不同生境四合木种群数量特征比较研究

对不同生境四合木种群的个体与综合数量指标进行了比较分析,测定了各生境区内四合木植株的地径与幼苗补充量。结果表明:不同生境的四合木种群个体及其综合数量指标均有一定差异,其中密度与多度以海南、低山、千里山种群较高,乌家庙、乌达与棋盘井种群较低;盖度、高度、冠幅以低山、乌家庙种群较大,海南、千里山和棋盘井种群较小;平均地径以乌家庙、低山种群较大,乌达、棋盘井种群较小;幼苗补充量以千里山种群最多,乌家庙种群最少;重要值和综合优势比以低山、乌家庙、海南、千里山种群为多,表明其生境条件较为适宜,而乌达与棋盘井种群较低,说明工矿发展和由此引发的土地沙化、环境恶化是四合木生存的主要威胁。     

不同生育期四合木抗氧化系统的变化及生境间差异

对不同生境四合木种群特征、根际土壤理化性质进行了比较分析,对不同生育期四合木抗氧化系统的变化和生境间差异性进行了探讨。结果表明:①不同生境四合木种群密度、盖度、年龄结构存在显著差异,且低山、台地、丘陵种群所处生境有利于幼苗更新,其密度和盖度均显著大于高平原和倾斜平原种群\.②不同生境四合木根际土壤理化性质存在显著差异。对其进行聚类分析分为两类:低山、台地、丘陵为一类（A类）;高平原、倾斜平原为一类（B类）\.方差分析表明,A类样地土壤营养元素（N、P、K）和微量元素（全Fe、Mn、Zn、B、Mo与有效量）、土壤有机质含量及土壤含水量都显著高于B类。③不同生境四合木体内MDA含量、抗氧化酶类SOD、POD、CAT、AsA-POD、GR活性和非酶抗氧化剂GSH、AsA含量均随5月（营养期）、6月（花期）、8月（果期）而不断升高,二者协同作用共同抵抗干旱胁迫诱导的氧化伤害。④不同生境四合木抗氧化系统存在差异性:A类样地受到的膜脂过氧化程度相对较低,其体内的抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量较低;而B类样地四合木根际土壤干旱程度较高,土壤偏贫瘠,植物体通过提高一定幅度的抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量以清除干旱导致的氧化伤害。     

濒危植物四合木生境景观动态及其驱动因子分析

以1977 年MSS 及1990 年、2000 年、2005 年TM 影像数据为基本信息源,运用RS 与GIS 技术,选择若干相 关指标,在系统分析四合木生境景观构成动态变化及其自然与人文驱动因子变化特征的基础上,采用主成分分析 法进行了四合木生境景观动态驱动因子作用强度及其贡献率的定量分析。结果表明：28 年来四合木分布区景观构 成变化较大,其中四合木种群面积不断减少而耕地、城镇、工矿等人工景观类型不断扩张,沙地与其他植被面积扩 展明显,这与研究区旱化趋势加重、人为干扰强度加剧密切相关,且人为因素是造成四合木种群大面积减少及其生 境景观格局变化的主要外因。     

人类活动对纳帕海湿地黑颈鹤越冬生境的干扰强度与格局

快速的城市化进程对城市湿地造成空前的压力,在短期内以人类活动干扰为主要特征;强度各异、来源多样的干扰对以城市湿地为载体的候鸟生境产生的负面影响,影响着候鸟的越冬生境质量,进而影响了候鸟的种群变化。其中,量化人类活动干扰的强度与其对候鸟生境格局的影响是生物保护工作的重要内容之一。纳帕海湿地(Ramsar湿地)是黑颈鹤(Grus nigricollis)中部种群的主要越冬地,然而日趋严重的人类活动干扰已经影响了黑颈鹤种群的越冬生境质量,因而开展这方面的工作是十分必要的。在研究区内,根据黑颈鹤的可利用景观,识别黑颈鹤的潜在生境,结合2010~2015年期间对人类活动干扰源的多次实地调查资料,将影响黑颈鹤生境的主要干扰源进行分类,确定其强度和干扰范围,从而确定2010~2015年期间黑颈鹤实际生境格局及复合干扰位置、强度和范围。研究结果表明,黑颈鹤越冬种群稳定期和迁离期实际生境分别仅占两时期潜在生境的48.9%和38.3%,人类活动干扰是造成黑颈鹤实际生境和潜在生境差异的主要原因;其中,低复合强度干扰的影响面积在稳定期和迁离期都接近总干扰面积的90%,所以,低复合强度干扰是黑颈鹤生境的主要影响因素。因此,控制低复合强度干扰,可以快速、有效地起到保护和恢复黑颈鹤生境的目的。     

