多尺度视角下的印度地缘环境解析及对中国的启示

在中国和印度共同崛起的背景下，随着中国“向西开放”和“一带一路”倡议的推进，中国与印度的地缘竞争日益激烈。加强对印度地缘环境解构有助于中国更好地识别地缘风险和制定有效的地缘策略。本文从地理环境、国家的地缘政治想象、地缘关系环境三个方面，从全球、区域和国家内部三个尺度来解构印度的地缘环境，并论证了印度如何在其地缘环境的基础上制定并实施本国的地缘战略：（1）在全球尺度上，凭借印度洋的地缘优势，印度建构了以印度洋为基础的全球地缘战略，追求“有声有色”的大国地位；（2）在区域尺度上，印度凭借地理结构、体量、权力和影响力的优势，构建了邻国优先和防止域外大国干涉的区域战略，谋求南亚领导地位；（3）在国家内部尺度上，印度的国家实力被内部的多样性（包括种姓制度、宗教矛盾、地方主义、党派斗争等）所肢解，如何加强统一的国家认同是印度面临的极大挑战。根据印度地缘环境的特点和中印的权力对比情况，从中国国家利益的角度出发，在南亚和印度洋地区，中国作为权力弱势方，应该加强与印度的利益共同体建构、加强区域内合作、区域互联互通和一体化建设、增强区域内的话语权和合法性；在中印边境区，中国作为权力的强势方，应该加强边境管理、防止域外势力干涉。

A multi-scale analysis of India's geo-setting and enlightenment to China

In the context of the common rise of China and India, the geopolitical competition between China and India is increasingly fierce with the promotion of China's "westward opening" and the Belt and Road initiative. The deconstruction of India's geo-setting is helpful for China to identify geo-risks and formulate effective geo-strategies. This paper deconstructs the Geo-Setting of India on different scales (including global, regional, and national scales) from three aspects: geographical environment, geopolitical imagination, and geo-relation. It also demonstrates how India, based on its geographical environment, formulates and implements its geopolitical strategy. (1) On the global scale, with its geographical advantages in the Indian Ocean, India has built a global geo-strategy based on the Indian Ocean and pursued its status as a great power. (2) On the regional scale, India, relying on its geographical structure, size, power, and influence in South Asia, has built a regional strategy of giving priority to its neighbors and preventing interference by non-regional powers, so as to seek leadership in South Asia. (3) on the national scale, India's national power is divided by its internal diversity (including the caste system, religious contradictions, regionalism, party struggle, etc.), and it is a great challenge for India to strengthen its unified national identity. According to the characteristics of India's Geo-Setting and the power comparison between China and India, from the perspective of China's national interests, in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region, China, as a weaker power, should strengthen the building of a community of interests with India, strengthen intra-regional cooperation, regional connectivity and integration, and enhance the voice and legitimacy in the region. In the border areas between China and India, China, as a stronger power, should strengthen border management and prevent interference by outside forces.