中国境外经贸合作区的发展策略选择——以东南亚为例

中国境外经贸合作区已成为中国企业“走出去”的重要平台,如何实现中国境外经贸合作区高质量发展是“一带一路”建设的现实需求。中国境外经贸合作区的开发建设是一个复杂的、动态性的、长周期的过程,已有研究对中国境外经贸合作区的发展策略的归纳总结尚处于起步阶段。因此,本文基于对东南亚的中国境外经贸合作区实地调研,归纳总结中国境外经贸合作区的不同发展阶段的建设模式以及所采取的发展策略,以期为中国境外经贸合作区实现高质量发展提供经验参考。针对东南亚的中国境外经贸合作区的建设,不同发展阶段的建设模式以及所采取的发展策略选择如下（：1）投资起步期,完成的建设任务包括确认区位选址工作、选择投融资模式和制定园区规划。根据园区开发商自身开发建设经验和东道国国情差异,区位选址工作的策略可分为园区开发商主导、东道国企业协助和东道国政府主导;根据园区开发商的资金能力和东道国土地所有制差异,选择投融资模式的策略有企业独资、企业合资与政企合资三种;按园区开发商建设经验差异,在选择专业机构合作为园区制定园区规划时可分为倾向更好的合作基础与倾向更大的知名度两种策略。（2）开发建设期,完成的建设任务包括基础设施的开发建设和招商...     

中国境外经贸合作区的“园中园”发展模式与案例研究

以发展较为成功的中国?印尼经济贸易合作区（简称“中印合作区”）为例,讨论“一带一路”背景下中国境外经贸合作区的成功发展经验与“园中园”发展模式。中印合作区是中国企业在印度尼西亚设立的第一批国家级境外经贸合作区之一,采用“园中园”发展模式。通过实地调研与访谈的方法,构建“园中园”发展模式分析框架,从构建多主体间的合作网络、根植地方的制度文化环境、提供优质的园区环境这3个维度重点分析了中印合作区的发展过程与特征。归纳总结境外经贸合作区发展的成功经验,为未来境外经贸合作区的建设提供案例借鉴与理论参考。     

泰中罗勇工业园“园中园”模式与效益评价

“一带一路”倡议为中国产能合作与产业升级提供了广阔的空间，而境外经贸合作区则是中国与一带一路沿线国家实现产能合作的有效平台。在总结中国境外经贸合作区发展特点基础上，利用中国对泰国直接投资流量与泰国GDP数据分析双边贸易和投资，从“园中园”开发模式、区位条件、服务环境及企业特征4个方面详细探讨泰中罗勇工业园的发展模式，并采用数据包络分析方法对近年来园区发展效率进行评价。研究结果显示：① 泰中罗勇工业园是中国企业赴泰国投资兴业的第一平台，也是中泰产能合作的有效载体；② 泰中罗勇工业园采用“园中园”开发模式，是中国海外园区一个有效的发展模式；③ 2012—2018年泰中罗勇工业园园区投入产出效率较高，园区效益较好，其中，2016和2018年投入产出效率最高；基于此，总结泰中罗勇工业园对中国境外经贸合作区建设的启示：“园中园”模式完善招商环境、提高投资效率，结合自身与东道国优势、构建合作区完整产业链，实现合作区本土化、促进东道国社会经济发展。     

社会变革和制度文化制约下的“多尺度嵌入”——以缅甸莱比塘铜矿项目为例

“一带一路”倡议的深入推进加速了中国企业对外投资的步伐。而对于这些“走出去”的企业而言,往往面临着东道国社会环境及治理结构变革、制度制约、文化冲突等多重挑战。此前经济地理学提出的“主动嵌入”和“被动嵌入”,并不能完全解释“一带一路”倡议背景下中国企业在“走出去”过程中所呈现的“外资”与东道国治理结构、地方制度文化环境之间的复杂相互作用关系。本研究构建了“全球-国家-地方”多尺度嵌入的分析框架,以缅甸莱比塘铜矿为例,阐释企业如何通过多样化制度创新,顺应东道国的社会变革,突破制度和文化的制约,从而取得政府、企业、当地社区“多赢”局面的合作模式,从而从新的视角理解制度的多尺度性和尺度之间的相互作用。研究发现：尺度要素之间存在耦合关联作用,且作用模式有不同的组合,同时多个尺度要素的嵌入和影响过程也存在时序效应。最后,结合莱比塘案例,为中国企业“走出去”提出了政策建议。     

