旅游业能源消耗与碳排放研究进展及启示

随着旅游业的快速发展,旅游业能源消耗和碳排放已成为影响全球气候变化的重要因素之一。在概述国内外旅游业能源消耗和碳排放研究历程的基础上,对区域旅游业、旅游交通、旅游住宿、旅游活动、旅游景区的能耗和碳排放测度、旅游业对全球气候变化的缓解与适应等方面的国内外相关文献进行了系统的梳理和分析。结果显示:国外研究相对综合和深入,对旅游业能耗与碳排放的结构及其定量测算与情景分析方面进行了系统分析,形成了基于"测定—减排—补偿"体系化的节能减排措施。国内研究起步较晚,需在旅游业能耗和碳排放重点领域的定量测度、情景分析和动态预测、深化研究内容等方面更加深入,为我国旅游业节能减排、低碳发展提供科学依据。     

长三角地区旅游业能源消耗的CO2排放测度研究

旅游业与气候环境变化息息相关,低碳旅游是旅游业对气候变化的积极响应,也是低碳经济的延伸,将会给全球旅游业带来深远影响。但目前国内大部分有关低碳旅游的研究仍停留在定性阶段,尤其是旅游业碳排放的测度研究仍比较薄弱。本文在深入分析和总结国内外已有研究的基础上,以能源消耗平衡表为依据,借鉴"旅游消费剥离系数"概念,构建出符合我国目前统计口径的旅游业碳排放测度方法。并以长江三角洲地区为研究范围,对江苏、浙江和上海三地旅游业碳排放进行测度和对比分析。研究表明:目前在长三角地区,旅游业碳排放总量持续攀升,并与旅游业总收入成正相关。其中旅游交通仓储和邮电业碳排放在旅游业碳排放总量中占主导地位,而旅游餐饮、住宿和购物过程中的碳排放也不容忽视。旅游收入增长与旅游低碳化发展的矛盾仍然十分突出,迫切需要转变旅游业发展方式。     

旅游业碳排放研究进展

全球气候变化与资源环境问题对人类可持续发展带来了巨大冲击,节能减排已成为全球社会经济和环境可持续发展的必然要求.科学分析旅游业碳排放有助于推动旅游地的旅游业及其关联产业的节能减排与可持续发展.本文概述旅游业碳排放的研究历程,分析和评述了旅游业碳排放的研究方法,然后从区域旅游和旅游业各部门的碳排放测度、旅游碳足迹、旅游业碳排放的影响、应对旅游业碳排放影响的对策等5 个方面,综述旅游业碳排放主要的研究内容.最后对中国旅游业碳排放研究提出了建议.     

碳足迹研究进展及其对低碳旅游研究的启示

旅游业不仅是气候变化的受害者,也是造成气候变化的重要原因。基于生命周期评价理论的碳足迹研究,可以对产品或服务从“摇篮”到“坟墓”的整个生命过程所排放的直接和间接的CO2量进行估算。通过整理国内外对碳足迹研究起源,碳足迹内涵,碳足迹分类,碳足迹研究理论与方法,区域碳足迹,碳足迹与贸易、碳足迹与家庭生活,碳足迹计算器,碳足迹标签等方面的研究,总结国内外在碳足迹研究上的差异,并从旅游碳足迹研究,低碳旅游政策,碳汇旅游,低碳旅游衡量标准等方面提出低碳旅游研究的启示。     

