模拟降雨对齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)生理特性的影响

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠地表具有发育完好的生物土壤结皮,本文以参与组成生物土壤结皮的优势藓类———齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)为研究对象,在实验室内对其进行模拟降雨处理,降雨量分别为0mm(对照)、2mm、6mm、10mm和15mm,研究模拟降雨影响下齿肋赤藓植株含水量、光合色素含量及可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白、抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和POD)、丙二醛含量的变化,以探讨其对降雨的生理生化响应。结果表明:随降雨量的增加,齿肋赤藓植株含水量显著增加;随齿肋赤藓植株含水量的增加,其光合色素含量和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加;随降雨量增加,抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性和可溶性糖含量呈大致递减的趋势,游离脯氨酸和丙二醛含量呈先下降后上升的变化趋势。在干燥状态下齿肋赤藓通过提高体内保护酶(SOD、CAT和POD)活性,增加可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量来抵御外界干旱胁迫的环境;而降雨能够增加齿肋赤藓植株含水量,激活其光合生理活性,显著提高光合色素含量,但是降雨量过大又将加剧齿肋赤藓膜脂过氧化的程度。     

齿肋赤藓（Syntrichia caninervis）氮磷计量特征对降水量的响应

荒漠藓类植物是典型的变水植物,对水分能够快速做出反应,恢复光合、呼吸等生理活性,且荒漠藓类植物对水分的敏感性显著高于维管束植物。藓类植物的生态化学计量特征易受到微环境影响,对于藓类植物生态化学计量特征是否受荒漠降水梯度的影响并不清楚。为深入了解荒漠藓类结皮氮（N）、磷（P）化学计量特征对荒漠年降水的响应特征,以齿肋赤藓（Syntrichia caninervis）作为研究对象,测定3个年降水量下齿肋赤藓植物地上、地下部分N、P元素含量,分析不同降水梯度下齿肋赤藓植物N、P元素化学计量特征。结果表明：（1）齿肋赤藓植物地上部分N、P含量显著高于地下部分,地下部分N、P元素的变异系数比地上部分高,齿肋赤藓植物地上部分氮磷比（N∶P）值为10.17～12.03,生长可能受到氮限制;（2）随年降水量的增加,齿肋赤藓植物地上部分N、P含量呈下降趋势,N∶P比均呈升高趋势;（3）齿肋赤藓植物N、P含量显著正相关,且随年降水量的增加,齿肋赤藓植物地上、地下部分的N-P幂关系指数无显著变化。古尔班通古特沙漠齿肋赤藓植物在N、P养分分配上具有较高的稳定性,且能够通过调节地上与地下部分N、P元素化学计量特...     

不同微生境下齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)非结构性碳水化合物含量的季节动态

齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis)作为古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓结皮优势种,叶片仅具单层细胞,对环境变化十分敏感。非结构性碳水化合物可以较好地反应植物体对环境因子的响应及适应策略。以齿肋赤藓为研究对象,利用蒽酮比色法研究了生长于3种不同微生境下(活灌丛、死灌丛和裸露地)齿肋赤藓在不同季节(4月初春无雨期、8月高温干燥期)的非结构性碳水化合物含量变化。结果表明:与4月相比,8月齿肋赤藓植株可溶性糖、果糖、淀粉、非结构性碳水化合物总量均显著增加。不同微生境间齿肋赤藓蔗糖含量在4月和8月两个时期差异均达到显著水平,但趋势相反。除可溶性糖在8月表现显著差异外,不同微生境间齿肋赤藓植株在果糖、淀粉及非结构性碳水化合物总量方面均差异不显著。微生境与季节的交互作用对植株可溶性糖与蔗糖含量有显著影响。这可能说明不同微生境与季节所产生的不同水热因子共同调控了齿肋赤藓非结构性碳水化合物总量及各组分含量的差异性变化。     

