日照市土壤重金属来源解析及环境风险评价

选择日照市的东港区和岚山区为研究区,采集了445个0～20 cm表层土壤样品,并测定了10种重金属元素的含量;采用多元统计和地统计分析,揭示了研究区土壤重金属污染的主要来源以及与土地利用、成土母质之间的关系,绘制了重金属的环境风险概率的空间分布图.结果表明:①As、Co、Cr和Cu的平均值低于山东省东部地区土壤背景值,Cd、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的平均值高于背景值,尤其是Cd、Hg的含量分别为背景值的1.85和1.38倍,土壤中重金属累积较为明显.②10种元素可被辩识出4个主成分(PCs),PC1 (Co、Cr、Mn、Ni和Zn)和PC3 (As、Cu)为自然源因子,PC2 (Cd、Pb)为工农业及交通源因子,PC4(Hg)为工业源因子;其中Pb、Zn在PC1和PC3上均有较大载荷,受地质背景和人类活动的共同控制.③Cd、Hg含量在不同的覆被类型有显著差异,在城镇建设用地的含量最高;Co、Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni在花岗岩和变质岩母质的含量高,与冲积与海积物母质有较大差异.④来自于同一主成分的元素及元素组合的环境风险空间格局与相应主成分插值结果基本一致,所有重金属综合环境风险的高值区在西部和东部呈点状分布,主要是由西部的高地质背景和东部的强烈人为干扰的综合作用造成的.     

博斯腾湖流域绿洲农田土壤重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

新疆博斯腾湖流域绿洲采集195个农田土壤样品,测定其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等8种重金属元素的含量,基于地统计法分析农田土壤重金属空间分布规律,采用污染负荷指数（PLI）和潜在生态风险指数（RI）评价农田土壤重金属污染和潜在生态风险程度,并对重金属的来源进行讨论。结果表明：① 博斯腾湖流域农田土壤Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn含量平均值分别超出新疆土壤背景值的1.67倍、1.13倍、1.15倍、1.29倍、2.11倍和1.65倍。② 农田土壤中8种重金属元素空间分布基本呈现岛状分布格局,各金属元素在部分区域出现高值区,表明研究区人类活动对农田土壤环境具有负面效应。③ 农田土壤Pb呈现中度污染,Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn轻度污染,Mn轻微污染,As无污染。农田土壤重金属污染负荷指数的平均值为1.09,呈现轻度污染态势。④ 各重金属元素单项生态风险指数平均值从大到小依次为：Cd、Ni、As、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn。综合生态风险指数平均值为18.63,处于轻微生态风险态势。从生态风险程度的区域差异来看,各县生态风险指数从大到小依次为：和硕县、博湖县、焉耆县、和静县。⑤ 农田土壤Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni与Zn主要受到土壤地球化学成因的控制,As、Cd和Pb主要受到人类活动的影响。Cd与Pb是研究区主要的污染因子,研究区农田土壤中Cd与Pb污染必须关注。     

东莞市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属的含量特征分析

从东莞市采集118 个农田土壤样品和43 个蔬菜样品, 测试其中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、 Cd、As 和Hg 等8 种重金属元素的含量, 并结合GIS 制图和数据统计, 对农田土壤中重金属 的空间分布和来源、土壤和蔬菜中重金属的富集特征及其潜在风险进行了分析。结果表明, 农田土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd 和Hg 等元素含量均高于相应元素的广东省土壤背景值, 其中, Pb (65.38 mg kg^-1) 和Hg (0.24 mg kg^-1) 含量分别为其对应背景值的1.82 和2.82 倍。与我国《土壤环境质量标准》中II 级标准(pH < 6.5) 相比, 土壤中Cu、Ni、Cd 和Hg 含量样本超标率分别为3.4%、5.9%、1.7%和28%, 表现为以Hg 为主的多种重金属共同污染。土壤 中8 种重金属中Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr 和As 等元素主要来源于成土母质, Pb、Hg 和Cd 等元素主要与人类活动有关。空间分布上, Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Pb、As 和Hg 等7 种重金属含量呈现出西部高、东部低的特点, Cd 含量在西北部和东南部较高, 西南部较低。与《食品中污染物限量》(GB2762-2005) 等相关标准比较, 蔬菜中Ni、Pb 和As 含量的样本超标率分别为4.7%、16.3%和48.8%。蔬菜中重金属富集系数的顺序为: Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb。     