镇江“三山”风景区旅游碳排放测度研究

旅游景区碳排放测度对实现景区的低碳化发展有着重要的理论意义和现实指导意义。基于旅游业构成和生命周期评价2个维度,构建了旅游景区碳排放测度分析框架和估算方法。以镇江"三山"风景区为例,分别对景区内交通、住宿、餐饮、购物、娱乐、管理和废弃物处理7个方面的碳排放进行测度,分析了碳排放构成的成因。结果表明:2014年"三山"风景区的碳排放总量为4 530.33 t。其中,景区交通碳排放量为2 186.74 t,占景区总碳排放的48.27%,是景区旅游碳排放最多的部门;景区住宿业碳排放量为1 171.93 t,餐饮碳排放量为838.14 t,分别占景区碳排放总量的25.87%和18.50%,这3个部门的碳排放占景区碳排放总量的92.64%。由此可见,旅游交通、住宿和餐饮碳排放是"三山"风景区的主要旅游碳源。在"三山"风景区实现低碳化发展中应从建立城市低碳交通体系、饭店和餐馆的绿色化、加强景区碳汇保护和智慧景区建设等多方面入手。     

国外低碳旅游研究领域知识图谱——基于文献共词分析的计量研究

为厘清现有低碳旅游研究方向,将国外低碳旅游相关文献作为研究对象,借助"出现频数"与"共现次数"两大统计指标所构关键词共词矩阵,对国外低碳旅游研究共词网络及知识图谱进行分析。研究结果表明:(1)国外低碳旅游研究集中于"测量—减排—补偿"这一逻辑脉络,研究内容已基本形成体系,然而受"先减排后补偿,以建立碳中和目的地"这一目标影响,减排和补偿研究领域一直呈重叠现象;(2)低碳旅游测量研究主要集中在测量方法和测量对象2个方面,并识别出旅游交通、旅游住宿以及旅游活动是影响旅游碳排放的关键变量;(3)低碳旅游减排研究涉及低碳旅游发展模式与低碳旅游消费方式2个方面,且旅游交通、旅游住宿与旅游活动这三者不仅是旅游碳排放形成的核心因素,同时也是实现旅游业节能减排的关键所在;(4)低碳旅游补偿研究包含经济补偿措施、工程补偿措施以及教育补偿措施3个方面。     

湖南省旅游业碳排放的初步估算及脱钩效应分析

旅游业碳排放已经成为当前影响环境的重要因素之一。以中部典型省份湖南省为例,采用"自下而上"法、文献研究以及相关统计分析方法,从旅游交通、住宿和旅游活动三个重点领域初步估算了湖南省旅游业碳排放量,并运用脱钩模型对湖南省旅游业碳排放与旅游经济增长间的脱钩关系进行了分析。研究表明:2000-2009年,湖南省旅游业碳排放占湖南省碳排放的比重为1.11%,虽略大于全国旅游业碳排放占全国碳排放0.86%的比重,但远低于全球旅游业碳排放占全球碳排放量5.30%的比例;湖南省旅游业碳排放量中,旅游交通碳排放占73.34%;旅游住宿碳排放占24.19%;旅游活动碳排放占2.45%;湖南省旅游业碳排放与旅游经济增长间的脱钩关系均以弱脱钩为主,但旅游经济增长速度要明显快于旅游业碳排放增长速度,其脱钩弹性系数在处于0.196-0.777之间。旅游业既是湖南省低排放产业,也是湖南省应对气候变化的优势产业,应进一步提高低碳旅游对湖南省低碳经济发展的推动作用。     

基于投入产出法的湖南省旅游业碳排放测算及GRA关联度分析

全球气候变化问题对旅游业提出了新的要求。测算旅游业碳排放是深入研究低碳旅游的基础,对低碳旅游发展具有重要意义。基于投入产出法较为准确地估算了2008年~2014年湖南省旅游业的直接碳排放,分析了湖南省旅游业直接碳排放强度与人均碳排放的演变趋势,运用GRA关联法分析了湖南省旅游业各部门对碳排放影响的关联度。研究表明:(1)2008年~2014年,湖南省旅游业直接碳排放增长较快,从295.25万吨增长到783.14万吨;(2)湖南省交通、餐饮、购物和住宿部门的碳排放占到了旅游业直接碳排放总量的90%以上,是旅游业减碳化的主攻方向;(3)湖南省旅游业直接碳排放强度与人均碳排放呈现波动下降的趋势;(4)湖南省旅游业吃、住、行、游、购、娱六部门的碳排放与旅游业直接碳排放总量的关联度排序依次为:旅游游览(0.9296)旅游餐饮(0.8456)旅游交通(0.8254)旅游住宿(0.8092)旅游购物(0.7109)其他(0.5732);(5)湖南省旅游业节能减排的突破点在于改变传统游览方式,重点在于促进交通理念和交通模式低碳化。     

江苏省区域旅游业碳排放测度及其因素分解

区域旅游业碳排放测度是分解旅游业减碳任务的需要。依托1997年、2002年和2007年的投入产出表和旅游终端收入,以江苏省为案例地,测度了旅游业各部门包括直接和间接碳排放的旅游业碳排放总量,并利用LMDI分解了影响因素的作用机理。结果显示,旅游业碳排放总量增长较快,较均衡分布于各部门,绝大多数来自间接层面;国内游客的碳排放总量显著高于入境游客,但前者的每人次碳排放远低于后者,也远低于发达国家,还低于发展中国家;省内各地区的碳排放总量和每人次碳排放均存在着显著差异;游客规模不断扩大和旅游消费水平持续提高是碳排放增长的主要驱动力,能源强度下降和能源结构调整则对碳排放具有一定的抑制作用,收入结构变动作用具有一定的阶段波动性特征。结果表明,旅游业减碳不仅需各部门共同分担,更依赖向其提供中间产品的关联产业的大力联动;国内游客是主要碳源,需要大量排放空间;游客每人次碳排放高的地区应承担较大的减排责任;降低能源利用强度和引导旅游消费低碳发展,是旅游业碳减排的主要方向。     

住宿业碳排放研究进展

住宿业作为旅游业的主要用能部门之一,其碳减排成为应对全球气候变化的一个重要部分,日益受到学术界重视。通过梳理和总结国内外相关文献,可以看出:国内外住宿业碳排放的研究内容集中在住宿业直接和间接用能碳排放的计算、碳减排影响因素、碳减排措施等方面;研究方法以定量的居多,各种统计分析法都有所涉及,国内住宿业碳排放的研究比国外相对滞后。总体上学术界对住宿业碳排放的研究内容由浅入深,研究方法由简单到复杂,为住宿业的节能减排提供了科学依据,也为低碳旅游发展研究奠定了基础。     

中国入境旅游碳足迹时空特征与演化研究

据统计,旅游碳排放已占全球碳排放总量的4.9%,加强对其研究和控制是关乎人类能否可持续发展的重要命题。本文基于地理学的视角,研究了中国2007年到2017年间30个省、市、自治区入境旅游碳足迹时空分布的特征和演化规律。在利用碳足迹综合计算模型和空间分析方法基础上,深入揭示了中国入境旅游碳足迹的时空分布特征及演化规律。结果表明,2007年到2017年间,中国入境旅游碳足迹呈现急速上升又稍有回落的趋势,总量从562.30万t上升到1088.09万t,增长1.94倍,其中交通和邮电业占比最大;近十年来我国多数省市的入境旅游碳足迹变异程度不高,维持在较平稳的状态;空间维度上,则呈现东南向西北方向递减趋势。     

山岳型景区低碳旅游评价指标体系的构建——以黄山风景区为例

旅游景区内由于游客的食宿消费行为造成的水电气等资源的消耗,以及交通工具的使用,形成大量的碳排放,使得旅游景区成为旅游碳排放的一个重要来源。为了实现旅游的健康、可持续发展,创建低碳旅游景区已成为一种必然。低碳景区评价指标体系的构建,是旅游业长远发展的必然要求。以山岳型景区为研究对象,在借鉴黄山风景区低碳旅游景区建设的成功经验基础上,从资源保护、规划与设计、低碳景区运营、低碳景区管理四个方面构建山岳型低碳旅游景区创建指标体系。通过层次分析法,确定指标体系中各项指标的权重,并对各项指标进行了一致性验证分析,结果满足一致要求。进行验证,说明了指标体系的应用性和可操作性。通过本项研究,以期能对中国山岳型的低碳旅游景区的评价提供参考,指导中国山岳型低碳旅游景区的建设与发展。     