生物结皮中齿肋赤藓叶片细胞显微与亚显微结构特征

利用光学显微镜和透射电镜,对新疆古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮中齿肋赤藓叶片细胞的结构特征进行了观察研究。结果表明,齿肋赤藓叶片边缘背卷、中肋粗壮,多数叶片中上部具两层细胞,基部为单层细胞; 透射电镜下细胞壁较厚,具疣状突起,且细胞壁通道较多,细胞中叶绿体、细胞核、线粒体、微体、液泡等细胞器明显。其中,叶绿体中基粒片层结构和类囊体清晰,纵向排列,细胞膜和叶绿体双层膜系统保持完好。表明生物结皮中齿肋赤藓对干旱环境具有较强的结构适应性。     

冻融过程对生物结皮中齿肋赤藓叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以新疆古尔班通古特沙漠苔藓结皮中的优势种齿肋赤藓（Syntrichia caninervis Mitt．）为研究对象,利用便携式调制叶绿素荧光仪Mini-PAM（Walz公司,德国）测定其在冻融作用影响下叶绿素荧光特性的变化特征。结果表明,冻结过程中随着处理温度的降低,齿肋赤藓的初始荧光（F0）、最大荧光产量（Fm）、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率（Fv /Fm）、PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv /F0）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、光合电子传递速率（ETR）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）均呈显著下降的趋势（P<0.05）,而非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）则逐步上升。低温胁迫下NPQ的增加表明齿肋赤藓PSⅡ系统通过提高非辐射性热耗散消耗过剩光能,从而保护PSⅡ反应中心免受因吸收过多光能而引起的光氧化伤害。消融过程中,齿肋赤藓的叶绿素荧光参数（F0、Fm、Fv /Fm、Fv /F0、ΦPSⅡ、ETR和qP）可恢复至未冻结前的正常水平。齿肋赤藓叶绿素荧光强度和诱导曲线的形状在冻融过程中均随处理温度的降低或升高而发生了明显的变化。一定范围内的低温胁迫不会对齿肋赤藓的光合器官造成永久伤害,光合系统仍维持在可恢复的状态。     

沙漠生物土壤结皮中真藓(Bryum argenteum)和土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)对降雪的生理响应

以腾格里沙漠东南缘人工固沙植被区藓类结皮优势种真藓(Bryum argenteum)和土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)为研究对象,在野外条件下设置4个降雪处理,分别是无降雪(对照)、1/2降雪、1倍降雪、2倍降雪,降雪后测定植株光合色素含量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量以及丙二醛(MDA)含量,研究结皮层2种藓类植物对降雪的生理生态响应及其差异性。结果表明:随降雪量增加,真藓和土生对齿藓光合色素含量和可溶性蛋白含量均升高,且土生对齿藓含量上升趋势更明显;随降雪量增加,2物种脯氨酸含量、可溶性糖含量及丙二醛(MDA)含量均降低,且土生对齿藓可溶性糖含量与MDA含量下降趋势更明显。冬季降雪能够对结皮层藓类植物光合作用和生理活性起到一定促进作用;土生对齿藓对降雪的响应更明显。降雪量增加可能会改变藓类结皮层物种组成和结构,并对维持荒漠生态系统健康产生重要影响。     

荒漠藓类结皮层中齿肋赤藓形态结构适应性及其原丝体发育特征

 在实验室内通过光镜与扫描电镜相结合的手段观察了新疆古尔班通古特沙漠藓类结皮层的优势物种——齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis Mitt.)的形态结构特征及其原丝体发育的全过程,并分别从藓类植物生长发育所必经的配子体和原丝体两个阶段对齿肋赤藓形态结构与荒漠干旱的生态环境之间的适应性关系进行了探讨。研究结果表明,①植物体密集丛生;叶片边缘强烈背卷,两面均具马蹄形细疣;中肋粗壮并突出叶尖成白色长毛尖。②原丝体系统的细胞短粗,细胞质高度浓缩,液泡较小,细胞壁较厚;原丝体系统具有短枝群。     

