基于3S技术的福建省湿地景观格局特征分析

利用福建省1986、1993、2000年的TM影像和2004年的中巴地球资源卫星影像,在RS、GPS和GIS技术支持下,结合福建省生态环境特征,选取了斑块面积指标、形状指标、破碎化程度指标、聚散性指标、多样性指标等5类景观生态学指数,研究福建省1986-2004年湿地景观格局演变规律.结果表明:(1)福建省湿地面积总体呈下降趋势.1986-2004年各期湿地总面积分别是:1793793.06 hm2、1665966.28 hm2、1609862.77 hm2、1618760.97 hm2.各景观面积指数表现出不同程度的变化,其中灌溉地、河流、河漫滩、沼泽、盐田景观面积呈现下降趋势,蓄水区、海水养殖景观面积增大,其他类型波动变化;(2)受人类活动的影响,景观优势组分对景观整体的控制作用有所减弱.Shannon-Wiener多样性指数4个时期分别为0.6681、0.7375、0.8165、0.8301,Shannon-Wiener均匀度指数分别为0.3041、0.3356、0.3716、0.3778,斑块面积变异系数由1986年的882.069 5%下降到2004年的516.315 7%;(3)湿地景观受外界干扰程度加大,破碎化程度加剧;同时,湿地原始形态也受到了较复杂的影响.边缘密度由1986年的5.9981 m/hm2上升到2004年的6.6982m/hm2,平均形状指数也从2.1758略微下降到1.9910;(4)各斑块类型和周围相邻斑块类型的空间连接程度进一步降低,湿地景观被分隔态势增强.蔓延度指数下降,4个时期分别为83.3695、81.9283、79.8908、79.8203,斑块结合度从1986年的99.2029连续降至2004年的98.5459.     

闽江口琅岐岛湿地景观格局变化研究

以闽江口琅岐岛为研究区,选取1989年4月9日、1997年1月28日的Landsat TM影像和2005年1月7日的SPOT5影像为数据源,根据琅岐岛湿地的区域特点,将湿地景观划分为滩涂、灌溉水田、养殖水面、河漫滩、水库坑塘、河流6种类型;研究了琅岐岛湿地景观格局特征、变化和各景观类型间的转化.结果表明,3个时期的湿地面积发生明显变化,与1989年和1997年相比,2005年湿地面积大幅增加,达到4 056.12 hm2,湿地景观类型以灌溉水田、养殖水面和滩涂为主;1997年,湿地斑块数量(60块)、斑块密度(2.250 8)和景观破碎度(0.020 5)最大,人类活动对湿地景观的干扰较大;各湿地景观要素中,水库坑塘的斑块密度和分离度指数最大,斑块小,分布零散,灌溉水田的斑块密度和分离度指数最小,表明灌溉水田斑块大且连通件好,破碎化程度低;研究期间,除河流较稳定外,其他类型湿地面积变化较明显,面积变化较大的是养殖水面和灌溉水田;与1989年相比.2005年养殖水面面积净增1 124.01 hm2,其中由其他类型湿地转化的面积有541.44 hm2,还有582.57 hm2由非湿地转化而来;灌溉水田面积净增252.54 hm2,除各类湿地之间转出、转入外,另有761.76 hm2由非湿地转入;在人类活动干扰下,琅岐岛湿地景观多样性趋于增加.     

近30年白洋淀湿地景观的时空变化特征

白洋淀是华北平原最大的湖泊湿地,其景观格局变化对雄安新区乃至整个京津冀的生态安全具有重要意义。采用目视和基于样本的面向对象方法解译了1988—2018年的Landsat影像资料,对白洋淀湿地景观进行分类,并分析了白洋淀湿地景观类型和格局的时空变化特征。结果表明:1988—2018年,沼泽向滩地和耕地以及湖泊向沼泽、滩地和耕地发生大面积转换,湿地景观面积占比下降15.8%,滩地替代湖泊成为面积最大的湿地类型;沼泽和湖泊的最大斑块指数(LPI)大幅减少,耕地最大斑块指数(LPI)持续增加。河流的形状逐渐复杂,库塘和耕地形状趋于规则。沼泽、湖泊和耕地的斑块连接程度较好,破碎化程度较低;景观破碎化和多样性增加,景观形状指数(MSI)变化微弱,各景观类型面积趋于均衡,优势景观类型的连通性减弱,对整个景观镶嵌体的控制作用减小,景观异质性增加。     

两个时期福建省滨海湿地景观格局的比较

以2000年7幅Landsat7 ETM+影像和2009年12幅ALOS AVNIR-2影像为主要数据源,通过景观格局指数和转移矩阵,对福建省滨海湿地2000年和2009年两个时期的景观格局进行定量分析和比较。结果表明,与2000年相比,2009年福建省天然滨海湿地面积减少了44 296.6 hm2,人工滨海湿地面积增加了31 583 hm2,滨海湿地面积共减少了12 713.6 hm2;红树林、水田、库塘和盐田的保留率较低,滨海湿地大面积向非湿地转移,天然湿地向人工湿地转移;边缘密度指数升高、斑块结合度指数降低,景观格局破碎化程度加深;湿地与非湿地之间的转移过程所占比重最大,整体转移过程以水产养殖和非湿地为优势转出类型,说明了随着滨海地区的发展,人类对环境的改造强度不断加大,特别是养殖业的发展,是滨海湿地景观格局变化的最主要影响因素。     

近20年来河南沿黄湿地景观格局演化

在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,结合河南沿黄湿地的区域特点,确定了河南沿黄湿地景观分类系统,通过采用景观多样性指数、优势度、景观破碎化指数、分布质心和扩展度等景观的空间格局指数,比较系统地分析了近20年河南沿黄湿地景观空间格局变化。结果表明：(1) 河南沿黄湿地的分布面积呈显著下降趋势。1987~2002年湿地面积减少了19.18 %,斑块数量增加了21.27 %,斑块密度净增加0.5倍。斑块总边缘增加了129 0491 m,斑块平均边缘减少了117.84 m。(2) 随着人类干扰强度增加,景观多样性下降,优势度增高。研究区景观多样性指数1987年为1.174,2002年降为0.9803,优势度指数由1987年的0.4355提高到2002年的0.6291。湿地的破碎化程度随着湿地面积的减小和斑块数量的增加,其破碎化程度越来越大,破碎化指数由1987年的0.0141增加到2002年的0.0172。(3) 湿地景观要素中,稻田湿地面积在增加,而水库坑塘、河流、滩地、荒草沼泽地面积都在不断减少,其中荒草沼泽 (芦苇沼泽) 湿地面积减少幅度最大。1987年荒草沼泽湿地占整个湿地地区的0.5%,但到2002年只占0.11%。表明近20年来,人类活动对河南沿黄湿地景观格局变化的影响程度较大。     

基于RS、GIS技术的扎龙沼泽湿地景观格局变化分析

本文以1986年、1999年、2002年的扎龙区域Landsat TM影像为数据源,利用RS、GIS技术分析了扎龙地区沼泽湿地16年的空间格局变化。选取景观破碎化指数、分形维数、分布质心等景观指数进行计算分析,同时研究了不同地区中沼泽湿地面积相对于总的沼泽湿地面积的变化情况。结果表明扎龙区域沼泽湿地的破碎化程度在加深,斑块形状变化不大,其质心位置向西北偏移,西北部的沼泽湿地不如东南部稳定,受到的人为影响更大。     

1990年以来4个时期四川省湿地的面积、景见旨数及其变化

以1990年、2000年、2010年和2015年的Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI影像为数据源,在遥感和地理信息系统技术的支持下,研究了4个时期四川省湿地的面积、景观指数及其变化。研究结果表明,与1990年相比,2015年四川省的湿地总面积减少了29 744.84 hm^2,其中,沼泽湿地面积减少了63 619.19 hm^2,河流湿地面积减少了27 742.60 hm^2;人工湿地面积增加了63 249.19 hm^2;四川省的湿地主要分布在川西北高原湿地区,最主要的湿地类型是沼泽湿地。随着时间的推移,4个时期四川省的湿地斑块数量、斑块密度和香农多样性指数在波动增大,而最大斑块指数在波动减小,面积加权平均斑块分维数变化不大;四川省的湿地向斑块破碎化、形状规则化和类型多样化方向发展。     

珠江口滨海湿地景观格局变化分析

以专题地图和遥感影像为数据源,采集1986、1995和2005年珠江口滨海湿地数据,选取基于景观类型的景观聚集度指数、景观分维数和基于景观面积的景观多样性指数,从景观类型和景观水平研究珠江口滨海湿地景观格局变化。结果表明:(1)在各湿地景观类型中,面积占绝对优势的是浅海水域景观,面积增加最多的是养殖水面,减少最多的是水田。(2)受人为开发因素影响,湿地总面积持续减少,1986―1995年和1995―2005年湿地总面积相继减少20821hm2和55708hm2,分别相当于研究区总面积的5.3﹪和14.2﹪。(3)湿地景观变化具有显著时间异质性,类型分布具有显著的空间异质性。人为开发和分割湿地景观导致各景观类型聚集度指数不同程度降低,而景观分维数增加,景观多样性指数先小幅增加后大幅下降。(4)湿地景观格局的变化导致湿地整体质心坐标经历了先向北移动0.4km,后向东南迁移6.1km。前后两个时期相比,湿地面积减少速度和质心迁移速度在后期明显加快,由此反映出岸线以上陆域湿地正在加速退化。研究珠江口滨海湿地景观格局变化,可为保护和长期规划珠江口滨海湿地提供科学依据。     

近20年来淇澳岛红树林湿地景观格局分析

该文分析近20a来淇澳岛红树林湿地景观格局演变,采用遥感和GIS相结合的方法,利用遥感图像处理软件ERDAS对3个时相(1988年、1995年、2002年)的Landsat TM遥感图像应用专家系统方法分类;结合ARCGIS8．1,辅助FRAGSTATS3．01景观软件计算斑块和类型水平上的景观格局指数。淇澳岛红树林面积呈上升趋势,1988年、1995年和2002年分别为20．16hm^2、28．08hm^2、57．96hm^2;斑块数目从1988年的1个增加到2002年的18个,总斑块密度、平均斑块周长面积比呈上升趋势;平均斑块大小、平均斑块分维数、平均斑块形状指数呈下降趋势。近20a来淇澳岛红树林湿地景观受人为干扰,景观破碎化程度不断扩大,需对湿地多功能景观进行科学调控。     

1955~2010年小三江平原沼泽湿地景观格局变化及其对人为干扰的响应

以湿地变化较为剧烈的小三江平原为研究区域,以1955~2010年的地形图和Landsat TM遥感数据为数据源,采用网格分析法研究景观指数的时空分异规律,并分析不同时期人为干扰度对景观格局指数的影响。结果表明：① 从时间上看,1955~2010年小三江平原沼泽湿地的面积和最大斑块逐渐减小,斑块占景观比从52.87%下降到10.41%,最大斑块减少了47.6%,破碎化和分散性逐渐增加,连接度从1.02%增加到2.88%后下降为0.79%,呈先增加后降低的趋势,斑块的形状由复杂变得简单后又变得复杂,人为干扰度逐渐增加,从0.31%增加到0.6%;② 从空间上看,1955年研究区沼泽湿地景观由西南向东北破碎化逐渐减弱,1986年后变为由西南向东北破碎化逐渐增加的格局。沼泽湿地斑块类型所占景观面积比例和连接度指数的高值区主要分布在研究区的中部和东北部。人为干扰度的空间分布格局是由西南向东北逐渐减弱;③ 1955~2010年人为干扰对小三江平原沼泽湿地的邻近与连接程度的影响逐渐减弱,对沼泽湿地边缘密度影响逐渐增强,人为干扰对沼泽湿地斑块密度的影响主要受沼泽湿地面积的影响,人为干扰对沼泽湿地斑块的形状影响较小,沼泽湿地的优势景观控制力逐渐下降,人为干扰是小三江平原湿地面积减少的主要原因。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

Assessment of GIAHS in Shizuoka: The Traditional Tea-grass Integrated System

<正>1 Introduction In 2013,Chagusaba,which is traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka,were accepted as new world heritage site of agriculture.Shizuoka prefecture occupies a variety of elevations,from 0 to 3000m or more above sea level.Because of the diversity of land features and climates,this area produces 167 agricultural commodities.In addition,a lot of traditional agriculture and over200 local native varieties of crops have been conserved in Shizuoka     

ERAHS: A New Platform for the Exchange of Regional Information and Experience on Agricultural Heritage Systems

<正>There are more than 10000 years of agricultural development history in the world that has provided very fruitful and ingenious traditional knowledge and experiences reflecting the evolution of humanity and the nature.In2002,the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)initiated an international partnership initiative of"Conservation and Adaptive Management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.