卫星遥感结合地面观测资料对中国西北干旱区地面感热通量的估算

 利用黑河地区地-气相互作用野外观测试验研究(HEIFE)的地面观测资料,采用空气动力学方法,计算了干旱区内不同下垫面的地表热力输送系数CH值,结合由NOAA系列卫星遥感得到的反映地表植被特征的归一化差值植被指数(NDVI)资料,经拟合得到了针对不同下垫面的区域CH-NDVI参数化关系式,并对此关系式进行了合理性检验,最后,计算得到中国西北干旱区1982—2001年地面感热序列。中国西北干旱区地面感热通量的计算值与ERA-40再分析资料对比分析发现,两者在量级、地面感热分布形势和年际变化趋势等方面均较一致。目前对于区域尺度来说,在缺乏用其他方法获得较准确的区域地表热力输送系数的情况下,利用卫星遥感资料估算区域地表热力输送系数CH是较为可靠的方法。     

夏季东亚地区水汽输送年代际变化特征及其对中国东部降水的影响

利用经验正交函数(EOF)分析方法和1951-2004年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料及160个中国地面测站月降水资料,对夏季东亚地区水汽输送的年代际变化特征及其对中国东部降水的影响进行分析.研究结果表明:20世纪70年代中后期至90年代初期,中国东部夏季降水以"南北旱中间涝"分布型为主,90年代初期之后则以"南涝北旱"分布型为主,呈现出显著的年代际变化特征,即20世纪90年代后雨带南移的特征开始明显:夏季整层水汽输送通量主模态的空间结构及其时间系数可以较好地反映出近50年来东亚大陆东部经向水汽输送从1974年起由强变弱的"转折点"特征及其年代际减弱变化趋势:印度大陆和孟加拉湾北部、长江中下游地区、南海以及热带西太平洋地区纬向水汽输送从1973年起由弱变强的"转折点"特征及年代增强变化趋势.揭示了东亚夏季水汽输送年代际分量主模态的时空演变造成中国东部夏季降水从"南北旱中间涝"分布型转向"南涝北旱"分布型,即中国东部夏季雨带呈现出南移年代际变化特征的关键因素之一.     

中国北方百年四季降水趋势与海平面气压形势

根据中国东部33站1884～1995年的四季降水进行了经验正交函数(EOF)开展,得到了前三个模态随时间的演变,重点分析与我国北方降水变化有关的趋势及与同期海平面气压距平的关系.夏季降水的第一模态反映在长江和黄河中部与华南沿海的降水位相相反.这一降水模态在20年前的变率较大.当夏季东北亚出现稳定的地面高压距平,中国东部处于气压槽中时长江和黄河中部降水偏多,而当地面高压距平稳定于我国西北和低压距平处于东部海上时降水为负距平.夏季降水的第三模态表现为以长江为界的南北反向变化.秋季降水的第二模态表现为以长江为界的南北反向变化,第三模态表现为东部沿海与西部的反向变化.这些降水模态与一定环流形势相联系,特别是秋季降水的第三模态受台风路径的环流形势所决定.冬季降水的第一模态中心也出现在长江和黄河中部,年代际变化的幅度趋于增强.对春季降水,第一模态表现为长江及其以北的降水与华南的降水反位相.2～3年变化幅度大于年代际变化的幅度.第2模态反映出华北和东北的降水与其它地区的降水位相相反,存在30年左右的位相转换关系.北方地区的春旱从1980年代开始有所加重.     

青藏高原夏季上空水汽含量演变特征及其与降水的关系

利用青藏高原(以下简称高原) 近30 年(1979-2008 年) 14 个探空站的温度和湿度观测资料以及83 个地面台站的月平均降水资料,分析了高原夏季上空水汽含量与地面降水的联系以及高原地区的降水转化率问题。结果表明：1) 高原夏季水汽含量在空间分布上表现出随海拔高度增高而减少的特征,其中东北部为最大值,东南部为次大值,而西北部为最小值。夏季降水整体上由东南向西北递减;2) EOF分解表明,高原夏季水汽含量存在两种主要的空间分布型：即全区一致变化型和南北反向变化型,其中以唐古拉山脉北侧为界呈现出的水汽含量南北反向型与降水的第一特征向量场表现出的南北反向型在空间分布上十分相似;3) 在年际变化上,高原夏季水汽含量的南北反向型与降水的南北反向型之间存在较一致的对应关系：即水汽含量出现南多北少时,高原南部降水普遍偏多而北部降水普遍偏少,反之亦然;4) 高原夏季平均降水转化率在3%~38%之间,其空间差异非常明显,高原南部降水转化率明显大于北部地区。     

1979-2012年夏季黄土高原空中云水资源时空分布

利用欧洲数值预报中心(ECMWF)发布的新一代全球全分辨率ERA-Interim再分析数据,采用经验正交函数(EOF)、小波分析、回归分析等方法,分析1979-2012年夏季黄土高原空中云水资源分布特征。结果表明:(1)夏季黄土高原空中云水资源远大于该地区实际年降水量,具有较大空中云水资源开发利用潜势;(2)空间上云水资源表现为两种模态--西北部、东南部反位相振荡(EOF1)以及中部云水资源偏多西北、东南两端偏少(EOF2),且具有显著年际变化周期;(3)黄土高原的空中云水资源主要来自东海,当水汽输送反气旋环流中心偏南(北)时,影响EOF1(EOF2)空间模态;(4)云水、云冰量峰值分别出现在700 hPa、400 hPa左右,当700 hPa存在水汽辐合及上升运动时有利于黄土高原空中云水资源开发。     

1960-2010年中国降水区域分异及年代际变化特征

利用1960-2010年中国1840个台站年降水量数据,采用经验正交函数(EOF)和旋转经验正交函数分解方法(REOF)对降水进行分区,并对各区降水的变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:基于多站点资料结合REOF方法实现的降水分区与中国降水实际区域分异特征比较符合,并与中国气候区划相一致.中国各区降水变化特征分析表明,东部各区降水在20世纪70年代末、80年代末-90年代初和21世纪初发生雨带的南北移动过程,其中夏季雨带的移动主要受东亚夏季风和大气环流年代际变化的影响.西北地区降水以1985/1986年为突变年,西北西部地区降水由前期偏少转为偏多,主要与来自阿拉伯海和里海异常偏多的水汽输送有关;西北东部地区降水由前期偏多转为偏少,主要与季风的年代际减弱有关.东北地区降水在80年代初由前期接近正常转为偏多,90年代末降水由前期偏多转为偏少,主要与季风和西北太平洋水汽输送的年代际变化相关.西南部各区降水阶段性变化明显,2000年以前西南东北部地区降水与西部地区基本呈反向变化,主要受青藏高原地形、东亚季风和副热带高压等因素的影响,降水阶段性变化明显、成因复杂.     

西北地区东部夏季水汽输送特征及其与降水的关系

采用ERA Interim 再分析资料和160 站逐月站点降水资料,运用经验正交函数（EOF）分析、合成分析等方法揭示了西北东部3 个分区的水汽输送的区域气候特征、与降水EOF气候模态相对应的整层水汽输送特征以及降水偏多（少）年的水汽输送异常特征。结果表明：西北地区东部夏季经向水汽输送的大值区处于900 hPa~800 hPa 高度上;纬向水汽输送大值位于700 hPa~500 hPa 高度上。对西北东部降水做EOF 分析,第一模态为全区一致型,与降水相对应的西风影响区主要盛行西风水汽输送,季风边缘区的南部盛行西南风水汽输送;第二模态为东南-西北型,东风、东北风水汽输送流入西北东部地区;第三模态为东北－西南型,西风和西北风水汽输送将水汽带到西风影响区内。     

亚洲季风与中国干湿、农牧气候界线之关系

基于中国553个气象站点1958~2000年日降水量资料、北方295个气象站点同期(20(cm)蒸发皿资料,界定出半干旱区和农牧交错区各自的范围。利用东亚夏季风强度指数(1951~1995年)与印度夏季降水量(1951~1998年)资料, 分析了半干旱区和农牧交错区东南-西北界10年际空间变化与亚洲夏季风的关系。近50年中国干湿、农牧气候界线的动态变化是影响中国的季风环流强弱作用在空间上的实物表现, 季风环流的强弱变化控制着气候界线空间摆动的范围与方向, 其年代际变化是中国干湿、农牧气候界线呈现出年代际变化特征的根源。分析显示, 在现代情况下, 农牧气候界线位置的空间摆动主要反映人类生产活动强度的强弱差异, 人为因素起主导作用。     