三种UV-B辐射强度下香蒲叶片光合特性和叶绿体超微结构及其变化

为了探究3种UV-B(ultraviolet-B,波长为280～315 nm的紫外光)辐射强度对香蒲(Typha orientalis)叶片光合特性和叶绿体超微结构的影响,于2017年5月19日至7月17日,在甘肃农业大学室外实验基地,构建模拟垂直潜流人工湿地,在其中栽种香蒲幼苗;在3种UV-B辐射强度[168μw/cm~2(自然光照下)、210μw/cm~2和252μw/cm~2]下,测定香蒲叶片光合色素含量和光合特性指标,并观察其叶绿体超微结构。研究结果表明,UV-B辐射增强显著减小了香蒲叶片的光合色素含量,且随着辐射强度增大,光合色素含量减小量增大;UV-B辐射增强显著减小了香蒲叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,增大了胞间CO_2浓度,UV-B辐射强度增强的条件下香蒲叶片光合速率减小的主要原因是非气孔因素;在UV-B辐射增强条件下,香蒲叶片叶绿体超微结构遭到破坏,表现为叶绿体数目减少,叶绿体结构变形,体积膨大,形态臃肿,叶绿体中出现淀粉颗粒,破坏作用随辐射强度增大而加剧。     

生物结皮中齿肋赤藓叶片毛尖对植株含水量及水分散失的影响

采用相对含水量、含水率、蒸散率、累积蒸散率等指标研究了古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮中优势藓类齿肋赤藓(Syntrichia caninervis Mitt.)叶片毛尖对其离体植株含水量及水分散失的影响.结果表明:(1)虽然毛尖仅占植株重量的4.77％,但水合过程中毛尖内部及附属齿状芒刺均充分吸水,毛尖的存在使植株饱和水量增...     

柠条适应极端干旱的生理生态机制 ——叶片脱落和枝条中叶绿体保持完整性

 为了探讨柠条适应极端干旱的生理生态机制,对盆栽柠条停止浇水造成土壤持续干旱直到叶片完全脱落,然后复水。干旱和复水期间,对土壤、叶片和枝条的相对含水量、叶片和枝条中的叶绿素含量以及超微结构进行了测定和观察。结果表明,干旱脱水过程中叶片中的色素含量下降,枝条中类胡萝卜素含量下降。复水4 d后,叶片中色素含量和枝条中类胡萝卜素含量上升并逐步达到正常水平。超微结构研究表明,柠条嫩枝的亚细胞组织中普遍含有叶绿体。正常条件下,无论是枝条还是叶片的亚细胞组织,叶绿体紧贴细胞壁。叶绿体中的类囊体排列整体有序。随着干旱的加剧,叶绿体脱离细胞壁,向细胞中央靠近。严重干旱造成了叶片叶肉细胞和叶绿体结构不可恢复性的破坏,包括外膜和膜片层结构,类囊体膜解体,淀粉粒消失,部分细胞器裂解成碎片。而嫩枝的亚细胞组织和叶绿体都保持完整。因此,柠条通过叶片脱落减少光照面积来适应极端干旱对自身造成的伤害,通过保持枝条中叶绿体的完整性和一部分叶绿素为复水条件下光合作用的快速恢复提供了保证。     

固定沙丘生物结皮层藓类植物形态结构及其适应性研究

对腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区及其毗邻区域固定沙丘生物土壤结皮层6种有代表性藓类植物形态解剖结构及其适应性进行了观察和系统分析,结果表明:优势种真藓、土生对齿藓和刺叶赤藓植物体密集丛生,其中真藓和土生对齿藓易于通过茎叶碎片或芽胞进行无性繁殖,其茎的结构中皮部细胞壁明显增厚、中轴分化明显;刺叶赤藓和芦荟藓叶片结构最复杂,刺叶赤藓叶片具两层细胞,细胞密被透明马蹄形细疣,芦荟藓叶片内卷成兜形,中肋扁宽,背部有多层厚壁细胞,腹部着生许多绿色丝体;绿色流苏藓和盐土藓的叶片细胞也发生了明显的分化。藓类植物多样的形态结构特征使其适应沙漠环境中水分缺乏、基质不稳、强光辐射伤害等不利环境因子。植物体集群生长状态是其形态适应性的重要特征,与繁殖过程中植物体的连续分枝和原丝体反复再生及外延生长特性直接相关,个体和种群形态结构上的适应性对减缓细胞内生理条件的剧烈变化,减弱细胞器受损害的程度,加快其生理功能的恢复速度有重要作用。     

