基于历史文献的1470-2008年中国西北地区气候干湿序列分区重建

基于历史文献中的旱涝灾害记录,采用5级制划分的旱涝灾害等级,使用系统聚类法将中国西北地区19个站点划分为7个分区,利用湿润指数公式重建了西北地区7个分区1470-2008年的年分辨率干湿变化序列,比较分析了各分区干湿气候变化的阶段特征、周期性及跃变现象。结果表明：重建序列信度较高,可用作气候干湿变化研究。西北地区7个分区1470-2008年干湿变化存在着11 a、25~35 a和80~100 a的3类周期变化。其中,11 a和25~35 a的两个周期变化在整个分析时间段内表现得较为稳定;80~100 a的周期变化则表现的较不稳定。世纪尺度和气候代尺度的跃变信号各区皆有出现,位于研究区两边的陕西和玉树地区出现最少,宁夏和格尔木地区次之;位置居中的兰州、张掖、西宁等地区跃变信号出现最多,是气候干湿变化的敏感地带。检测出的干湿跃变信号主要集中在17世纪前后,近百年气候干湿变化则相对稳定。     

1971-2010年三江源地区干湿状况变化的空间特征

 依据1971-2010年地面观测气象数据,计算了三江源地区湿润指数。利用经验正交函数分解（EOF）和偏相关系数,对近40 a三江源地区干湿状况变化的时空特征及其影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:三江源地区干湿状况的变化在其北部与南部、东部与西部间存在明显反相位变化特征。北部和东部的部分区域分别在20世纪90年代和21世纪后表现出气候湿润化趋势,其余大部地区的持续干旱化趋势始于20世纪80年代初,其中南部与西部变干趋势显著,其湿润指数线性趋势率达到-8%/10 a。虽然三江源地区干湿状况主要决定于降水量和相对湿度的变化,但20世纪90年代中期后气温的显著上升,使得气温也成为关键的影响因子之一,即使在降水明显增加的背景下,也引起三江源主体区域湿润指数的明显下降。气候变暖情景下,北部和东部地区在近十几年暖湿化趋势明显,其余大部地区表现为不同程度的暖干化趋势。     

近36年新疆天山山区气候暖湿变化及其特征分析

根据天山山区10个气象台站1971-2006年的历史气候资料,采用线性回归、最大熵谱、Mann-Kendall和自然正交分解(EOF)等方法,对近36年的年平均气温、降水量、最大可能蒸散量和下垫面湿润指数等气候要素的基本变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1) 近36年天山山区年平均气温呈升高趋势,降水量呈增多趋势,年最大可能蒸散量呈减少趋势,下垫面湿润指数呈增大趋势.受其综合影响,近36年天山山区气候呈较明显的暖湿化变化趋势. (2) 突变检测表明,天山山区年平均气温在1976年发生了突变性的升高,降水量和湿润指数在1986年发生了突变性的增大,而最大可能蒸散量在1986年发生了突变性的减小.(3) 36年里,降水量和湿润指数的变化不存在＜36年的显著周期,而温度变化具有＞36年、9年、4年和2.4年的显著周期,最大可能蒸散量变化具有＞36年、5.1年和2.4年的显著周期.(4) 10站的年平均气温、降水量、最大可能蒸散量和湿润指数等四要素的最主要空间分布特征均是同向变化.     

塔克拉玛干地区气候变化对全球变暖的响应

从地面水汽压(大气含水量)、平均风速、湿润指数、相对湿度和气压的角度分析在全球变暖的情况下,塔克拉玛干地区气候的年和季节变化特征,结果表明:①年和四季平均风速呈阶梯式下降趋势,具有显著减小的线性趋势,并于1973年发生了由大到小的突变。②夏、秋、冬季和年地面水汽压(大气含水量)自20世纪80年代以来呈较大幅度波动式上升,具有显著的线性增加趋势。夏、秋季地面水汽压于1969年和1973年发生了由少到多的突变。秋、冬季大气含水量的显著增加并没有导致降水量的增加,降水量的变化不能充分反映大气含水量的变化。③夏季湿润指数有显著增加趋势,春季有微弱的上升趋势,而降水量夏季和年有显著增加趋势,春季有微弱的上升趋势,说明综合反映气候干湿变化的湿润指数变化与单用降水量表示的气候干湿变化不完全一致。④夏、秋季和年相对湿度呈波动式上升趋势,夏季和年相对湿度分别于1970年和1974年发生了由低到高的突变。⑤年和四季的平均气压40a来无变化。     

1974-2012年陕西省榆林市气候变化统计特征

利用1974—2012年榆林市年均气温、年降水量观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、累积距平分析等方法分析了该市39年来的气候变化特征及其趋势,采用Morlet小波分析方法分析了气候序列的变化周期,还综合累积距平分析、Mann-Kendall检验以及不同子序列尺度的Yamamoto分析、滑动t检验等多种方法以准确判断气温、降水量序列的突变点。结果表明：39年间榆林市升温幅度高于减湿幅度,年均气温和年降水量变化呈负相关,2006年以来出现弱度的减温增湿;气温、降水量变化分别存在冷暖与干湿位交替的多时间尺度变化特征,其主周期分别为13、8～9、30、5年和3年、8～9年;39年间榆林市气温和降水量序列突变点不一,而且降水量序列突变不明显;判断气候序列突变点时,宜采用多种诊断方法以提高判断结果的准确性。     

甘肃河东地区地表湿润特征及其气候影响因子

利用甘肃河东地区13个气象站1960-2010年的逐日气象资料,选取FAO Penman-Monteith法计算了各站的潜在蒸散量,由此得出各站点的湿润指数;然后采用线性趋势法、Morlet小波、自然正交分解(EOF)和反距离加权插值等方法,对河东地区湿润指数的时空变化特征进行分析,进而探讨对影响其变化的气象要素.结果表明:①1992年之前,甘肃河东地区地表相对湿润,1992年之后变得干旱,年地表湿润指数的年际变化率为-0.02/10a,相关系数为0.2946(P＜0.05),季节上除冬季呈轻微增加外,其他各季都呈减少趋势,空间分布上表现出明显的南北差异,从南到北呈减少趋势;②年湿润指数空间异常分布主要表现为“全区一致性”和“南北反向变化”两种模态,同时也存在着19a、5a和11a左右的变化周期,并于1994年发生了由湿向干的转变;③湿润指数与降水量、相对湿度呈显著正相关,与日照时数、潜在蒸散、风速和最高气温呈显著负相关.     