中国与“一带一路”沿线国家地缘关系时空演变特征

“一带一路”倡议的实施对促进沿线地区经济合作、互利共赢具有重要意义。基于全球事件GDELT数据库，分别从整体、多类别、多尺度等方面刻画了中国与“一带一路”沿线国家的地缘关系总体特征及其演变过程。主要结论如下：(1)整体来看，中国与“一带一路”沿线国家历经了“合作为主、分歧较多”“合作增多、分歧减少”“合作稳定、分歧进一步减少”三个阶段；(2)中国与“一带一路”沿线国家地缘关系事件呈现出“言语促进事件为主且集中，地缘分割事件多国频发”的特点；(3)国家尺度上的地缘分割事件呈现出先减弱、后增加的趋势，且近年来中国与周边邻国的地缘促进指数呈下降趋势。分析中国与“一带一路”沿线国家地缘关系的时空演变特征，可为我国与“一带一路”沿线国家实现新型合作共赢国家关系提供参考。     

中国-老挝境外经贸合作区的发展模式与启示——以万象赛色塔综合开发区为例

境外经贸合作区已经成为中国实施“走出去”战略和建设“一带一路”的重要平台和空间策略。文章在总结中国境外经贸合作区发展特点基础上,采用实地调研与深度访谈的方法分析了中国-老挝万象赛色塔综合开发区的开发模式,并基于企业视角分析了该开发区的优劣势。结果发现：1）园区是采取“项目建设+土地抵偿”的形式进行开发的典型项目,以符合东道国国情与需要为发展定位,主要通过土地增值、为跨国企业提供厂地的方式获取收益;2）园区发展优势表现在：受到双边政府的大力支持,税收优惠力度大,区位优势明显;园区发展劣势表现在：产业链体系不完整、企业境外融资难度大、企业在当地的根植性弱、企业间凝聚力不足、劳动力资源匮乏、劳动技能与效率尚待提高、投资汇回利润存在一定风险、市场开发尚且不足。在此基础上,提出未来研究应重点关注中国境外经贸合作区的区位选择与产业布局、本地嵌入机制、经济地理影响等方面,并探讨了本案例对中国境外经贸合作区建设的政策启示,即,加强政府间磋商、契合东道国发展需要,加强对本地劳动力的职业培训是保障中国境外经贸合作区顺利发展的关键。     

尺度理论视角下的“一带一路”战略解读

目前,“一带一路”已成为中国的核心发展战略之一。借鉴尺度重构和尺度政治理论,分析“一带一路”战略的内涵、影响和风险。研究发现“一带一路”战略重构了现有的国家角色和地域形式,催生了以跨国基础设施为基础、以资本和经贸合作为支撑的新尺度。该尺度一方面被国际和国内的资本和权力关系不断重构,另一方面也在重构着现有的权力关系和资本积累过程。还从尺度政治视角出发探讨了“一带一路”战略中的风险因素。在国际层面,中国既面临着基于多边国际关系和地方抵抗的尺度上推力量,也面临着基于旧有边界和尺度化表达的尺度下推因素。在国内,“一带一路”战略既面临着地方政府基于政策争夺和地方保护主义产生的重复建设问题,也存在疆独势力等通过国际联系复杂化地方趋势的风险。为了更好地推行“一带一路”战略,中国必须积极应对这些尺度政治的挑战,深入研究尺度政治的机制和破解之道,努力化解海外投资、国际合作和地方治理中的风险。     

“一带一路”建设模式研究——基于制度与文化视角

推动“一带一路”建设向高质量发展转变,对学术界提出了新命题,需要对已有建设模式和建设项目进行深入剖析,总结经验和教训,提出对“一带一路”建设具有指导意义的理论知识。以往地理学主要关注企业对外直接投资,而“一带一路”建设项目涉及的范畴要大得多,既包括中国的直接投资,也包括中国提供融资并承建的项目,还包括一些新兴的混合项目。已经进行的“一带一路”建设案例研究表明,中国企业“走出去”比较容易忽视的因素是中国与东道国之间在制度和文化上的差异。利用“制度和文化转向”研究思路来剖析“一带一路”建设项目,总结其建设模式,对于经济地理学的发展以及指导“一带一路”建设都具有重要意义。本文首先简要回顾了“制度和文化转向”出现的背景以及主要研究脉络;而后总结了“一带一路”建设项目的主要形式,提出了基于工程总承包（EPC）、基于特许经营和企业直接投资三大类建设模式;最后借鉴“制度和文化转向”的研究技巧,从“地域嵌入的广度和深度”和“技术及项目的‘破坏性’”两个维度,将“一带一路”建设项目分为变革性项目、支撑性项目、一般性项目和海外经贸合作园区4种类型,用以识别它们的制度和文化敏感性,并举例进行了说明。本文提出的分析框架为进行“一带一路”建设案例研究提供了一个思考方向。     