长江三角洲地区土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价——以江苏太仓市为例

太仓市表层土壤Zn、Cu属强变异强度,呈对数正态分布;Cd、Ni、Hg、As、Cr和Pb属中等变异强度,呈正态分布。Cu、Hg、Zn、As显著高于当地背景值,以As累积指数和超背景值率最高;8种重金属除As自表层向下递增外,其余元素均为表层向下递减。土壤复合污染严重,土壤潜在生态风险达中等水平,黄泥土生态风险高于沙夹垅;重金属生态风险以印染厂最大,其次为电镀厂和养殖场,产生潜在生态风险为Hg、Cd,而As、Cu、Zn、Cr、Ni、Pb等多属轻微水平。     

农田土壤重金属污染评价方法对比分析（英文）

农田土壤重金属污染是突出的环境问题之一。准确评估农田土壤重金属污染水平对农业可持续发展至关重要。从中国新疆博斯腾湖流域采集186个农田土壤样品,分析其中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等重金属元素含量,采用污染指数法(P_i)、地质累积指数法(I_(geo))、富集因子法(EF)、生态风险指数法(ER)和环境风险指数法(I_(er)),分析了农田土壤重金属污染水平,并对5种不同评价方法的评价结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,研究区农田土壤中所有元素平均含量均低于国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15168–2018)的限值,但Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Zn等元素含量平均值超出了相应的背景值。5种污染评价方法的评价结果之间存在显著差异。大体上,土壤重金属元素的P_i、I_(geo)和EF平均值从大到小依次为:Zn Pb Cd Cr Ni Cu As;ER平均值从大到小依次为:Cd As Cu Pb Ni Cr Zn;I_(er)平均值从大到小依次为:Cd Cu Zn As=Pb Cr Ni。不同污染评价方法得到的污染等级排序为:P_i I_(geo)=EF ER=I_(er)。为了更好地评估农田土壤环境质量,应采用最合适的污染评价方法和相应的农田土壤背景值。本文建议评价农田土壤重金属污染风险时采用EF法和ER法。     

贡嘎山海螺沟土壤环境背景值特征

贡嘎山海螺沟土壤环境背景复杂,土壤元素背影值中,Cu,Zn,Pb,Cr,Ni,Mn和F都高于全国土壤的背景水平,而元素Cd,As,Se则相反;各土类间同一元素含量的变化不大;成土母质对土壤元素含量的影响深刻;土壤元素含量的垂直分异规律不明显。     

大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区湿地土壤重金属污染评价

2014年9~11月,在测定大山包黑颈鹤国家级自然保护区湿地土壤重金属含量的基础上,分析其重金属的来源;采用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法,评价该区土壤重金属污染特征和潜在的生态危害。结果表明,研究区土壤中的Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cd、Ni、As和Hg的平均质量比分别为159.73 mg/kg、133.35mg/kg、16.53 mg/kg、39.6 mg/kg、1.26 mg/kg、34.76 mg/kg、5.19 mg/kg和0.08 mg/kg;其中,Cd和Hg含量都高于云南省背景值,大多数采样点土壤中的As、Cu、Pb和Zn含量也高于云南省背景值,Cr和Ni含量低于云南省背景值;土壤重金属的污染程度由高到低依次为Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Hg、As和Cr污染,重金属的潜在生态危害由强至弱依次为Cd、Hg、Cu、As、Pb、Zn和Cr生态危害。退耕4 a的土壤综合污染程度和重金属的潜在生态危害指数最高,其次为自然土壤的,退耕10 a土壤的最低;研究区土壤潜在生态危害程度为中等至强等危害程度,土壤重金属污染严重,Cd是第一污染物。土壤退耕年限越长,土壤的污染程度和潜在生态危害越低。研究区湿地土壤重金属污染严重,可能会对黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)的取食和健康造成危害。     

焦岗湖及入湖河流表层沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价

以焦岗湖及入湖河流表层沉积物为研究对象,测定其中7种重金属(As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn和Hg)的含量,并结合多种方法评价其潜在生态风险。结果表明,焦岗湖及入湖河流表层沉积物中的7种重金属含量都未超过国家二级标准限值;湖泊沉积物重金属Cd、Hg、Cu、Ni、As、Pb和Zn地质累积评价污染等级的平均值分别为1.89、0.94、0.47、0.25、0、0和0,所有采样点中,Cd、Hg、Cu和Ni表现出一定的污染水平,其它元素为清洁等级;湖泊沉积物中重金属Cd、Hg、Cu、Ni、As、Pb和Zn潜在生态风险指数分别为109.37、76.99、8.17、7.42、6.96、4.44和1.59,湖泊及入湖河流沉积物主要的潜在生态风险因子都为Cd和Hg,湖泊沉积物中重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数的平均值(214.9)高于入湖河流沉积物的平均值(119.5)。焦岗湖及入湖河流表层沉积物中重金属生态风险等级分别为中等和低等。     