基于GWR模型的中国省区碳足迹的空间分异及多机制研究(英文)

Global warming has been one of the major concerns behind the world's high-speed economic growth. How to implement the coordinated development of the carbon footprint and the economy will be the core issue of the world's economic and social development, as well as the heated debate of the research at home and abroad in recent years. Based on the energy consumption, integrated with the "Top-Down" life cycle approach and geographically weighted regression(GWR) model, this paper analyzed the spatial differences and multi-mechanism of carbon footprint in provincial China in 2010. Firstly, this study calculated the amount of carbon footprint of each province using "Top-Down" life cycle approach and found that there were significant differences of carbon footprint and per capita carbon footprint in provincial China. The provinces with higher carbon footprint, mainly located in northern China, have large economic scales; the provinces with higher per capita carbon footprint are mainly distributed in central cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and energy-rich regions and heavy chemical bases. Secondly, with the aid of GIS and spatial analysis model(GWR model), this paper had unfolded that the expansion of economic scale is the main driver of the rapid growth of carbon footprint. The growth of population and urbanization also acted as promoting factors for the increase of the carbon footprint. Energy structure had no considerable promoting effect for the increase of the carbon footprint. Improving energy efficiency is the most important factor to inhibit the growing carbon footprint. Thirdly, developing low-carbon economies and low-carbon industries, as well as advocating low-carbon city construction and improving carbon efficiency would be the primary approaches to inhibit the rapid growth of carbon footprint. Moderately controlling the economic scale and population size would also be required to alleviate carbon footprint. Meanwhile, environmental protection and construction of low-carbon cities would evoke extensive attention in the process of urbanization.     

基于EKC框架的旅游发展对区域碳排放的影响分析——基于1995-2015年中国省际面板数据

基于扩展的环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）,利用1995-2015年中国省际面板数据探讨旅游发展对区域碳排放的影响,同时分析了经济增长、贸易开放程度、失业率、受教育程度和城市化水平等因素对碳排放的影响作用。研究表明：① 传统经济增长与碳排放之间的倒“U”型EKC假说成立,受教育程度（-0.061）、失业率（-0.062）和贸易开放程度（-0.170）的提升有利于降低人均CO₂排放量,其中,贸易开放程度的减排作用最为明显;城市化水平（2.113）的提高会增加人均CO₂排放量。② 旅游发展对区域碳排放的影响显著,具体表现为：旅游接待人次与人均CO₂排放量拟合曲线呈正“U”型,而人均旅游消费与人均CO₂排放量则呈现典型的倒“U”型曲线良性发展状态。③ 旅游专业化水平的提高会使得EKC向下方移动,经济发展的环境压力得到减轻,且高旅游专业化区域旅游接待人次与人均CO₂排放量之间关系的转折点相对较高,而其人均旅游消费与人均CO₂排放量之间关系的转折点则相对较低。     