“一带一路”生产网络演化及中国经济贡献分析

在全球生产网络时代背景下,“一带一路”沿线国家间生产网络的形成和发展对于“一带一路”倡议的进一步推进有着重要意义。“一带一路”倡议提出以来,国内外对其有着诸多误解以及曲解,建立有利于“一带一路”实施的话语体系同样至关重要。本文运用投入产出、增加值分解以及网络分析等方法,对“一带一路”生产网络演化过程以及中国通过生产网络对“一带一路”沿线国家的经济带动作用开展定量研究,结果表明：① 1995—2015年,“一带一路”沿线国家生产网络联系不断加强。② 生产网络结构发生重大变化,重心转移和一体化趋势并存。③ 中国通过生产网络合作对“一带一路”沿线国家经济贡献不断加大,有效地带动了区域经济的发展。④ 中国对“一带一路”沿线国家经济贡献量分布呈现出南北高,中间低的地理格局。“一带一路”沿线国家加强生产网络合作是激活后发优势,凸显比较优势以及共同应对外部经济风险的有效方法,同时“一带一路”学术话语体系的建设仍然任重道远,需要多学科的共同努力。     

“一带一路”建设研究进展

“一带一路”经历了从中国倡议到国际共识的巨大转变,正在成为世界上越来越多国家和政治领袖们探索全球经济治理新模式的平台。伴随这种转变以及“一带一路”建设所取得的成就,“一带一路”研究已经深入到除了基础科学领域外的几乎所有学科。本文根据中国知网（CNKI）数据分析了4年多来“一带一路”研究文献的特征,而后总结了与地理学密切相关的“一带一路”核心议题的研究进展。研究发现：① 自2014年以来“一带一路”研究发文量迅速上升,由2014年的1000多篇飙升到2017年的20000多篇;② 文献比较庞杂,以宏观性、战略性和一般性文献为主,舆论性很高,基于深入研究的高水平学术文献少,还不能很好地支撑“一带一路”建设;③ 对外直接投资、互联互通、“走出去”、全球化、全球治理、命运共同体、人民币国际化等得到的关注较多;④ 地理学在“一带一路”的战略内涵和理论构建、地缘政治经济分析、“中欧班列”、海上航运战略支点、海外投资模式、经贸格局及其经济影响、资源环境问题等方面研究较为深入。最后,本文呼吁加强“一带一路”的理论建构以及建设机制和国别研究,并积极开展中外学者之间“一带一路”研究对话以及合作研究。     

Analysis on geo-effects of China’s overseas industrial parks: A case study of Cambodia Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone

China's overseas industrial parks contribute to political and economic cooperation,cultural exchange between home and host countries.Current studies mainly discuss the ef-fect of overseas industrial parks from the perspective of institutional and cultural difference,multi-scale coupling,as well as key partnerships,while little attention has been paid to the comprehensive analysis of overseas industrial parks.Based on a theoretical framework,this paper explores the overall effect of China's overseas industrial parks from the geo-effects perspective by using field interviews and a case study approach.The research shows that:(1)the geo-effects reveal the over effect of overseas industrial parks from the multiple and com-plementary dimensions of geopolitics,geo-economics,geo-society and geo-culture;(2)the Cambodia Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone,as a flagship BRI project,has produced the prominent and positive geo-effects;(3)the institutional-economic-cultural-environmental adaptability of overseas industrial parks is becoming important.Overseas industrial parks must be rooted in the politics,economy,society,and culture of host country;embedded in local social networks;balance the rights and interests of all stakeholders;and form the community of interests,community of destiny,and community of responsibility with political mutual trust,economic integration,cultural inclusiveness,and social harmony.The paper not only deepens the understanding about the overall effect of overseas industrial parks,but also provides decision support and theoretical reference for government policy makers and the overseas investment of enterprises.     

中国海外园区建设的地缘效应解析——以柬埔寨西哈努克港经济特区为例（英文）

China's overseas industrial parks contribute to political and economic cooperation, cultural exchange between home and host countries. Current studies mainly discuss the effect of overseas industrial parks from the perspective of institutional and cultural difference, multi-scale coupling, as well as key partnerships, while little attention has been paid to the comprehensive analysis of overseas industrial parks. Based on a theoretical framework, this paper explores the overall effect of China's overseas industrial parks from the geo-effects perspective by using field interviews and a case study approach. The research shows that:(1) the geo-effects reveal the over effect of overseas industrial parks from the multiple and complementary dimensions of geopolitics, geo-economics, geo-society and geo-culture;(2) the Cambodia Sihanoukville Special Economic Zone, as a flagship BRI project, has produced the prominent and positive geo-effects;(3) the institutional-economic-cultural-environmental adaptability of overseas industrial parks is becoming important. Overseas industrial parks must be rooted in the politics, economy, society, and culture of host country; embedded in local social networks; balance the rights and interests of all stakeholders; and form the community of interests, community of destiny, and community of responsibility with political mutual trust, economic integration, cultural inclusiveness, and social harmony. The paper not only deepens the understanding about the overall effect of overseas industrial parks, but also provides decision support and theoretical reference for government policy makers and the overseas investment of enterprises.     