艾比湖流域农田土壤重金属的环境风险及化学形态研究

采集土壤样品,测定8种重金属（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn）的总量及各形态含量,然后采用多种方法并结合土壤背景值进行分析。结果表明：艾比湖流域农田土壤中8种重金属的含量值均未超过国家土壤质量二级标准的限值, 8种重金属可以辨识为2个主成分,重金属Cd、Hg、Pb和Zn的较高风险区主要分布在研究区的中部,重金属As、Cr、Cu和Ni的较高风险区主要分布在研究区南部靠近荒漠、山地以及研究区边缘区域,重金属As、Cr和Ni均以残渣态为主,其他形态含量较低。农田土壤中重金属的生物毒性以Cb为最大,Pb和Hg次之。     

艾比湖流域农田土壤重金属的环境风险及化学形态研究北大核心CSCD

采集土壤样品,测定8种重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)的总量及各形态含量,然后采用多种方法并结合土壤背景值进行分析。结果表明:艾比湖流域农田土壤中8种重金属的含量值均未超过国家土壤质量二级标准的限值,8种重金属可以辨识为2个主成分,重金属Cd、Hg、Pb和Zn的较高风险区主要分布在研究区的中部,重金属As、Cr、Cu和Ni的较高风险区主要分布在研究区南部靠近荒漠、山地以及研究区边缘区域,重金属As、Cr和Ni均以残渣态为主,其他形态含量较低。农田土壤中重金属的生物毒性以Cb为最大,Pb和Hg次之。     

Identifying sources and hazardous risks of heavy metals in topsoils of rapidly urbanizing East China

With rapid economic and social development, soil contamination arising from heavy metals has become a serious problem in many parts of China. We collected a total of 445 samples (0–20 cm) at the nodes of a 2 km×2 km grid in surface soils of Rizhao city, and analyzed sources and risk pattern of 10 heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). The combination of Multivariate statistics analysis and Geostatistical methods was applied to identify the sources and hazardous risk of heavy metals in soils. The result indicated that Cr, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, and As were mainly controlled by parent materials and came from natural sources. Cd and Hg originated from anthropogenic sources. Pb and Zn, belonging to different groups in multivariate analysis, were associated with joint effect of parent materials and human inputs. Ordinary Kriging and Indicator Kriging suggested that single element and elements association from the same principal components had similar spatial distribution. Through comprehensive assessment on all elements, we also found the high risk areas were located in the populated urban areas and western study area, which could be attributed to the higher geological background in the western part and strong human interference in the eastern part.     

烟台海岸带土壤重金属定量源解析及空间预测

定量解析土壤重金属污染来源并绘制空间分布图是土壤重金属调查评价的核心,可为区域土壤环境管理和修复提供科学参考。以中国北方名优农产品生产基地烟台海岸带为研究区,系统开展表层土壤样品采集和重金属分析测试;利用正定矩阵因子分解定量解析土壤重金属的来源贡献;基于独立成分分析和序贯高斯模拟构建多元地统计模拟技术,实现土壤重金属的空间预测及潜在污染区域划定。结果表明：① 研究区表层土壤中 As、Co、Cr、Mn和Ni主要为自然来源,且空间分布受成土母质的控制;② 工业和交通排放是土壤中Cd、Pb和Zn的重要来源,三者在金、铜矿的尾矿区以及烟台市区呈现出污染热点;③ 土壤中Cu主要来自铜基杀菌剂和有机肥施用等农业活动,高值区主要分布在果园土壤;④ 土壤中Hg主要来源于煤炭燃烧和混汞法炼金所排放Hg的大气沉降,高值区主要分布在金矿以及龙口、蓬莱市区周边;⑤ Cu、Hg和Cd的潜在污染区域面积占研究区总面积的37.5%、14.3%和8.6%,应给予重点关注。     

东莞市农田土壤和蔬菜重金属含量分析(英文)