Urban carbon footprint and carbon cycle pressure：The case study of Nanjing

Urban carbon footprint reflects the impact and pressure of human activities on urban environment. Based on city level, this paper estimated carbon emissions and carbon footprint of Nanjing city, analyzed urban carbon footprint intensity and carbon cycle pressure and discussed the influencing factors of carbon footprint through LMDI decomposition model. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The total carbon emissions of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, in which the carbon emission from the use of fossil energy was the largest. Meanwhile, carbon sinks of Nanjing presented a declining trend since 2000, which caused the decrease of carbon compensation rate and the increase of urban carbon cycle pressure. (2) The total carbon footprint of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, and the carbon deficit was more than ten times of total land areas of Nanjing in 2009, which means Nanjing confronted high carbon cycle pressure. (3) Generally, carbon footprint intensity of Nanjing was on decrease and the carbon footprint productivity was on increase. This indicated that energy utilization rate and carbon efficiency of Nanjing was improved since 2000, and the policy for energy conservation and emission reduction taken by Nanjing's government received better effects. (4) Economic development, population and industrial structure are promoting factors for the increase of carbon footprint of Nanjing, while the industrial carbon footprint intensity was inhibitory factor. (5) Several countermeasures should be taken to decrease urban carbon footprint and alleviate carbon cycle pressure, such as: improvement of the energy efficiency, industrial structure reconstruction, afforestation and environmental protection and land use control. Generally, transition to low-carbon economy is essential for Chinese cities to realize sustainable development in the future.     

城市碳足迹与碳循环压力分析——以南京市为例（英文）

Urban carbon footprint reflects the impact and pressure of human activities on urban environment.Based on city level,this paper estimated carbon emissions and carbon footprint of Nanjing city,analyzed urban carbon footprint intensity and carbon cycle pressure and discussed the influencing factors of carbon footprint through LMDI decomposition model.The main conclusions are as follows:(1) The total carbon emissions of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000,in which the carbon emission from the use of fossil energy was the largest.Meanwhile,carbon sinks of Nanjing presented a declining trend since 2000,which caused the decrease of carbon compensation rate and the increase of urban carbon cycle pressure.(2) The total carbon footprint of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000,and the carbon deficit was more than ten times of total land areas of Nanjing in 2009,which means Nanjing confronted high carbon cycle pressure.(3) Generally,carbon footprint intensity of Nanjing was on decrease and the carbon footprint productivity was on increase.This indicated that energy utilization rate and carbon efficiency of Nanjing was improved since 2000,and the policy for energy conservation and emission reduction taken by Nanjing's government received better effects.(4) Economic development,population and industrial structure are promoting factors for the increase of carbon footprint of Nanjing,while the industrial carbon footprint intensity was inhibitory factor.(5) Several countermeasures should be taken to decrease urban carbon footprint and alleviate carbon cycle pressure,such as:improvement of the energy efficiency,industrial structure reconstruction,afforestation and environmental protection and land use control.Generally,transition to low-carbon economy is essential for Chinese cities to realize sustainable development in the future.     

Urban carbon footprint and carbon cycle pressure: The case study of Nanjing简

Urban carbon footprint reflects the impact and pressure of human activities on ur- ban environment. Based on city level, this paper estimated carbon emissions and carbon footprint of Nanjing city, analyzed urban carbon footprint intensity and carbon cycle pressure and discussed the influencing factors of carbon footprint through LMDI decomposition model. The main conclusions are as follows： （1） The total carbon emissions of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, in which the carbon emission from the use of fossil energy was the largest Meanwhile, carbon sinks of Nanjing presented a declining trend since 2000, which caused the decrease of carbon compensation rate and the increase of urban carbon cycle pressure. （2） The total carbon footprint of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, and the carbon deficit was more than ten times of total land areas of Nanjing in 2009, which means Nanjing confronted high carbon cycle pressure. （3） Generally, carbon footprint intensity of Nanjing was on de- crease and the carbon footprint productivity was on increase. This indicated that energy utilization rate and carbon efficiency of Nanjing was improved since 2000, and the policy for energy conservation and emission reduction taken by Nanjing＇s government received better effects. （4） Economic development, population and industrial structure are promoting factors for the increase of carbon footprint of Nanjing, while the industrial carbon footprint intensity was inhibitory factor. （5） Several countermeasures should be taken to decrease urban carbon footprint and alleviate carbon cycle pressure, such as： improvement of the energy efficiency, industrial structure reconstruction, afforestation and environmental protection and land use control. Generally, transition to low-carbon economy is essential for Chinese cities to realize sustainable development in the future.