北京山区景观功能评价--以北京市怀柔区为例

根据山区景观所具有的3层次功能和指标体系选取的原则，从美学、社会、生态3个方面，初步构建了4个层次的评价指标体系。在此基础上建立综合评判模型，应用于北京市怀柔区9个乡镇，得到如下结果：景观功能评价综合指数处在“较好”标准的有宝山镇和怀北镇；在“一般”标准的有喇叭沟门乡、雁栖镇、九渡河镇、长哨营乡；处在“较差”标准的有渤海镇、玻璃庙镇、汤河口镇。评价结果基本与实际相符，说明建立的评价指标体系与模型是可行的。     

城市边缘区乡村景观评价方法研究

乡村景观评价作为乡村景观规划与设计的一项基础工作，其根本任务是建立一套指标体系对乡村景观所发挥的经济价值、社会价值、生态价值和美学价值进行合理评价，揭示现有乡村景观中存在的问题和确定将来发展方向，为乡村景观规划与设计提供依据。该文从城市边缘区乡村景观的特征出发，根据城市边缘区乡村景观所具有的3个层次功能，构建了包括社会效应、生态质量、美感效果三方面的评价指标体系。在此基础上建立综合评判模型，应用于北京市海淀区5个乡镇。     

城市边缘区乡村景观综合评价研究--以北京市海淀区白家疃村为例

文章从城市边缘区乡村景观的特点出发，根据城市边缘区乡村景观所具有的3个层次功能，构建了包括社会效应、生态质量、美感效果三方面的评价指标体系。在此基础上建立综合评判模型，应用于北京市海淀区温泉镇白家疃村，揭示了其存在的问题。     

沙漠型景区景观价值评价方法

为建立系统的沙漠景观价值评价指标体系和评价方法,通过对多个景区的实地调研及数据、资料的研究分析,以美学价值、康乐价值、科学文化价值、经济社会价值为准则层及其分别对应的17个评价指标为评价对象,运用专家咨询法、层次分析法及模糊综合评价法构建评价体系,结合运用景观综合评价指数法,确保评价结果准确、合理。以沙坡头及宁夏其他主要沙漠景区为例应用分析,两种模型分析计算结果相吻合,均与现状相符。本研究可为沙漠型景区景观资源评价、开发及保护提供借鉴。     

鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观生态健康评价

从年平均气温和年降水量、景观特征、生态功能、人类扰动4个方面,构建湿地景观生态健康评价指标体系,利用层次分析法和熵值法,建立博弈论集结模型,确定权重;在对鸭绿江口滨海湿地生态功能和景观脆弱性分析的基础上,采用改进的韦伯—费希纳定律,对鸭绿江口滨海湿地景观生态健康状况进行评价。结果表明,与1995年相比,2005年的生态系统服务价值总量有所增大,2015年的生态系统服务价值总量明显减小;3个时期的景观脆弱性指数变化很小,即对外界干扰的敏感度也变化很小。1995年、2005年和2015年景观生态健康指数分别为0.202、0.167和0.079,景观生态健康状况由健康到临界健康到不健康。景观脆弱性与景观生态健康存在一定的关联性,景观脆弱性指数越大,对外界干扰越敏感,景观生态健康状况越差。     

水东湾红树林景观质量评价

为了研究影响红树林景观质量的重要因子、红树林景观质量与各影响因子之间的关系以及景观优化方法,以茂名市水东湾红树林为研究对象,使用层次分析法构建了3个准则、14个指标的水东湾红树林景观质量评价指标体系;采用专家打分法,建立评价指标重要性判断矩阵,计算相对权重,并进行一致性检验;通过对景区游客进行问卷调查,获得各指标评价值,然后构建综合评价模型计算综合评价值,最后确定景观质量等级。研究结果表明,1准则层中最重要的因子是自然生态价值,其权重为0.43,景观美学价值次之,权重为0.3,社会使用价值权重最低,为0.27;指标层中最重要的因子是水质状况和生态系统健康状况,其归一化权重分别为0.147和0.129,归一化权重较低的是照明系统的布置和驳岸处理方式,分别为0.022和0.029;2准则层中评价值较高的是自然生态价值和景观美学价值,分别为3.761分和3.756分,评价等级都为"良",社会使用价值评价值最低,为2.9分,等级为"中";指标层中植物材料的选择、外部交通便捷性、空气质量和生态系统健康状况评价值都在4分以上,等级都为"优";驳岸处理方式、内部空间通达性、公共设施的布置、活动空间的丰富性和照明系统的布置评价值都在3分以下,评价等级都为"中";3水东湾红树林综合评价值为3.527分,评价等级为"良",说明水东湾红树林景观的质量良好。     

小流域生态经济系统可持续发展评价 --以东北低山丘陵区黑牛河小流域为例

以黑牛河小流域为例,在详细分析东北低山丘陵区小流域可持续发展现状的基础上,对该小流域的可持续发展状况进行定量评价：从效益显著性、资源与环境可支撑性和系统运行稳定性3个方面,选择31个因素作为参评因子,建立评价指标体系;采用精度较高的均方差法确定指标权重,以消除人为经验主观判断,提高评价的客观性和准确率;运用递阶多层次综合法建立二级层次指标(效益显著性、资源与环境可支撑性和系统运行稳定性)评价模型,多目标线性加权函数法建立流域系统综合评价模型,评判出了该区小流域的二级层次指标和综合指标的可持续发展水平,并有针对性的提出了小流域可持续发展的具体对策和建议。     

哀牢山区梯田景观多功能的综合评价

景观多功能的概念、研究内容和评价是景观生态学的研究热点之一。以哀牢山区梯田景观为例,从景观的生产价值、生态价值、文化价值与美学价值等4个方面提出其多功能价值综合评价的体系和标准,并分析和评价了梯田景观的多功能价值。结果表明：（1）梯田景观美学价值的6个指标均处于比较高的水平,美学价值高;（2）梯田景观生产价值的7个指标说明其生产功能低下;（3）梯田景观生态功能的7个指标说明其生态功能良好;（4）梯田景观文化价值的6个指标说明其文化社会功能很高;（5）梯田景观四种价值的顺序是文化价值〉美学价值〉生态价值〉生产价值,而从景观价值的总体水平看,其价值仅为良好状态,可见高层的综合评价结果是其下一级水平的平均状态。     

基于多维调控方案的黄河流域水资源可承载程度评价

在黄河流域多维临界调控模型得到的水资源配置结果的研究基础上,从调控方案所实现的经济效果、社会效果和生态环境效果三个层次建立了评价黄河水资源可承载程度的指标体系,并构造了水资源可承载程度的模糊综合评价模型;最后应用该评价模型对黄河流域2010和2020水平年共27个调控方案进行了水资源可承载程度分析评价,可为黄河流域水资源可持续开发利用提供决策参考。     

旅游村评价指标体系研究——以安徽省黟县为例

从旅游村的概念出发提出影响旅游村发展的四大因素:生态环境、规模、景观特色和管理服务,构建了四大影响因素和20个三级观测指标因子层组成的旅游村评价指标体系。运用层次分析法综合评价,建立模型。以黟县6个旅游村为案例进行实证分析,通过对黟县旅游村的问卷调查,定性和定量地探讨了旅游村各要素层的内在关系以及各因子对旅游村的影响程度。     

最小数据方法在生态补偿中的应用——以甘南黄河水源补给区为例

甘南黄河水源补给区蓄水、补水功能对整个黄河流域水资源调节起了关键作用,亟需建立生态补偿机制保护生态环境。采用最小数据方法模拟出了草地水源涵养服务供给曲线,根据不同的生态恢复目标,确定补偿标准,估算新增水源涵养量。研究结果显示:(1) 通过生态补偿提高甘南黄河水源补给区水源涵养能力是可行的; (2)当合作、夏河、玛曲、碌曲、卓尼、临潭的补偿额分别达1 024.3、999.79、861.74、1 008.54、585.54、983.22元/hm²时,该区退化草地将全部禁牧,将新增水源涵养量2.253×10⁹m³;(3) 草地提供的水源涵养服务和农户经济行为存在空间异质性,因此应建立差别化、动态化补偿标准。     

Evaluation of the Effects of Implementing Degraded Grassland Ecosystem Restoration Technology: A Case Study on Technology for Returning Grazing Land to Grassland

Restoring degraded grassland ecosystems is of great significance for the sustainable development of grassland ecological service functions and the sustainable and healthy development of regional economies and societies. Returning grazing land to grassland technology (RGLGT) is an important strategic technology for restoring degraded grassland ecosystems and achieving the sustainable development of the society and economy of pastoral areas in China. Researching the comprehensive evaluation system of the effects of RGLGT has an important significance for evaluating and adjusting national ecological policy. Based on collecting sample surveys from 221 farmers in 16 villages of 4 towns of Yanchi County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 2017, a model for evaluating the effects of implementing RGLGT was developed. The model included the characteristics of the technology, the ecological and social benefits of the technology, and the sustainability and economic benefits of the technology, it was used to complete a comprehensive effects evaluation of implementing RGLGT in Yanchi County that was based on use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The results showed that the comprehensive effect of implementing RGLGT is good overall and had a score of 0.5946. In terms of specific effects ranked from high to low, these were the ecological and social benefits of the technology, the economic benefits, the sustainability and the characteristics themselves. The implementation of RGLGT has resulted in good ecological and social benefits and economic benefits, but sustainability and characteristics of the technology are weak.     

Fundamental Strategic Shift Required by the Expensive Ecological Policy in Chinese Grasslands

Grasslands have critically important ecological and economic values while most of them have been suffering from various degrees of degradation in China due to overgrazing. The “Forage-Livestock Balance” (FLB) policy has been implemented for more than a decade, aims to balance the relationship between forage productivity and grazing consumption of grasslands by livestock. According to the review of statistical data and literatures on policy evaluation, FLB-dominated subsidies for grassland ecological conservation policies are ineffective on grassland restoration, livestock reduction in some overloaded areas and improvement on herdsmen livelihood. To deal with the dilemma, we suggest a fundamental shift of strategy from controlling livestock numbers to maintaining and improving grassland health (MIGH) based on ecological theories, and promote the sustainable development of grassland in China. The results show that, FLB policy failed to obtain expected benefits mainly because it interfered with the herders' autonomous use of contracted grasslands along with the defects of its underlying theory and methodologies. Implementing reward and punishment based on ecosystem health will not only motivate herders to manage their grassland autonomously, but also be more scientific and feasible than FLB.     

羌塘草原野生动物保护的生态补偿成本研究(英文)

生态保护的成本是生态补偿标准的核心组成部分,一般由直接成本、机会成本和发展成本构成。本文以羌塘自然保护区涉及的那曲地区为例,采用恢复成本法和机会成本法对牧民参与野生动物保护的直接成本和机会成本进行了核算。研究过程中,借用中国草地承载力评估中的标准羊单位,把草地生态系统、草食性野生动物和价值评估有机地联系起来,为草原地区野生动物保护的生态补偿提供了一个有效的评估工具。评估结果表明,那曲地区牧民参与野生动物保护的成本是每年5.69亿元,其中直接成本是1.19亿元,机会成本是4.5亿元,机会成本占总成本的79%。机会成本是由于草食性野生动物的啃食与踩踏导致草场必须禁牧致使牧民放弃的经济收入。显然,羌塘自然保护区草食性野生动物对草场的损害构成了生态补偿的主体。如果按照那曲地区中度以上退化草地的面积计算,则牧民保护野生动物的单位面积成本是每年57元,按照那曲地区人口计算,参与野生动物保护的人均成本是每年1482元。这一结果并不等于生态补偿标准,但可以作为补偿标准的低限。     

Multifunctionality and Thresholds of Alpine Grassland on the Tibetan Plateau

Ecosystems can simultaneously provide multiple functions and services. Knowledge on the combinations of such multi-dimensional functions is critical for accurately assessing the carrying capacity and implementing sustainable management. However, accurately quantify the multifunctionality of ecosystems remains challenging due to the dependence and close association among individual functions. Here, we quantified spatial patterns in the multifunctionality of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau by integrating four important individual functions based on data collected from a field survey and remote sensing NDVI. After mapping the spatial pattern of multifunctionality, we extracted multifunctionality values across four types of grassland along the northern Tibet Plateau transect. Effects of climate and grazing intensity on the multifunctionality were differentiated. Our results showed that the highest values of multifunctionality occurred in the alpine meadow. Low values of multifunctionality were comparable in different types of grassland. Annual precipitation explained the large variation of multifunctionality across the different types of grassland in the transect, which showed a significantly positive effect on the multifunctionality. Grazing intensity further explained the rest of the variation in the multifunctionality (residuals), which showed a shift from neutral or positive to negative effects on multifunctionality across the different types of grassland. The consistently rapid declines of belowground biomass, SOC, and species richness resulted in the collapse of the multifunctionality as bare ground cover amounted to 75%, which corresponded to a multifunctionality value of 0.233. Our results are the first to show the spatial pattern of grassland multifunctionality. The rapid decline of the multifunctionality suggests that a collapse in the multifunctionality can occur after the vegetation cover decreases to 25%, which is also accompanied by rapid losses of species and other individual functions. Our results are expected to provide evidence and direction for the sustainable development of alpine grassland and restoration management.     

The conservation patterns of grassland ecosystem in response to the forage-livestock balance in North China

Being a key ecological security barrier and production base for grassland animal husbandry in China,the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure in North China directly affects grassland degradation and restoration,thereby impacting grassland ecosystem services.This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal variation in grassland vegetation coverage,forage supply,and the balance between grassland forage supply and livestock-carrying pressure from 2000 to 2015 in North China.We then discuss the spatial pattern of grassland ecological conservation under the impacts of grassland degradation and restoration,and livestock-carrying pressure.Over the last 16 years,the total grassland area in North China decreased by about 16,000 km2,with vegetation coverage degraded by 6.7％ of the grasslands but significantly restored by another 5.4％ of grasslands.The provisioning of forage by natural grassland mainly increased over time,with an annual growth rate of approximately 0.3 kg/ha,but livestock-carrying pressure also increased continuously.The livestock-carrying pressure index without any supplementary feeding reached as high as 3.8.Apart from the potential livestock-carrying capacity in northeastern Inner Mongolia and the central Tibetan Plateau,most regions in North China are currently overloaded.Considering the actual supplementary feeding during the cold season,the livestock-carrying pressure index is about 3.1,with the livestock-carrying pressure mitigated in central and eastern Inner Mongolia.Assuming full supplementary feeding in the cold season,livestock-carrying pressure index will fall to 1.9,with the livestock-carrying pressure alleviated significantly in Inner Mongolia and on the Tibetan Plateau.Finally,we propose different conservation and development strategies to balance grassland ecological conservation and animal husbandry production in different regions of protected areas,pastoral areas,farming-pastoral ecotone,and farming areas,according to the grassland ecological protection patterns.     

羊啃食动力学模拟与内蒙古西部气候变化适应

将定性分析、民主参与式评估和定量数值模拟方法结合起来,对阿拉善气候变化适应问题进行了简要评估并重点分析了土地退化、放牧和草原管理策略之间的关系。阿拉善主要的适应政策是禁牧和生态移民。禁牧后荒漠草原植被得到恢复,但移民增加了绿洲压力,过度开垦又造成周边土地沙化;过度抽取地下水致使水位下降并伴随咸水入侵和地表盐碱化。禁牧的另一个副作用是造成草原鼠害加重及火灾风险增加,生物多样性也呈现先升后降趋势。一些灌木因缺乏啃食出现退化迹象等,说明一定程度的啃食有利于维持草原生态平衡。因此,动物是草原生态系统不可或缺的成员之一。我们用一个包含动物啃食等的森林生态动力模式模拟了啃食动力学,结果表明,有限的放牧有利于草场更新并能充分利用草原资源;过度放牧导致草场退化并伴随羊群死亡。因此,需要将圈养和限制性放牧结合起来,制定可持续性适应政策。     