论海外园区在中国企业对外投资中的作用——以柬埔寨西哈努克港经济特区为例

当前海外园区已成为中国与“一带一路”沿线国家开展经贸合作的重要平台,在“一带一路”建设中发挥着愈来愈重要的作用。目前国内外关于中国海外园区的研究多聚焦园区的经济功能,而其制度和文化平台功能有待深入探讨。基于制度和文化的视角,本文以柬埔寨西哈努克港经济特区为案例,剖析海外园区的运行机制和建设模式,揭示海外园区对中国中小企业对外投资的促进作用。研究发现,西哈努克港经济特区通过构建多层级协调机制、打造优良投资环境、促进信息与资源共享以及释放集聚经济效应,为入区企业提供了优质的制度环境和充足的跨国发展空间,帮助入区企业更好地适应东道国投资环境,为大量中小企业对外投资实现路径突破和路径创新提供了更多可能性。基于案例研究,本文认为海外园区对于中国中小企业对外投资起到了重要的促进作用,为它们海外投资克服制度与文化差异提供了缓冲空间和发育土壤,起到了“投资花园”的作用。     

“一带一路”建设模式研究——基于制度与文化视角（英文）

There is a gap between the great vision and high-quality targets of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) and Western recognition of them, which challenges Chinese and Western scholars. This gap should be narrowed by conducting in-depth case studies and comparative studies at the project level. In recent years, the international academic community has paid increasing attention to Chinese outward foreign direct investment(FDI), but Belt and Road construction is much broader in scope, comprising not only FDI projects but also China-financed projects and emerging mixed projects. Our investigation, observation, and examination of the BRI projects find that compared to their Western counterparts, Chinese enterprises have less experience in doing business in other countries and often pay less attention to institutional and cultural differences between China and the host countries. Thus, revisiting the institutional and cultural turn in economic geography and employing its ideas to analyze the BRI projects and summarize their construction modes may contribute to the development of both economic geography and the BRI. This paper first briefly reviews the background and research trends of the institutional and cultural turn and then summarizes three major modes of Belt and Road construction, namely, EPC(Engineering Procurement Construction)-based projects, concession-based projects, and FDI; finally, it draws on the institutional and cultural turn to classify the BRI projects according to the two indicators of "Breadth and Depth of Territorial Embeddedness" and "Destructive Effect of a Project and/or Technology" into four types: transformative, supportive, ordinary projects and overseas industrial cooperation parks. Different institutional and cultural sensitivity can be observed for each type of project. The preliminary theorization proposed in this paper may offer a potential framework for further research on the BRI.     

Theorizing Belt and Road construction mode from institutional and cultural perspectives

There is a gap between the great vision and high-quality targets of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)and Western recognition of them,which challenges Chinese and West-ern scholars.This gap should be narrowed by conducting in-depth case studies and com-parative studies at the project level.In recent years,the international academic community has paid increasing attention to Chinese outward foreign direct investment(FDI),but Belt and Road construction is much broader in scope,comprising not only FDI projects but also China-financed projects and emerging mixed projects.Our investigation,observation,and examination of the BRI projects find that compared to their Western counterparts,Chinese enterprises have less experience in doing business in other countries and often pay less at-tention to institutional and cultural differences between China and the host countries.Thus,revisiting the institutional and cultural turn in economic geography and employing its ideas to analyze the BRI projects and summarize their construction modes may contribute to the de-velopment of both economic geography and the BRI.This paper first briefly reviews the background and research trends of the institutional and cultural turn and then summarizes three major modes of Belt and Road construction,namely,EPC(Engineering Procurement Construction)-based projects,concession-based projects,and FDI;finally,it draws on the institutional and cultural turn to classify the BRI projects according to the two indicators of"Breadth and Depth of Territorial Embeddedness"and"Destructive Effect of a Project and/or Technology"into four types:transformative,supportive,ordinary projects and overseas in-dustrial cooperation parks.Different institutional and cultural sensitivity can be observed for each type of project.The preliminary theorization proposed in this paper may offer a potential framework for further research on the BRI.     