湖北省近500年区域干湿序列重建及其比较分析

在历史旱涝记载资料可靠性检验的基础上,重建了湖北省3个区域近500年来的干湿气候变化序列,并比较分析了各区域干湿气候变化的趋势特征、准周期性及跃变现象。结果表明:在3个区域中,鄂东区1570~1770、1890~1950年两个时段偏湿,1470~1520、1790~1830年则偏干;鄂北区偏湿时期主要在1470~1530、1710~1750、1850~1910年三个时段,1470~1530、1770~1830年则偏干;鄂西南区有1550~1610、1650~1710、1830~1890、1930~1990年4个主要偏湿时期,而无明显的偏干时段。运用功率谱和小波分析对3个干湿序列研究后发现,3个区域干湿变化具有多个气象周期,区域间周期类型差异显著,但50~70年左右的周期在3个区域上均表现突出;采用滑动t检验方法辨识干湿气候跃变现象,在"世纪尺度"和 30年尺度上检测到各区域干湿变化存在多个跃变事件,且同一跃变事件对不同区域向干(或向湿)影响的趋势相同。     

基于多源降雨的广西季节性干湿演变特征与未来趋势

基于高时空分辨率的APHRODITE和TRMM降雨数据,采用降水量距平百分率、DEOF及R/S分析等方法,对近65年来广西季节性气象干湿演变的频率、范围、强度、时空分异及未来趋势进行了分析。结果表明:(1)广西年湿润和年干旱频率均呈现从桂东南向桂西北逐渐递减的分布特征,而年内不同季节的湿润和干旱频率空间分布差异显著;湿润与干旱的影响范围和强度在年、季尺度上均呈交替出现且增减波动的变化特征,但各自的变化差异显著。(2)广西干湿演变存在不同年、季周期的交替强弱振荡,其空间特征主要表现为年、冬季的东南-西北相反型,春季的全区一致型,夏季的南北相反型,秋季的东西相反型。(3)广西未来降雨量的增强趋势在年、夏季显著;而在春、秋、冬季节总体一般或略呈减弱趋势。上述研究成果可作为进一步深入开展广西干湿演变预警与水旱灾害防治的重要科学基础。     

历史时期广东地区旱涝灾害与气候变化关系

通过对广东旱涝及冻灾史料的整理分析,采用相关分析、波谱分析等方法对历史时期广东旱涝灾害发生规律及其与厄尔尼诺事件、太阳活动的可能关系进行探讨。分析认为:1)从历史时期看,广东的湿润指数与其旱涝灾害的发生密切相关,寒冷指数越高(气温越低),旱涝灾害的发生越频繁。2)厄尔尼诺事件对广东整体旱涝灾害影响不大。3)在不同的历史时期,各指标序列具有相同或相似的周期。结合已有的研究认为,太阳辐射对气候的驱动可能是产生上述相同或相似周期的根本原因。4)对湿润指数的多尺度分析表明,自2000(±5)年广东地区开始进入偏旱期,偏旱状况将一直持续到2040(±5)年。从120 a尺度看,本世纪广东将处于偏涝阶段,预计2040(±5)年后将有较大强度的偏涝期出现,而且在未来几十甚至百年内旱涝变化幅度有增大的趋势。     

扎龙湿地降水变化非线性特征研究

由于趋势、周期和随机因素的综合影响,降水时间序列往往呈现复杂波动的非线性特征,而分离三种因素在降水时间序列中的贡献率是目前较难解决的问题,相应的研究对降水变化分析和预测具有重要意义。该文基于数理统计原理、极大熵谱原理和分形原理对扎龙湿地1951-2008年的年降水时间序列进行分析,结果表明:该地区存在2.4a和6.4a的降水短周期;拟合程度比较高的非线性回归模型说明该地降水具有循环波动趋势;盒维数揭示了周期、趋势和随机因素是影响扎龙湿地降水变化的主要因素,其贡献率分别为76.97%、16.78%和6.25%,其中周期是最主要的影响因素。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

Assessment of GIAHS in Shizuoka: The Traditional Tea-grass Integrated System

<正>1 Introduction In 2013,Chagusaba,which is traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka,were accepted as new world heritage site of agriculture.Shizuoka prefecture occupies a variety of elevations,from 0 to 3000m or more above sea level.Because of the diversity of land features and climates,this area produces 167 agricultural commodities.In addition,a lot of traditional agriculture and over200 local native varieties of crops have been conserved in Shizuoka     

ERAHS: A New Platform for the Exchange of Regional Information and Experience on Agricultural Heritage Systems

<正>There are more than 10000 years of agricultural development history in the world that has provided very fruitful and ingenious traditional knowledge and experiences reflecting the evolution of humanity and the nature.In2002,the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)initiated an international partnership initiative of"Conservation and Adaptive Management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Journal of Resources and Ecology Total Contents of Volume 5, 2014

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BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .