三峡水库不同调度方式运行期洞庭湖区的水情响应

运用1951-2002 年典型年实测原型水文资料,对比分析2003-2010 年三峡水库不同调度方式运行期对洞庭湖区水情的影响,结果表明：(1) 影响时间为每年5 月25 日-6 月10 日、7 月1 日-8月31 日、9 月15 日-10 月31 日、12 月-次年4 月,其中枯期补水调度的影响不很敏感;(2) 预泄调度,平水年径流有所增加,平均水位、最高水位均有上升。丰、枯年影响期径流增加平均值40.25 ×10⁸ m³;平均水位抬高平均值1.06 m,最高水位壅高平均值1.06 m;(3) 蓄洪调度,平水年洪水量稍有上涨,枯、丰年影响期洪水减少平均值444.02 × 10⁸ m³,平均洪水位降低平均值2.64 m,最高洪水位降低平均值1.42 m;(4) 蓄水调度,除平水年影响期径流增加、水位稍有壅高外,枯、丰年影响期径流减少平均值185.27 × 10⁸ m³,平均水位降低平均值3.13 m,最高水位降低平均值2.14 m;(5) 补水调度,平、丰年影响期径流减少平均值337.7 × 10⁸ m³,平均水位降低平均值1.89 m,最高水位降低平均值2.39 m,但枯水年影响期径流量增加、平均水位与最高水位稍有抬高。关键词：长江三峡水库;调度方式;洞庭湖区;水情变化     

西藏东南部米堆冰湖面积和水量变化及其对溃决灾害发生的影响

冰湖溃决灾害是青藏高原地区主要的灾害之一。详细了解冰湖的面积和水量变化及其原因, 有助于更准确地确定其溃决的可能性和产生破坏的程度和范围。米堆冰湖为一个典型的冰碛物阻塞冰湖, 1988 年7 月15 日曾发生溃决。本研究利用1980 年1:5 万地形图和DEM、1988 年TM影像、2001 年IKONOS影像以及2001、2007、2009、2010 年ALOS影像, 提取冰湖溃决前后的面积变化, 结合野外实地测得的冰湖水深, 获得冰湖不同时期的水量及其变化。同时, 利用自动水位计, 监测湖泊相对水深的变化及其原因。结果显示, 米堆溃决前面积达到64×10⁴ m², 水量为699×10⁴ m³, 溃决使得601.83×10⁴ m³的水量溃出, 水位下降了17.18 m, 但溃决口并未达到冰湖最低处, 溃决后仍有97.17×10⁴ m³的水量。近年来, 气温升高融水增加使得冰湖面积和水量不断增加, 按照目前的水量增加速率, 冰湖再次发生溃决的可能性较小, 而在由于其他原因使得冰湖发生堵塞或大量外来物质(冰川断裂、滑坡等)填充进冰湖时, 可能导致冰湖水位急剧上升, 再次发生溃决。     

新疆孔雀河流域生态基流与天然植被需水量研究

研究和确定流域生态基流及天然植被需水量是为了遏制因河道断流或流量减少而造成的生态环境退化,以确保流域生态系统健康发展。根据孔雀河流域植被类型分布及多年径流状况,将河道分为A、B两部分,A段为孔雀河上游塔什店至第三分水枢纽常年未断流河道;B段为第三分水枢纽以下天然植被主要分布区。基于塔什店水文站近50 a水文数据,结合Tennant法等4种方法对A段河道生态基流进行估算;选择潜水蒸发法、定额法对B段距河道1 km辐射范围内的天然植被需水量进行计算。结果表明:Tennant法估算的年均生态基流为9.13 m³·s^-1,对应基本生态水量为2.88×10⁸ m³·a^-1,满足A段河道2000—2018年多年平均河损,且近10 a(2009—2018年)塔什店实测年均流量均可满足此生态基流标准;B段河道辐射范围内天然植被总面积为4.66×10⁴ hm²,生态需水量为0.95×10⁸ m³·a^-1,以孔雀河生态输水工程为例科学调控水资源,在满足A段基本生态基流的同时兼顾B段天然植被需水量。研究结果对实现孔雀河河道修复和不同水平年下生态供水具有一定的意义。     

塔里木河流域水资源变化的特点与趋势

通过时间序列分析了塔里木河流域山区1961~2002年的降水和温度变化, 源流干流水分的消耗, 并对这些指标进行了KENDALL秩次相关检验。结果显示: 塔里木河源流山区降水和温度均有增加,但是降水增加的趋势在?琢 = 0.05水平上不显著, 温度升高的趋势显著; 塔里木河流域几个源流水量增加, 特别是在1994~2002年,年平均径流量比多年平均增加了25.163×10⁸ m³/a, 而上游三源流补给干流水量只增加0.9985×10⁸ m³/a, 塔里木河干流沿程各站的径流量呈现显著的线性递减趋势, 表明连续十年的丰水期并没有改变干流生态环境恶化的局面; 如果三源流来水以正常年份计算 (1957~2003年平均来水量), 塔里木河干流来水量每年只有22.57×10⁸ m³, 那样塔里木河流域的生态安全将更令人担忧。     

基于流量监测的西藏东南部然乌湖水量平衡季节变化及其补给过程分析

青藏高原分布着亚洲大陆最大的湖泊群,其湖泊变化对气候变化响应敏感。基于遥感数据的湖泊面积变化不足以反映外流湖对气候变化的响应,需借助湖泊水量平衡过程分析来进一步研究各补给要素的变化。本文利用2015年4月-11月然乌湖水文气象监测数据,通过建立流量—水位关系,依据连续的水位数据重建了观测期内然乌湖主要径流的水文过程线,并结合SRM模型分析了然乌湖的水量平衡过程及季节变化。结果表明,观测期内然乌湖入湖水量约为18.49×10⁸ m³,其中冰川融水约为10.06×10⁸ m³,冰川融水占然乌湖补给的54%以上,湖面降水、湖面蒸发对湖泊水量平衡过程影响微弱。流域降水对湖泊的补给具有明显的季节特征。春季受西风南支扰动影响,然乌湖地区降水量大,降水是春季然乌湖的主要补给源。夏季和早秋由于气温升高,冰川消融量大,冰川融水是湖泊补给的主控因素。在未来气候变暖的条件下,冰川融水将会在湖泊补给中占据更大比例,并可能使得流域内的冰湖水量增加,产生潜在灾害风险。     

鄱阳湖水文特征动态变化遥感监测

鄱阳湖是中国第一大淡水湖,对鄱阳湖的水文变化进行持续监测可以为流域内生态环境变化提供基础数据,有利于研究其与长江和流域内河流的交互关系,更好地服务于陆面过程模式和水资源管理。本文利用卫星测高数据反演的鄱阳湖水位数据与MODIS数据结合,对鄱阳湖2000—2015年的水位、水域面积和水量变化进行研究,并通过水量平衡模型,推导出了同期长江—鄱阳湖的水量交互。研究发现,2000—2015年鄱阳湖面积呈现波动性变化,最大水域面积为3600 km ²,是最小水域面积482 km ²的7.5倍。2004年、2007年、2009年和2011年水域面积比较低,2012年后形势好转。每年1月、2月、12月份是鄱阳湖干季,水域面积低至500 km ²,湖口处水位可低至4.71 m,湖面从南往北倾斜,南北水位差异达2.59 m。相对于2000—2015年最低水量,干季时湖泊水量平均增加量为3 km ³。每年6—9月份是鄱阳湖的湿季,水域面积一般大于2670 km ²,水位高于15 m,南北水位差异不大,相对于2000—2015年最低水量,湿季时湖泊水量平均增加量为12 km ³。2000—2015年鄱阳湖流入长江的水量范围为-7~40.66 km ³,每年有93.33%的时间水流从鄱阳湖流入长江。流入长江的水量多少具有明显的季节性,通常5月、6月流入长江的水量高于7月、8月,主要因为7月、8月长江中上游降水增加,长江干流来水增多,对鄱阳湖湖水倒灌有一定的顶托作用。     

黑河干流正义峡-狼心山段河道渗漏量计算及模拟

综合考虑来水条件和渗漏容量,利用平均水面宽度与渗漏率的乘积求得单位长度渗漏量,采用水面宽度的变化表征渗漏面随水流起伏变化,建立了黑河正义峡-狼心山段河道渗漏模型,模拟了2005-2013年河段渗漏量变化;并以此建立了河道前期过水和未过水条件下正义峡流量和正义峡-狼心山段渗漏量之间的关系。结果表明：（1）强烈渗漏条件下天然河道水流演进模型对正义峡-狼心山段渗漏模拟效果较好,总体误差小于5%;（2）模型模拟的2005-2013年年均渗漏量为2.69×10⁸ m³,与以水量平衡计算的年均2.84×10⁸ m³大致相当,绝对误差为0.15×10⁸ m³,表明模型模拟的结果较好;（3）正义峡流量和正义峡-狼心山段河道渗漏量呈显著的指数关系,实际调度工作中,可利用该模型计算渗漏量并预测下游的来水过程。     

塔里木河近期治理评估及对编制流域综合规划建议

从2001年《塔里木河近期治理规划》经国务院批准实施以来,取得了显著成效。累计向大西海子水库以下输水43.0×10⁸ m³,平均每年下泄3.3×10⁸ m³,累计补给地下水25.0×10⁸ m³,使地下水埋深由8~12 m上升到4.0 m以内,达到适合天然植被生长的深度。乔、灌、草面积分别增长2.4倍、0.36倍和1.8倍,2006年恒定植被面积达到570 km²,2010年植被覆盖面积为1000 km²;植物种类由输水前的9科13属17种增加到输水后的15科36属46种。水域面积明显扩大,进水河道长度增加156.2 km,河水漫溢面积174.6 km²,连续干涸17 a的台特玛水域面积189.7 km(2包括康纳克湿地)。沙漠化得到逆转,由以前的年增长0.27%变为-0.30%,使塔克拉玛干沙漠和库鲁克沙漠已不可能合拢,218国道基本无沙害,畅通无阻。为了使现正在编制的流域规划能够顺利通过国家评审、立项和实施,建议规划中应强调流域生态环境脆弱和社会经济发展滞后,干旱、风沙、盐碱危害严重,是国家级连片扶贫区,这些问题都必须通过合理规划水资源利用、提高用水效益,强化管理和调控来解决。     

不同水平年塔里木河流域“四源一干”可承载灌溉面积研究

利用水量平衡原理,基于流域水资源量及水资源利用水平、灌溉定额等资料,计算探讨了塔里木河流域“四源一干”现状水平年（2010年）和规划水平年（2020年、2030年）可承载灌溉面积、不同来水频率下规划年灌溉面积超载和生态水保证情况。结果表明：（1）现状水平年,流域可承载灌溉面积为129.06×10⁴ hm²,除和田河流域外其它区域均超载,超载面积为41.7×10⁴ hm²。（2）2020年,25%来水频率下,除开都-孔雀河流域其他区域均不超载。在50%与75%来水频率下,流域规划灌溉面积超载较大,分别为10.21×10⁴ hm²与28.05×10⁴ hm²,管理部门应对规划方案进行科学论证。75%来水频率下,流域生态水保证率为76%,表明枯水期生态水供应存在压力。（3）2030年,25%来水频率下,除开都-孔雀河流域其他区域均不超载。在50%与75%来水频率下,流域规划灌溉面积超载较大,分别为7.06×10⁴ hm²与24.09×10⁴ hm²。75%来水频率下,流域生态水保证率为81%,表明枯水期生态水供应仍然存在压力。研究结果为流域水资源配置及区域可持续发展提供了重要数据支撑与理论依据。     

三峡水库运行下洞庭湖盆冲淤过程响应与水沙调控阈值

以1951-2011 年洞庭湖区及荆江段干流主要控制站实测径流输沙量资料为依据,分析三峡水库不同蓄水阶段及不同调度方式下洞庭湖盆冲/淤响应,并提出上游来水来沙调控阈值。结果表明：① 荆南三（四）口流量与枝城站流量、荆南三（四）口输沙率存在极显著正相关（p < 0.0001）,决定系数r2分别为0.859 及0.895。② 与三峡水库蓄水运用前（1999-2002）相比,一、二期蓄水阶段及全面试验性蓄水阶段（2008.10-2011.12）洞庭湖盆年均冲淤量由+4796.4×10⁴ t 依次递减为+684.1×10⁴ t、+449.8×10⁴ t 及-559.6×10⁴ t,湖盆冲淤率由+70.25%分别降至+31.13%、+23.56%及-42.64%。③ 预泄调度及蓄水调度期,湖盆泥沙均由以淤积为主转变为以冲刷为主,防洪补偿调度期湖盆泥沙表现为淤积,而在补水调度运用期则表现为冲刷。④ 洞庭湖盆处于冲/淤临界平衡状态时的荆南三口平均流量、输沙率及含沙量分别为970.81 m³/s、466.82 kg/s 及0.481 kg/m³。并认为,为增强湖泊调蓄功能,必须进一步优化三峡水库调度方式,合理调控下泄水沙量。     

北京市水资源与水量平衡研究

以降雨-径流-蒸散发平衡和水资源供需平衡模式为基础进行研究,得到以下结论:北京市2001～2009年系列的水资源量与多年平均系列相比,水资源产量减少了约40.1%,减少的原因既有气候因素,也有人类活动导致土地覆被变化的原因,其中气候因素占30.1%,下垫面变化导致产流减少的比重为69.9%;同时由于人口的增长,北京市人均水资源占有量从270 m³下降到114 m³.在北京市水平衡分析中,采用不同下垫面蒸散发模式,计算得到2001～2009年北京市蒸散发为494 mm,河川径流量为46 mm,入境水量为4.34 亿m³,出境水量为8.03 亿m³,超采地下水、水库净补给以及外流域引水量为6.19 亿m³.在不考虑河道内生态需水条件下,北京市的现状缺水量为4.73～5.86 亿m³.到2014年南水北调中线水到达北京以后,北京将可以在75%来水年份下保障10～15年的水资源的基本供需平衡。但是如果遭遇95%来水频率的特枯年份,北京仍然将会面临较为严重的水资源短缺问题。     

博斯腾湖的水环境保护与可持续利用对策

本文通过实地调查和对1999～2001年的监测资料的分析,从水环境污染物特性、水环境质量变化、排污源分布及排污量计算等方面探讨了博斯腾湖水环境问题及其成因。提出建立博斯腾湖保护区,加大管理检查和执法力度,加强对农田排污水的控制,强化重点排污口和重点城镇生活污水的排污管理,并通过湖滨湿地生态恢复工程、增源节水工程、加速湖水循环工程等措施,保护和改善博斯腾湖水环境     

塔里木河下游生态需水估算

量化生态需水是流域水权分配的重要依据。以塔里木河下游大西海子水库至尾闾台特玛湖段为研究区,借助湿周法计算了该段河道内最小生态需水量,并基于2009年和2010年河段地下水分布特征,计算沿线河道两岸各1 km范围地下水恢复至目标埋深(5～4 m)的地下水恢复量,采用潜水蒸发法和面积定额法估算了沿线天然植被生态需水量。结果表明：（1）塔里木河下游大西海子-台特玛湖河道内年最小生态需水量为1.455×108 m3;（2）以5年为恢复期限,确定该河段地下水埋深恢复至5～4 m的年恢复需水量为0.608×108～1.466×108 m3;（3）取潜水蒸发法和面积定额法计算结果均值,确定研究区天然植被生态需水量为1.042×108 m3;（4）综合考虑,塔里木河下游大西海子-台特玛湖年生态需水总量为3.105×108～3.963×108 m3。     

Isotopic evolution and climate paleorecords: modeling boundary effects in groundwater-dominated lakes

We used an isotopic mass-balance model to examine how the hydrogeologic setting of lakes influences isotopic response of evaporating lake water to idealized hydroclimatic changes. The model uses a monthly water and isotope balance approach with simplified water-column structure and groundwater exchanges. The framework for comparative simulations is provided by lakes in a region of the Northern Rocky Mountains that display high interlake geochemical variability, thought to be controlled by groundwater hydraulics. Our analysis highlights several isotopic effects of flow between aquifers and lakes, leading to possible divergence of isotopic paleorecords formed under a common climate. Amplitude of isotopic variation resulting from simulated climate forcing was greatly damped when high groundwater fluxes and/or low lake volume resulted in low lake fluid residence time. Differing precipitation and evaporation scenarios that are equivalent in annual fluid balance (P−E) resulted in different isotopic signatures, interpreted as a result of evaporation kinetics. Concentrating low-δ groundwater inflow during spring months raised springtime lake δ values, a counterintuitive result of coincidence between times of high groundwater inflow and the evaporation season. Transient effects of reduced fluid balance caused excursions opposite in sign from eventual steady-state isotopic shifts resulting from enhanced groundwater inflow dominance. Lags in response between climate forcing and isotopic signals were shortened by high groundwater fluxes and resulting short lake residence times. Groundwater-lake exchange exerts control over patterns of lake isotopic response to evaporation through effects on lake residence time, inflow composition, and seasonal timing of inflow and outflow. Sediments from groundwater-linked lakes, often used for paleoenvironmental analysis, should be expected to reflect isotopic complexities of the type shown here. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

1987年后博斯腾湖水位的还原分析

新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州境内的博斯腾湖近年来水位达到了有史记载以来的最高值。通过还原计算得出以下结论文：(1)天然状态下博斯腾湖水位通常在1047．5～1048．5m之间变化,除非特大年径流量(50～100年一遇)水位难以超过1049．00m。(2)博斯腾湖死库容水位为1047．20m。(3)2002年博斯腾湖水位超过1049m完全是人为造成的。(4)现在孔雀河径流量年际变化、年内变化都大于天然状态下。     

藏南普莫雍错流域水体离子组成与空间分布及其环境意义(英文)

The chemistry of major cations (Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and K⁺) and anions (HCO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, and Cl⁻) in the water of Lake Pumayum Co and its inflow river was studied, revealing the obvious ionic difference among various inflow rivers and the lake. The chemical type of the lake water was Mg²⁺-Ca²⁺-HCO₃ ⁻-SO₄ ²⁺, but the major ions of the main inflow rivers were Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO₃ ⁻. In the lake inlet of Jiaqu River, the main inflow river, there was significant variance of water chemistry within the depth less than 2 m. However, it was almost homogeneous at other area of the lake. Therefore, with the evidence of distribution of water chemistry and oxygen isotope of lake water, a conclusion can be outlined that Jiaqu River had a distinct effect on the hydrochemistry of the water on the submerged delta, whereas this is not the case for other rivers. The Gibbs plot revealed that the dominant mechanism responsible for controlling chemical compositions of the lake water was rocks weathering in the drainage area. Ion ratios and ternary plots further explored the main processes controlling the water chemistry of the catchment, i.e., carbonate weathering, pyrite weathering, and silicate weathering. The different hydrochemistry characteristics between river water and lake water may result from the CaCO₃ precipitation. The findings will benefit the explanation of the environmental significance of carbonate in paleolimnological studies in the lake.     

中国跨境水资源的脆弱性及其影响因子

Competitive use of transboundary freshwater resources is becoming one of the key factors influencing regional peace and political relationship among states. In China, 18 major international river basins are concentrated in three regions, of which the total annual outflow at the border is 7320×10⁸ m³, occupying 26.8% of the total annual runoff of China, and the inflow at the border is only 172×10⁸ m³. In this paper, we analyzed the major drivers affecting shared water vulnerability in China, namely: (1) changes in physical conditions affecting the availability of water; (2) competing objectives between economic development and ecological conservation; (3) lack of emergency response mechanisms; (4) unsound administrative institutions; and (5) shortcomings in the development of regional cooperation based on transboundary waters. We concluded by identifying four pathways for reducing vulnerability: (1) encouraging scientific research cooperation; (2) constructing information-sharing channels; (3) establishing early-warning mechanisms; and (4) promoting further coordination and negotiation. Foundation: The National Key Project for Basic Research on Ecosystem Changes in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region and Transboundary Eco-security of Southwest China, No.2003CB415105 Author: Feng Yan (1967–), Ph.D and Professor, specialized in coordinated management of international river basins related to international water law and water policy, natural resources sustainable uses in mountainous areas.     

A simple method for estimating basin-scale groundwater discharge by vegetation in the basin and range province of Arizona using remote sensing information and geographic information systems

Groundwater is a vital water resource in the arid to semi-arid southwestern United States. Accurate accounting of inflows to and outflows from the groundwater system is necessary to effectively manage this shared resource, including the important outflow component of groundwater discharge by vegetation. A simple method for estimating basin-scale groundwater discharge by vegetation is presented that uses remote sensing data from satellites, geographic information systems (GIS) land cover and stream location information, and a regression equation developed within the Southern Arizona study area relating the Enhanced Vegetation Index from the MODIS sensors on the Terra satellite to measured evapotranspiration. Results computed for 16-day composited satellite passes over the study area during the 2000 through 2007 time period demonstrate a sinusoidal pattern of annual groundwater discharge by vegetation with median values ranging from around 0.3 mm per day in the cooler winter months to around 1.5 mm per day during summer. Maximum estimated annual volume of groundwater discharge by vegetation was between 1.4 and 1.9 billion m³ per year with an annual average of 1.6 billion m³. A simplified accounting of the contribution of precipitation to vegetation greenness was developed whereby monthly precipitation data were subtracted from computed vegetation discharge values, resulting in estimates of minimum groundwater discharge by vegetation. Basin-scale estimates of minimum and maximum groundwater discharge by vegetation produced by this simple method are useful bounding values for groundwater budgets and groundwater flow models, and the method may be applicable to other areas with similar vegetation types.     

Groundwater Assessment for Current and Future Water Demand in the Daka Catchment,Northern Region,Ghana

The use of untreated surface water for domestic purposes has resulted in the infection of some people by guinea worm and other water borne diseases in the Northern Region of Ghana. The aim of this study is to assess the current groundwater quantity and quality conditions in the 7,820 km² Daka catchment and project the water demand in 2025. Results of groundwater analyses generally show good water quality for domestic use. Borehole analyses indicate that the catchment’s groundwater system can be characterized by a regolith aquifer underlain by a deeper fractured rock aquifer in some areas. The current per capita water demand is estimated at 40 l/day although 60 l/day is the desired amount, indicating that with the current population of 363,350, the projected water demand for the communities is 21,800 m³/day. With a projected population of 555,500 in 2025, an expected 33,300 m³/day of water is required. The estimated optimum potential groundwater available for use in the catchment is 154 × 10⁶ m³/year (4.24 × 10⁵ m³/day). However, the current total groundwater abstraction is only 8,876 m³/day or 2% of the optimum. In comparison, the projected total current and 2025 water demands are only 5 and 8%, respectively, of the optimum potential groundwater available for use in the catchment. In addition, only 1,780 m³/day (0.65 × 10⁶ m³/year) or 0.06% of the average annual flow of 1,016 × 10⁶ m³/year of the Daka River is treated for domestic use. These figures reveal that a significantly very large water resource potential exists for both surface and groundwater development in the Daka catchment. It is suggested that their development should proceed conjunctively.     

Dynamic evaluation of groundwater resources in Zhangye Basin

Groundwater resource is vital to the sustainable development of socio-economics in arid and semi-arid regions of Northwest China. An estimation of the groundwater resources variation in Zhangye Basin was made during 1985–2013 based on long-term groundwater observation data and geostatistical method. The results show that from 1985 to 2013, groundwater storage exhibited tremendous dissimilarity on temporal and spatial scale for the whole Zhangye Basin, especially before and after implementation of the water diversion policy. Trend of groundwater storage varied from quick to slow decline or increase. The accumulative groundwater storage decreased nearly 47.52×10~8 m~3, and annual average depletion rate reached 1.64×10~8 m~3/a. Among which, the accumulative groundwater storage of the river and well water mixed irrigation district decreased by 37.48×10~8 m~3, accounting for about 78.87% of the total groundwater depletion of the Zhangye Basin. Accumulative depletion of groundwater storage varied in respective irrigation districts. Though groundwater resources depletion rate slowed down from 2005, the overall storage in the whole basin and respective districts during 1985–2013 was still in a severe deficit such that, the groundwater resource was in a rather negative balance, which could threaten the local aquifer. This is the joint effect of climate change and human activities, however human activities, such as water diversion policy and groundwater exploitation, became increasingly intense. Our research results could provide a reasonable estimation for the groundwater balance in Zhangye Basin, providing a scientific basis for water resources unified planning and, this method can provide a relatively reliable way of estimation for large scale groundwater resources.