“一带一路”倡议提出以来中国国内外产业园区的比较与案例分析（英文）

With rapid globalization, industrial parks are playing an increasingly important role in the national and regional development. Since the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) was put forward, national-level overseas industrial parks of China have emerged with new development features and trends. It is of great importance to carry out a comparative study on domestic and overseas industrial parks of China. Based on the perspective of spatiotemporal evolution, this paper compares and analyzes national-level overseas industrial parks along the Belt and Road(BR) and domestic industrial parks of China. In time, China's industrial parks have experienced four stages with distinctive state-led characteristic. There are different development paths and modes for overseas industrial parks along the BR and domestic industrial parks. In space, the national-level overseas industrial parks are invested and constructed by Chinese enterprises(mostly from the coastal developed cities), and mainly distributed in the countries along the BR. Through typical cases comparison of Thai-Chinese Rayong Industrial Zone and Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, the paper finds that national-level overseas industrial parks are basically market-driven and concentrated in traditional advantageous industries, while domestic industrial parks are mainly government-led high-tech industries. Localization of overseas industrial parks and remote coupling with domestic industrial parks become very important.     

中国境外产业园区的政策转移与尺度重构——以马中关丹产业园为例（英文）

As an innovative mode of China's foreign direct investment, China's overseas industrial parks are not only the main content of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) but also the practical carrier of policy transfer. However, most of the academic literature on the policy transfer of overseas industrial parks has regarded the host country as a passive learner and seldom considers the two-way interactions between the host country and the home country. Using the Malaysia-China Kuantan Industrial Park(MCKIP) and the "Two Countries, Twin Parks" model as case studies, we discuss the applicability and innovative development of the policy transfer theory of China's overseas industrial parks under the background of BRI. This article systematically analyzes the developmental background of the MCKIP and the cooperative framework between the governments. We consider the problems encountered in the policy transfer process and the solutions, as well as the two-way interactions between China and Malaysia in terms of the flow of people, logistics, capital, information, and technology. The study sheds light on the construction of the "Two Countries, Twin Parks" overseas industrial park.     

中国境外经贸合作区的政策移动研究——以天津经济技术开发区和中埃·泰达苏伊士经贸合作区为例

中国境外经贸合作区的建设是国内特殊经济区发展经验在空间上的延展。基于东道国独特的发展条件,需要将国内园区的建设经验进行调整,再运用到中国境外经贸合作区以适应东道国本地化发展。构建政策移动的理论框架,采用案例分析和比较研究法,以天津经济技术开发区与中埃·泰达苏伊士经贸合作区为例,将国内园区与境外经贸合作区的相关政策进行对比分析,验证政策在不同国家“土壤环境”中的适应性。研究发现：① 根据政策施行的影响因素和不同作用,政策移动可以分为政策移植、政策调试和政策创新;② 规划建设经验、运营管理经验、环保政策、人才政策等可直接进行政策移植;发展模式和文化政策要进行政策调试;法规政策、晋升政策和优惠政策需要进行政策创新;③ 园区的共性体现在国内园区成熟经验的借鉴、人才的培育与储备、园区生态环境的保护以及基础设施和配套设施的完善;④ 园区的个性体现在文化的求同尊异、园区品牌的打造、晋升制度的创新和协调机制的建立等。创新性地运用政策移动性理论将国内和国外园区进行关联研究,揭示了境外经贸合作区的移植、调试和创新国内园区政策的过程,深化了政策移动理论的内涵,丰富了境外经贸合作区的理论研究成果。     

Chinese overseas industrial parks in Southeast Asia: An examination of policy mobility from the perspective of embeddedness

The development of overseas industrial parks is a key component of the Belt and Road Initiative and an expected experimental way of promoting inclusive globalization by inventing new forms of cooperation between China and local host countries. Policy mobility, a classic theory within international political geography addressing the connection between local and global policies, has implications for overseas industrial parks development. In this paper, we argue that policies are not easily moved directly from one place to another; instead, policies are embedded due to the role of local actors in policy mobility. This article first provides an overview of seven China-Southeast Asia economic and trade cooperation zones identified by the Ministry of Commerce, and analyzes their key participants. It then discusses policy mobility by looking into the roles of revenue, land, and talent in developing these industrial parks. The paper finds that these parks face challenges, such as the complicated geographical environments of host countries, huge pressure from enterprise investment capital, the lack of overseas service platforms, and underdeveloped agglomeration economies. In the light of the current situation, policy suggestions for the future sustainable development of overseas industrial parks are put forward.