中国西北近45a来夏季无雨日数的诊断分析

利用中国西北五省(区)1960-2004年125个台站夏季(6-8月)逐日降水资料,从中统计出夏季无雨日数,通过EOF、REOF、趋势分析、Morlet小波分析等方法进行了时空特征分析,结果表明：中国西北夏季无雨日数空间分布高值区在新疆的南疆地区,而低值区在青海南部；整个西北地区一致性异常特征是其夏季无雨日数的最主要的空间分布型,高原东部和新疆北部的少部分地区同其它地方呈反向变化的空间分布型也是比较重要的；中国西北夏季无雨日数的空间分型主要有：高原东部型、南疆型、北疆型、青海高原型、河西走廊型及西北东部型；在中国西北夏季无雨日数的6个主要空间异常分区中,近45a来其夏季无雨日数北疆区呈微弱的下降趋势,南疆区和青海高原区表现为较明显的下降趋势,河西走廊区、高原东部区呈较明显的上升趋势,西北东部区呈明显的上升趋势；中国西北夏季无雨日数的各主要空间异常分区中,近45a来其夏季无雨日数11 -13a和7-9a的周期震荡表现得比较明显,而3-5a的高频震荡大多分区也有所反映。     

青藏高原冬季积雪时空变化特征及其与北极涛动的关系北大核心CSCDCSSCI

青藏高原积雪不仅是气候变化的敏感指示器,而且对亚洲季风区乃至全球气候具有显著影响。利用2002-2014年MODIS积雪覆盖范围产品及ERA-Interim再分析资料,采用气候统计诊断方法探究了青藏高原冬季积雪的时空变化特征及其与北极涛动(AO)的关系,结果表明:(1)高原冬季积雪空间分布差异明显,高原西部和东南部多雪,中部和北部少雪,东部积雪年际变化大,西部多雪区积雪较为稳定。(2)高原冬季积雪EOF分解第一模态具有东—西反位相变化特征,当高原东部积雪偏多(少)时,西部积雪偏少(多)。(3)该模态与AO密切相关。AO正位相时,东亚大槽减弱,南支槽加深东移,西太平洋副高加强使得更多暖湿气流到达高原,有利于高原东部降雪,而高原西南侧阿拉伯海附近存在反气旋异常,使得阿拉伯海的水汽不易抬升进入高原西部,高原西部盛行干燥的下沉气流异常,造成少雪的环流背景,且地表温度偏高不利于积雪维持,从而导致高原西部积雪的减少;AO负位相时,东亚大槽增强使得冬季风加强,高原东部受来自西北的干冷气流控制,不利于降雪产生,高原西南侧出现气旋异常,促使来自阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾的暖湿气流输送至高原西部,与来自西伯利亚的冷空气相遇,营造多雪的环流背景。     

Surface energy balance of Keqicar Glacier,Tianshan Mountains,China, during ablation period

The meteorological data of ablation season in 2005 were recorded by two automatic weather stations on Keqicar Glacier, in the southwest Tianshan Mountains of China. One is operated on the glacier near the equilibrium line with an altitude of 4,265 m (Site A) and another is operated on the glacier ablation area with an altitude of 3,700 m (Site B). These data were used to analyze the meteorological conditions and the surface energy balance (SEB) of Keqicar Glacier. Net radiation was directly measured, and turbulent heat fluxes were calculated using the bulk aerodynamic approach, including stability correction. The ablation value of 0.68 m w.e. derived from four ablation stakes is in close correspondence to the modeled value of 0.71 m w.e. During the observation period, net radiation accounts for 81.4% of the total energy with its value of 63.3 W/m². The rest energy source is provided by the sensible heat flux with a value of 14.4 W/m². Energy is consumed mainly by melting and evaporation, accounting for 69.5% and 29.7% of the total energy with their values of 54.0 and 23.0 W/m², respectively. Radiative energy dominates energy exchanges at the glacier-atmosphere interface, governed by the variation in net shortwave radiation. Net short-wave radiation varies significantly due to the effects of cloudiness and the high albedo caused by solid precipitation. Wind speed influences the turbulent heat fluxes distinctively and sensible heat flux and latent heat flux are much larger in July with high wind speed.     

黄土高原春季降水对青藏高原感热异常的响应

利用1961—2000年黄土高原56站的春季降水和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用SVD方法分析了黄土高原春季降水与青藏高原地面感热的关系。结果表明,黄土高原春季降水量与青藏高原地面感热的前两个模态代表了两场间的主要耦合特征,具有高度的时空相关。青藏高原感热对黄土高原降水影响最显著的区域在西部和南部、北部。前期高原感热场的第一、二模态对黄土高原春季干旱的预测具有指示意义。     

南极瑞穗站上空动量和感热等湍流通量的观测研究

本文根据南极瑞穗站气温、风等平均廓线资料,利用相似理论通量一廓线关系计算得出了该站的湍流通量,并与西太平洋热带海域和北京地区湍流通量计算结果进行了比较。     

Problems in the determination of sensible heat flux over snow

Measurements, as well as the majority of present–day GCM simulations, indicate an increase in air temperature, especially for polar regions. In order to improve the quality of GCM predictions for these regions, it is necessary to achieve good parameterization of the energy exchange, especially of the sensible heat flux between atmosphere and snow, because the high latitudes are snow–covered for as many as nine months. During the snowmelt periods in 1995 and 1998, eddy–covariance and profile measurements of wind speed and air temperature were carried out in the Kärkevagge, a valley in the Abisko Mountains in Swedish Lapland. Sensible heat flux was calculated by the profile and bulk method and compared to the directly measured sensible heat flux. The profile and the bulk method gave reliable results as long as all data were measured within the surface layer and radiation errors for air–temperature data were small. The bulk method yielded better results than the profile method in periods with high values of upwelling shortwave radiation. All measurements conducted outside the surface layer, which was frequently shallow in 1998, were unusable for the profile method. Similarly, the eddy–covariance method produced unreliable results if the instrument was operating outside the surface layer. In such a case, however, the bulk method produced at least a minimal estimate for the sensible heat flux. None of the methods yielded reasonable results for all meteorological conditions. This aspect should be noted when seeking new methods to improve the calculation of sensible heat flux in GCMs.     

Problems in the determination of sensible heat flux over snow

Measurements, as well as the majority of present–day GCM simulations, indicate an increase in air temperature, especially for polar regions. In order to improve the quality of GCM predictions for these regions, it is necessary to achieve good parameterization of the energy exchange, especially of the sensible heat flux between atmosphere and snow, because the high latitudes are snow–covered for as many as nine months. During the snowmelt periods in 1995 and 1998, eddy–covariance and profile measurements of wind speed and air temperature were carried out in the Kärkevagge, a valley in the Abisko Mountains in Swedish Lapland. Sensible heat flux was calculated by the profile and bulk method and compared to the directly measured sensible heat flux. The profile and the bulk method gave reliable results as long as all data were measured within the surface layer and radiation errors for air–temperature data were small. The bulk method yielded better results than the profile method in periods with high values of upwelling shortwave radiation. All measurements conducted outside the surface layer, which was frequently shallow in 1998, were unusable for the profile method. Similarly, the eddy–covariance method produced unreliable results if the instrument was operating outside the surface layer. In such a case, however, the bulk method produced at least a minimal estimate for the sensible heat flux. None of the methods yielded reasonable results for all meteorological conditions. This aspect should be noted when seeking new methods to improve the calculation of sensible heat flux in GCMs.     

城市地表热通量遥感反演及与土地类型的关系(英文)

Using ASTER(Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiome-ter) infrared remote sensing data we inversed the parameters of urban surface heat fluxes applying the PCACA model and theoretical position algorithm,and then we analyzed the in-fluence of different land use types on the surface heat fluxes and energy balance.In this study,Kumagaya,a city in Saitama Prefecture,Japan,was selected as the experimental area.The result shows that the PCACA model is feasible for the surface heat fluxes estimation in urban areas because this model requires less parameters in the procedure of heat fluxes estimation in urban areas with complicated surface structure and can decrease the uncertainty.And we found that different land-use types have indicated the height heterogeneity on the surface heat fluxes significantly.The magnitudes of Bowen ratio in descending order are industrial,residential,transportation,institutional,dry farmland,green space,and water body.Under the same meteorological condition,there are distinct characteristics and regional differences in Bowen ratios among different surface covers,indicating higher sensible heat flux and lower latent heat flux in the urban construction land,while lower sensible heat flux and higher latent heat flux in the vegetation-covered area,the outskirt of the urban area.The increase of urban impervious surface area caused by the urban sprawl can enlarge the sensible heat flux and the Bowen ratio,so that it causes the increasing of urban surface temperature and air tem-perature,which is the mechanism of the so-called heat island effect.     

青藏高原西部的地面热源强度及地面热量平衡

以1997年11月至1998年10月青藏高原西部改则和狮泉河地区自动气象站(AWS)连续观测的近地层梯度资料,采用廓线-通量法计算出观测期逐日的总体输送系数,进而用总体公式得出两站逐日的地面感热和潜热通量。结果表明:在此观测期内青藏高原西部不论冬夏地面皆为热源,地面热源强度具有明显的季节变化,两站地面热源强度的年平均值分别为82.5W/m²和68.2W/m²。结合辐射和土壤热通量观测资料揭示了两站的地面热量平衡状况,用地面热量平衡方程对以上结果进行了闭合误差检验。     

Seasonal variations of the near surfacelayer parameters over the Antarctic ice sheet in Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica

Analysis of sensible heat flux(Qh),latent heat flux(Qe),Richardson number(Ri),bulk transport coefficient(Cd) and katabatic winds are presented by using the meteorological data in the near surface layer from an automatic weather station(AWS) in Princess Elizabeth Land,East Antarctica ice sheet and the data of corresponding period at Zhongshan station in 2002.It shows that annual mean air temperature at LGB69 is-25.6°C,which is 16.4°C lower than that at Zhongshan,where the elevation is lower and located on the coast.The temperature lapse rate is about 1.0°C/110 m for the initial from coast to inland.The turbulence heat flux at LGB69 displays obvious seasonal variations with the average sensible heat flux-17.9 W/m2 and latent heat flux-0.9 W/m2.The intensity(Qh+Qe) of coolling source is-18.8 W/m2 meaning the snow surface layer obtains heat from atmosphere.The near surface atmosphere is near-neutral stratified with bulk transport coefficients(Cd) around 2.8×10-3,and it is near constant when the wind speed higher than 8 m/s.The speed and the frequency of easterly Katabatic winds at LGB69 were higher than that at Zhongshan Station.     

The influence of subtropical cold fronts on the surface energy balance of a semi-arid site

The passage of subtropical cold fronts through central Australia produces the only significant mesoscale meteorological features in the region. The interaction of these cold fronts with the surface energy balance strongly affects the local weather and climate. The surface energy balance was measured at a semi-arid site in Alice Springs, central Australia, to determine how it was influenced by the passage of subtropical cold fronts. Both Bowen ratio and eddy correlation methods were used. The daytime energy balance of the site showed high net radiation that was partitioned into 75% sensible heat flux and 25% soil heat flux with little or no latent heat flux. At night there was a large net radiative loss that was balanced primarily by a loss of heat from the soil. The cold fronts predominately passed through Alice Springs at night and showed a strong surface signature. The fronts brought moister air resulting in higher water vapour pressures during their passage. The nocturnal boundary layer was often disturbed as the front passed, resulting in warm, moist air being mixed down toward the land surface. Mixing decreased the soil heat flux and increased latent heat fluxes toward the surface. Moisture that accumulated at the surface at these times was often evaporated after a return to drier conditions. During the daytime, surface signatures in soil and sensible heat fluxes were less distinct due to the strong convective mixing. Latent heat fluxes followed a similar trend to the nocturnal case.     

积温数据栅格化方法的实验

根据中国 4 0 0多个气象站 1995年的积温数据分析 ,≥ 0℃积温和≥ 10℃积温与经纬度、海拔高度的相关性分别为r2 =0 96 5 6和r2 =0 94 0 2。以≥ 0℃积温数据为例 ,利用聚类分析法 ,将全国分为 7个积温计算区 ,每个区分别构建模型 ,通过“回归方程计算 +空间残差”的方法对全国积温数据进行栅格化。验证结果为 :计算值与实测值之间的线性相关系数r2 =0 9889,平均相对误差 3 5 6 % ,相对误差在 5 %以内的气象站个数占验证气象站总数的 86 %。