牧户对退牧还草工程的行为响应及其影响因素研究——以高寒牧区玛曲县为例

 以高寒牧区玛曲县为例,应用最优尺度回归模型对当地牧民在退牧还草工程影响下的行为响应及其影响因素进行定量分析,以研究牧民在进行行为选择时的规律性因素。研究表明,牧户的受教育程度、家庭收入水平、牧户从政府保护草原的政策中的获益程度和草地退化认知程度对牧户参与退牧还草工程的响应程度有显著正向影响,而户主的年龄、家庭规模和草场面积有显著负向影响。为了使退牧还草工程变成牧户的自觉行动并长期坚持下去,应把牧户的经济发展与退牧还草工程紧密相连,只有着眼于牧民畜牧生产观念的转变,牧户的经济有很大发展,退牧还草的持续性才能保证。     

基于InVEST模型的宁夏盐池县禁牧草地生态补偿标准空间识别

以农牧交错带宁夏盐池县草地为研究对象，综合集成草地植被与土壤调查、草地信息提取、遥感反演、空间分析等技术方法，基于本地化的InVEST模型，选取碳储存、土壤保持和水源涵养3项关键生态系统服务类型，对禁牧前后（2000年，2015年）草地生态系统服务物质量进行精准评估，在此基础上，采用市场价值法对其价值化，测算禁牧前后草地生态系统服务价值变化量，以此确定生态补偿标准，并借助冷热点、三维趋势分析对生态补偿标准进行不同尺度的空间识别。结果显示：① 禁牧以来，盐池县草地生态系统服务显著增强，其中碳储量增加45.66×10⁴ t、强度增加0.42 t/hm²，水源涵养量增加9 351×10⁴ t、强度增加211.14 t/hm²，土壤保持量增加2 091×10⁴ t，强度增加44.93 t/hm²；② 草地生态补偿标准县域为309.21元/hm²、乡镇尺度介于7.25~1 146.36元/hm²、村级介于3.04~2 074.56元/hm²，村级尺度更能体现草地的生态贡献；③ 补偿标准的三维趋势呈现由西向东提高、南北向呈“U”型分异的特征，补偿热点区集中于盐池县东南部和东北部。     

基于PRA方法的农户对干旱区草原生态保护政策的认知分析

自2000年以来,中国草原牧区实施的一系列草原建设和保护工程引起了草地利用方式和农牧民传统生产模式的改变。农牧户作为生产经营活动的直接参与者和草原生态保护政策的实施主体,其认知态度与行为选择将直接影响政策实施效果,对草原生态环境有着直接影响。以黑河上游肃南县干旱区草原为例,选取了自由放牧区、半农半牧区和舍饲养殖区三个不同类型牧区,采用参与式农户评估方法（PRA）,分析了农牧民对草原生态保护政策的认知情况和实施效果及其在当前政策背景下倾向性的草原放牧措施。结果表明：（1）相对宽松的草地资源约束使自由放牧区内农牧民的草原保护政策认知水平较高,58.1%的农牧户对季节性休牧和补贴数额有较高的认同度,但存在超载放牧现象。（2）半农半牧区和舍饲养殖区农牧民对草原保护政策的认知水平偏低,同时,舍饲养殖导致的生产成本上升使该趋势进一步加剧,71.7%的农牧户响应禁牧政策的积极性不高且认为禁牧补贴数额不合理。建议从增加非农就业机会、完善农村金融服务体系、细化草原补奖标准和调整草地资源约束的角度因地制宜采取配套措施,实现保护生态和农牧民增收双目标。