A total of 118 of agricultural soil and 43 of vegetable samples were collected from Dongguan City,Guangdong,China. The spatial distribution,sources,accumulation charac-teristics and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were de-picted in details by three different approaches,including total contents of eight metal ele-ments in soils and vegetables,GIS maps and multivariate analysis of heavy metals in soils in the study. The results show that there are higher accumulation of heavy metals such as Cu,Zn,Ni,Pb,Cd and Hg in agricultural soils,and the contents of Pb (65.38 mg kg-1) and Hg (0.24 mg kg-1) are 1.82 and 2.82 times of the background contents of the corresponding heavy metals in soils of Guangdong Province,respectively. There are about 3.4% of Cu,5.9% of Ni,1.7% of Cd and 28% of Hg in all collected soil samples from all investigated sites which have overran the contents for heavy metals of the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995,Grade Ⅱ ). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly reflected by Hg. There are different sources to eight metal elements in soils,Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr and As are predominantly derived from parent materials,and Pb,Hg and Cd are affected by anthropogenic activities. The spatial distribution shows that the Cu,Zn,Ni,Cr,Pb,As and Hg contents of agricultural soils are high in the west and low in the east,and Cd contents are high in the northwest,southeast and low in the southwest in Dongguan. The ratios of vegetable samples which Ni,Pb and As concentrations higher than the Maximum Levels of Con-taminants in Foods (GB2762-2005) are 4.7%,16.3% and 48.8%,respectively. The order of bio-concentration factors (BCF) of heavy metals in vegetables is Cd Zn Cu As Ni Hg Cr Pb. It is necessary to focus on potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and hu-man's health from agricultural soils and vegetables in Dongguan City,Guangdong Province.     

Heavy metal concentrations of agricultural soils and vegetables from Dongguan, Guangdong

A total of 118 of agricultural soil and 43 of vegetable samples were collected from Dongguan City, Guangdong, China. The spatial distribution, sources, accumulation characteristics and potential risk of heavy metals in the agricultural soils and vegetables were depicted in details by three different approaches, including total contents of eight metal elements in soils and vegetables, GIS maps and multivariate analysis of heavy metals in soils in the study. The results show that there are higher accumulation of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Hg in agricultural soils, and the contents of Pb (65.38 mg kg?1) and Hg (0.24 mg kg?1) are 1.82 and 2.82 times of the background contents of the corresponding heavy metals in soils of Guangdong Province, respectively. There are about 3.4% of Cu, 5.9% of Ni, 1.7% of Cd and 28% of Hg in all collected soil samples from all investigated sites which have overran the contents for heavy metals of the China Environmental Quality Standard for Soils (GB15618-1995, Grade Ⅱ). The pollution characteristics of multi-metals in soils are mainly reflected by Hg. There are different sources to eight metal elements in soils, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and As are predominantly derived from parent materials, and Pb, Hg and Cd are affected by anthropogenic activities. The spatial distribution shows that the Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, As and Hg contents of agricultural soils are high in the west and low in the east, and Cd contents are high in the northwest, southeast and low in the southwest in Dongguan. The ratios of vegetable samples which Ni, Pb and As concentrations higher than the Maximum Levels of Contaminants in Foods (GB2762-2005) are 4.7%, 16.3% and 48.8%, respectively. The order of bio-concentration factors (BCF) of heavy metals in vegetables is Cd > Zn > Cu > As > Ni > Hg > Cr > Pb. It is necessary to focus on potential risk of heavy metals for food safety and human’s health from agricultural soils and vegetables in Dongguan City, Guangdong Province.     

芜湖市区地表灰尘中重金属粒径效应及其健康风险评价

对芜湖市区高新技术开发区、中心城区、经济技术开发区等21个地表灰尘样品中重金属含量的粒径分布效应及其细粒径灰尘重金属健康风险进行分析。结果表明:芜湖市区地表灰尘中9种重金属含量的变化范围较大,并存在不同程度的污染,其中Cd的平均值是土壤背景值的30倍以上。Zn、Cd、Pb、Co、Ni、Cu含量在经济技术开发区最大,Mn在高新技术开发区最大,Cr、V在中心城区最大。不同重金属的粒径分布效应差异较大,大部分重金属在160~200目粒径段的含量最高。重金属主要富集在75μm粒径级别上,富集比例约为50%,大小顺序依次为:CdCuZnCrNiPbCoVMn。手-口摄入途径是儿童对细粒径地表灰尘重金属暴露的主要途径。不同重金属非致癌风险大小依次为:PbCrMnVCuCdCoNiZn,均不构成明显的风险,但经济技术开发区的各重金属叠加风险指数达1.266,存在非致癌风险。Cr、Cd、Co和Ni致癌风险均低于风险阈值,不会对人体造成健康危害。