渭河流域生境质量时空演变及其地形梯度效应与影响因素

生境质量是关乎人类福祉和区域可持续发展的重要基础,对保护生物多样性、提升生态系统服务功能以及构建区域生态安全格局具有重要意义。基于2000—2020年3期土地利用数据,综合应用InVEST模型、地形位指数、地理探测器及空间统计分析等方法,对渭河流域生境质量空间分布特征及其地形梯度效应与影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明：（1）2000—2020年渭河流域生境质量指数呈逐年增加态势,由0.607增长至0.624,增长幅度为2.463%,空间上呈现出两极化分布格局,低等和高等生境质量面积持续增加,而中等和良好生境质量面积有所下降。（2）渭河流域生境质量空间分布受地形因素影响较大,具有显著的地形梯度效应,低等生境质量在低地形梯度上分布广泛,分布指数最高,而高等生境质量在高地形梯度上占据主导优势。（3）土地利用类型是渭河流域生境质量空间分异的主要影响因素,且任意2个因子对生境质量空间分异的交互作用均大于单个驱动因子的作用,土地利用类型与降雨量、气温、海拔、归一化植被指数的交互决定力均大于0.6。研究结果可为渭河流域可持续发展以及生态保护与高质量发展提供科学的理论支撑与决策支持。     

四合木(Tetraena mongolica)的潜在适生区预测及其与自然保护区GAP分析

明晰物种的潜在分布区及其与当前自然保护区的空缺,对于合理高效地开展濒危物种保护具有重要的意义。为了预测四合木（Tetraena mongolica）在当代（2020s）及未来（2060s、2100s）的分布范围,以及自然保护区对四合木的保护现状,以四合木为对象,利用最大熵模型（The maximum entropy model software,MaxEnt）结合23个环境变量预测其在内蒙古自治区西鄂尔多斯与宁夏回族自治区的潜在适生区,并与当前四合木自然保护区进行了保护空缺分析。结果表明：（1）MaxEnt模型的受试者工作特征曲线下的面积为0.977,表明预测结果准确。（2）影响四合木分布的主要环境因子是最湿月降水量,其次是最干月降水量、距道路距离、等温性、最冷季平均温度、坡度。（3）研究区内四合木当前适生面积为4717 km2;2020s—2100s四合木潜在分布区退缩,并向西北部偏移。（4）基于保护空缺分析,当前仅有14.88%四合木的适宜生境位于保护区内,大面积的四合木适生区未设立自然保护区,这些地区主要集中在内蒙古乌海市和鄂尔多斯市杭锦旗。研究结果旨在为四合木保护及其自然保护区...     

孑遗植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)异地保护条件下的气候生物学特征与光合效率

为了廓清异地保护条件下孑遗濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)的气候生物学特征、光合生理生态适应性及生境适宜性,应用1971—2011年的地面气象资料进行了不同试验区的气候生物图解与分析,测定了四合木及其伴生种白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)的叶片气体交换参数及光合效率。结果表明:①四合木自然分布区(内蒙古乌海地区)与异地保护区的气候生物学特征存在明显分异;②当年种植的四合木实生苗的生长量大小依次为:乌海四合木核心区实生苗鄂尔多斯实生苗阿拉善实生苗;③自然条件下,5个处理的净光合速率(Pn)依次为阿拉善移植的四合木成株(24.05±1.68μmol·m-2·s-1)乌海客土栽培的四合木(19.97±1.05μmol·m-2·s-1)乌海栽培的四合木实生苗(18.96±1.04μmol·m-2·s-1)鄂尔多斯栽培的四合木实生苗(16.64±0.92μmol·m-2·s-1)阿拉善栽培的四合木实生苗(16.48±0.13μmol·m-2·s-1);异地保护试验区栽培的四合木实生苗的Pn没有明显差异(p≥0.05),即原生境条件下栽培的四合木实生苗的Pn较高。同时,异地保护栽培四合木实生苗中,鄂尔多斯栽培的四合木实生苗的Pn阿拉善栽培的四合木实生苗。从四合木光合作用特征中的Pn、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度、气候生物学特征和生长量等综合研究结果可以推断,从原生境区东移的实生苗迁地保护,使四合木具有更高的生理生态适宜性和环境适应性。     

