缘环境的基础上制定并实施本国的地缘战略：（1）在全球尺度上,凭借印度洋的地缘优势,印度建构了以印度洋为基础的全球地缘战略,追求“有声有色”的大国地位;（2）在区域尺度上,印度凭借地理结构、体量、权力和影响力的优势,构建了邻国优先和防止域外大国干涉的区域战略,谋求南亚领导地位;（3）在国家内部尺度上,印度的国家实力被内部的多样性（包括种姓制度、宗教矛盾、地方主义、党派斗争等）所肢解,如何加强统一的国家认同是印度面临的极大挑战。根据印度地缘环境的特点和中印的权力对比情况,从中国国家利益的角度出发,在南亚和印度洋地区,中国作为权力弱势方,应该加强与印度的利益共同体建构、加强区域内合作、区域互联互通和一体化建设、增强区域内的话语权和合法性;在中印边境区,中国作为权力的强势方,应该加强边境管理、防止域外势力干涉。     

Architecture of the evaporite accumulation and salt structures dynamics in Tiddlybanken Basin,southeastern Norwegian Barents Sea

An extensive, reprocessed two‐dimensional (2D) seismic data set was utilized together with available well data to study the Tiddlybanken Basin in the southeastern Norwegian Barents Sea, which is revealed to be an excellent example of base salt rift structures, evaporite accumulations and evolution of salt structures. Late Devonian–early Carboniferous NE‐SW regional extensional stress affected the study area and gave rise to three half‐grabens that are separated by a NW‐SE to NNW‐SSE trending horst and an affiliated interference transfer zone. The arcuate nature of the horst is believed to be the effect of pre‐existing Timanian basement grain, whereas the interference zone formed due to the combined effect of a Timanian (basement) lineament and the geometrical arrangement of the opposing master faults. The interference transfer zone acted as a physical barrier, controlling the facies distribution and sedimentary thickness of three‐layered evaporitic sequences (LES). During the late Triassic, the northwestern part of a salt wall was developed due to passive diapirism and its evolution was influenced by halite lithology between the three‐LES. The central and southeastern parts of the salt wall did not progress beyond the pedestal stage due to lack of halite in the deepest evaporitic sequence. During the Triassic–Jurassic transition, far‐field stresses from the Novaya Zemlya fold‐and‐thrust belt reactivated the pre‐salt Carboniferous rift structures. The reactivation led to the development of the Signalhorn Dome, rejuvenated the northwestern part of the salt wall and affected the sedimentation rates in the southeastern broad basin. The salt wall together with the Signalhorn Dome and the Carboniferous pre‐salt structures were again reactivated during post‐Early Cretaceous, in response to regional compressional stresses. During this main tectonic inversion phase, the northwestern and southeastern parts of the salt wall were rejuvenated; however, salt reactivation was minimized towards the interference transfer zone beneath the centre of the salt wall.     

The measurement of reactive silicate in saline-hypersaline lakes: examples of the problem

The analysis of reactive silicate or H₄SiO₄ in saline lake waters using the silicomolybdic acid method developed by Mullin and Riley (1955) suffers from a rather severe salt interference. Our data show that the interference occurs in waters where both chloride and sulfate are the major anions. The interference leads to lower than actual values (by as much as 50 per cent). Until the chemical mechanism of the interference is quantitatively understood, dilution with deionized water appears to be the best approach to obtaining reliable data. This may limit the technique's usage in waters of high TDS, and low reactive silicate.