太行山淇河流域土地利用变化对生境的影响

山地作为陆地表面的特殊地域单元,地形起伏较大,生态系统较为脆弱,对全球变化信号有放大作用。因此,研究山地土地利用变化对生境质量的影响,对于权衡区域生态保护与发展及土地资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于InVEST模型,结合土地利用数据,并从地形起伏度视角,对太行山淇河流域2000-2015年生境质量进行研究。结果表明：①2000-2015年期间,淇河流域土地利用变化表现为耕地、林地面积逐渐减少,草地、建设用地面积逐渐增加。②流域整体生境质量较好,平均生境质量指数均超过0.7,且2015年有明显提升。③淇河流域的生境质量变化受地类变化影响较大。耕地、草地、建设用地由于受到过人为干扰的影响,其生境出现不同程度的退化;采伐、毁林开荒等行为导致林地的生境也开始缓慢退化,但由于林地的植被覆盖度较高,抗干扰能力较强,加上逐渐开始对其进行恢复,生境质量水平依然较高。④该流域生境质量在地形起伏度上的分布特征表现为平坦区和微起伏区以一般等级生境质量为主,小起伏区和中起伏区则以高度重要和极重要等级生境质量为主。     

河西走廊芦苇(Phragmites australis)种群营养繁殖特征及其对土壤因子的响应

以河西走廊湿生芦苇为对照,研究盐碱芦苇和沙生芦苇种群根茎的年龄结构、营养繁殖力、潜在种群与现实种群的数量关系及其对土壤因子的响应,探究芦苇(Phragmites australis)种群对土壤因子的趋异适应机理,为芦苇种群的扩展提供理论依据。结果表明:盐碱芦苇和沙生芦苇有6个龄级,湿生芦苇有5个龄级;根茎长度、根茎生物量和干物质贮量盐碱芦苇和沙生芦苇均小于湿生芦苇,根茎长度和生物量的年龄结构均为3龄级占比最大,最高龄级占比最小,干物质贮量以5龄级根茎最大,1龄级根茎最小;与湿生芦苇相较,相同龄级盐碱和沙生芦苇均存在显著性差异(P0.05)。盐碱芦苇芽库总存量要远大于湿生芦苇,但沙生芦苇要远小于湿生芦苇;芦苇种群根茎芽均以2龄级占比最大,从4龄级开始明显下降,但沙生芦苇从5龄级开始下降。盐碱芦苇和沙生芦苇侧生蘖比例较大,湿生芦苇主蘖所占比重较大。3种生态型芦苇群落样地土壤因子均存在显著性差异(P0.05),盐碱生境pH值和含盐量高于湿地生境,盐碱和沙地两种生境其余各营养指标均小于湿地生境。土壤含水量和碱解氮含量是影响芦苇生长的重要正向驱动因素,而土壤含盐量为重要的负向驱动因素,不同生境的芦苇可以通过调节自身根茎休眠芽与活动芽间的转换、根茎的发育以及主蘖和侧生蘖发育,以应对各自遭遇的生境。     

人类活动及气候变化影响下伊犁河谷生境质量预测研究

生境质量是衡量生态系统服务功能及其健康程度的重要指标,准确预测生境质量的演变对于推动区域生态环境的高质量发展至关重要。耦合系统动力学-斑块生成土地利用模拟（SDPLUS）模型与生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估（InVEST）模型,预测了2035年不同气候情景下（SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0、SSP5-8.5）伊犁河谷土地利用/覆被格局变化,并评估了其生境质量时空演变特征。结果表明：（1）1980—2020年,伊犁河谷土地利用类型呈现“4增2减”的变化趋势。2035年4种气候情景下,伊犁河谷林草地面积降幅较大,建设用地扩张趋势较为明显,挤占了城郊优质耕地资源。（2）伊犁河谷生境质量等级与土地利用/覆被类型密切相关。生境高值及较高值区主要分布在地形崎岖的林草地覆被区,低值及较低值区主要分布在人类活动集聚区及南北天山未利用地覆被区。（3）1980—2020年,伊犁河谷生境质量呈现下降趋势。生境质量退化区主要分布在伊犁河-巩乃斯河流域以及特克斯河流域附近。（4）2035年4种气候情景下,伊犁河谷生境指数持续走低。生境指数均值排序为：SSP1-2.6>SSP2-4.5&...     

Habitat suitability assessment of endangered plant Tetraena mongolica Maxim.

This paper uses Landsat TM images, GIS technology, Digital Elevation and Habitat Assessment Models to assess the habitat suitability of the endangered plant Tetraena mongolica in western Ordos Plateau of China by selecting terrain, soil, climate, and human activity factors as assessment indices. The results are as follows: natural factors such as climate and terrain are not restrictive factors for the survival and development of T. mongolica in the research region, whereas human activity causes habitat quality of T. mongolica to change intensively in quantity and distribution. The area of less suitable habitat increased by 23.87 km² compared to potential habitat suitability. Thus, in some areas, human activity may be a key factor causing the endangerment of T. mongolica. There were obvious differences of potential and practical habitat suitability between different habitat regions in the study area. The habitat quality was better in Wujiamiao, Dishan and Qipanjing regions, and worse in Wuda and Qianlishan regions.     

气候变化下基于物种与植物耦联机制的小白额雁(Anser erythropus)潜在生境及适宜性研究--以长江流域中下游为例

气候变化和人类活动通过改变物种生境而影响物种多样性。小白额雁是长江流域中下游的一种具有较高生态价值的食草型濒危候鸟,受气候变化和人类活动威胁。本文以小白额雁为代表性物种,定量分析了气候变化对长江流域中下游候鸟潜在生境及适宜性空间分布格局的影响。采用Maxent模型模拟了当前情景和全球环流模型(GCMs)气候场景下小白额雁潜在生境及其适宜性分布。研究结果表明,小白额雁分布特征与其栖息地周边植物分布呈显著相关关系;运用Maxent模型模拟小白额雁六种主要食源植物的分布特征,并将其结果作为环境变量,将显著改善小白额雁潜在生境及其适宜性模型的模拟性能;在两种典型浓度情景(RCP 2.6和RCP8.5)下,2070年小白额雁潜在生境适宜性面积将下降。为应对气候变化对小白额雁的影响,应采取更加合理的管理措施和保护政策,包括调整保护区的大小、形状和用途。     

中国东北地区人为活动对森林景观格局及鹿科动物生境的影响（英文）

Species abundance and habitat distribution are two important aspects of species conservation studies and both are affected by similar environmental factors. Forest resource inventory data in 2010 were used to evaluate the patterns of habitat for target species of Cervidae in six typical forestry bureaus of the Yichun forest area in the Lesser Xing'an Mountains, northeastern China. A habitat suitability index(HSI) model was used based on elevation, slope, aspect, vegetation and age of tree. These five environmental factors were selected by boosted regression tree(BRT) analysis from 14 environmental variables collected during field surveys. Changes in habitat caused by anthropogenic activities mainly involving settlement and road factors were also considered. The results identified 1780.49 km2 of most-suitable and 1770.70 km2 of unsuitable habitat areas under natural conditions, covering 16.38% and 16.29% of the entire study area, respectively. The area of most-suitable habitat had been reduced by 4.86% when human interference was taken into account, whereas the unsuitable habitat area had increased by 11.3%, indicating that anthropogenic disturbance turned some potential habitats into unsuitable ones. Landscape metrics indicated that average patch area declined while patch density and edge density increased. This suggests that as habitat becomes fragmented and its quality becomes degraded by human activities, cervid populations will be threatened with extirpation. The study helped identify the spatial extent of habitat influenced by anthropogenic interference for the local cervid population. As cervid species clearly avoid human activities, more attention should be paid on considering the way and intensity of human activities for habitat management as fully as possible.     

数字地形模型在濒危动物生境研究中的应用

本文建立了卧龙自然保护区２０００ｋｍ２范围的数字地形模型,并将其应用在濒危珍稀动物大熊猫的生境研究上。通过计算机叠加大熊猫可分布的高度、坡度及竹子分布区域,获得了大熊猫在卧龙自然保护区内的潜在生境区,其比实际的熊猫分布范围大出近一倍,文章还对潜在生境的适宜性进行了划分。     

基于RS与GIS的三峡库区(重庆段)人居环境适宜性评价

To explore geographical differences in quantitative characteristics and spatial pat-tern of human settlements environmental suitability (HSES) in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA),terrain,climate,hydrology,vegetation and other natural factors were selected to build the livable environmental evaluation,and the quantitative analysis was conducted through Remote Sensing(RS) and Geographic Informational System (GIS) to reveal geo-graphical characteristics and spatial patterns of HSES.The results are obtained as follows:(1) inhabitants of the TGRA of Chongqing are concentrated in the area with moderate high HSES,which is 78% of the total population distributed in 48% of the study area;(2) the HSES is closely related to the terrain,and it forms an arc-banded spatial succession pattern:relatively low in the northeast and the southeast while comparatively high in the west and the south;(3) large numbers of people are distributed in the area with low suitability (with higher population density than the average of the western China),but economic development level in these areas is quite low.Moreover,these areas are ecological sensitive and fragile,many kinds of eco-environmental problems have been caused by human activities.Therefore,population migration and layout are reasonable options for the development of these areas.     

中国绿色旅游基地适宜性综合评价

绿色旅游主要指以游览原生态自然山水获得身心愉悦的旅游。以多源地理信息数据为基础,基于GIS空间技术,通过综合分析绿色旅游资源、现状和潜力,对国家绿色旅游资源进行空间探索性分析,从而为国家绿色旅游基地建设、适宜性评价和基地选址提供参考。结果表明：① 中国绿色旅游发展适宜区域整体呈现出分片聚集状态,各片区中很适宜和适宜地区在空间上呈交叉分布。② 中部低纬度地区,绿色旅游资源基础、现状和潜力均较好;西部地区资源分布零散,发展现状和潜力相对薄弱,但区域特色优势显著,适宜依托区域特色进行深度开发。东北山脉地区的绿色旅游已达到一定规模,应提升旅游品质,扩大影响力;其他地区因气候、地形等因素,较难发展绿色旅游产业。     

毛乌素沙地生态环境失调的研究

柳湾林分布区定位观测试验和室内实验、１４Ｃ测年、孢粉分析研究结果表明，毛乌素沙地生态环境失调的决定性因素是地质构造和地势，它决定了该地区干旱气候条件和丰富的沙源。第四纪以来的３００多万年间，气候干湿相间出现，总趋势向干旱发展，全新世以来更加明显。植被随气候变化演替，森林草原植物群落逐渐被旱生灌木植物群落代替，保持脆弱的生态平衡。干旱导致地下水位下降、水质恶化是沙区生态环境失调的主导因子，人为破坏生物群落使生态环境失调加速也是不可忽视的因素     

Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Water Suitability in the Upper and Middle Reaches of the Tao’er River Area

Due to the impact of climate change and human activities, the upper and middle reaches of the Tao’er River have become an ecologically sensitive area in Northeast China. It is important to evaluate the contributions of climate change and human activities to water suitability in the Tao’er River area. From the perspective of water and heat balance, the water suitability index (c_r) was used to analyze the water suitability of the upper and middle reaches of the river. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall, moving t-test and cumulative anomaly methods were used to detect abrupt changes in Taonan station runoff from 1961 to 2012. Three inflexion years were detected. Thus, the entire time period was divided into four periods: 1961-1974, 1975-1983, 1984-1998, and 1999-2012. In order to estimate the impacts of climate change and human activities on runoff, the slope change ratio of cumulative quantity (SCRCQ) was adopted. Finally, the contribution of climate change and human activity to c_r was transformed from the contribution of climate change and human activity to runoff by the sensitivity coefficient method and SCRCQ method. The results showed that the water suitability index (c_r) had a decreasing trend 1961-2012. Factors influencing c_r, such as net radiation and runoff, also exhibited a decreasing trend, while precipitation exhibited an increasing trend over the past 52 years. The trends of c_r, net radiation and runoff were obvious, which passed the Mann-kendall test of significance at α=0.05. Human activities were the main factors that affected runoff, although the degree of impact was different at different times. During the past 52 years, the biggest contributor to the change in c_r was precipitation.     

Spatial Distribution Prediction of Habitats Selected by Wintering Common Cranes(Grus grus) at Yeya Lake Wetlands under Land Use Change

Yeya Lake Wetlands are the largest site for wintering birds in Beijing, where common cranes(Grus grus)winters every year. The land cover of the wetlands has undergone distinct changes from 2006 to 2009 as a result of human activities. In 2006, a survey of the presence/absence of the birds was completed using a line-transect method.A predictive model of habitat suitability was derived by using logistic regression and geographic information system.Then, this habitat suitability model was applied in 2009 under the land use change to test the effectiveness of the model and compare the habitat suitability between 2 years. The negative associations between Grus grus presence and increasing elevation, distances to grassland, to farmland, to bush, and to road suggested a preference for low lying areas in close proximity to food and cover. While the positive associations with distances to buildings and to water suggested a preference for low disturbance areas. The areas of suitable habitats increased from 2006 to 2009, and the spatial model was effective in both years. Habitat preference of Grus grus varied in land use types, therefore habitat suitability dynamics might possibly relate to land use change and thereby be predictable through a geographic information system approach. Although the obtained model had a good fit in both years, it was suspected that if frequent human activities continued, the number of Grus grus might decrease or disappear in this area. According to the field survey, the spacious water area was essential for wintering birds and the risks from loss of lake water and unfavorable crop practices might dramatically change the quality of each type of land use.