Eco-physiological mechanisms of Caragana korshinskii Kom. adaptation to extreme drought stress: Leaf abscission and maintaining stem chloroplast integrity

In order to study the eco-physiological mechanisms of C. korshinskii adaptation to extreme drought stress, we investigated the variations of water content in soil, leaves, and stems, the chlorophyll a and b and the carotenoid content in leaves and stems, as well as changes of chloroplast ultrastructure in 2-year-old C. korshinskii specimens during a progressive soil drought process (by ceasing watering until all leaves were shed) and a subsequent rehydration process. During the dehydration process, the chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents in the leaves decreased, as did the carotenoid content in the stems. During the 4-day rehydration process, the chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid contents in the leaves and stems increased and gradually returned to normal levels. During ongoing drought stress, chloroplasts in the leaves broke away from cell walls and appeared in the center of cells. Under severe drought stress, the mesophyll ultrastructure and chloroplast configuration in leaves were irreversibly disturbed, as manifested by the inner and outer membranes being destroyed; the thylakoid system disintegrated, the starch grain disappeared, and parts of cell tissue were dismantled into debris. However, the mesophyll ultrastructure and chloroplast configuration in the stems remained complete. This indicates that C. korshinskii utilizes leaf abscission to reduce the surface area to avoid damage from extreme drought stress, and maintains chloroplast integrity and a considerable amount of chlorophyll to enable a rapid recovery of photosynthesis under the rehydration process.     

Primary production in Lake La Cruz (Spain) over the last four centuries: reconstruction based on sedimentary signal of photosynthetic pigments

We analysed photosynthetic pigments in annually laminated sediment of meromictic Lake La Cruz, Spain, to cope with the timing and characterisation of primary productivity changes over the last four centuries. The photosynthetic pigments identified included chlorophyll a and b (and its derivatives) and specific carotenoids of different algal groups, such as zeaxanthin, lutein, alloxanthin, diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin among others. Marker pigments of phototrophic sulfur bacteria were also observed, including bacteriochlorophyll a derivatives, homologue series of bacteriophaeophytins d and bacterial carotenoids okenone and chlorobactene. We investigated the diagenetic processes of pigment alteration in anoxic sediments and the possible implications for paleoproductivity reconstruction and interpretation. The lack of systematic down-core changes in diagenetic indicators suggests that variability of sedimentary pigment concentrations is the result of changes in lake productivity. The lower concentration of algal photosynthetic pigments in the bottom of sediment sequence corresponds to the onset of meromictic conditions. Before that, sediment was not continuously anoxic and the preservation of pigments was reduced. Regarding photosynthetic bacteria, green sulfur bacteria derivatives indicate that population growth was limited until the settled organic matter was sufficient to provide enough sulphide. Moreover, the presence of bacterioviridine, an oxidised derivative of bacteriochlorophyll a, suggest the competitive relation among photosynthetic bacteria. The high relative abundance of zeaxanthin indicates the dominance of picocyanobacteria in the primary productivity over the last centuries. Fluctuations of the pigment signal observed in the sediment sequence during the meromictic period were well correlated with fluctuations of solar activity.     

Signature pigments of green sulfur bacteria in lower Pleistocene deposits from the Banyoles lacustrine area (Spain)

Signature pigments of photosynthetic green sulfur bacteria (GSB) were found in ancient sediments collected from an abandoned clay quarry located in the Banyoles lacustrine area (Spain). The sediments belong to the Interglacial Waalian of the lower Pleistocene (0.7–1.5 millions years old) and were deposited after a marshy event occurring during that geologic period. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analyses of acetone:methanol sediment extracts revealed that the main pigments found were carotenoids of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic photosynthetic organisms. In particular, isorenieratene (Isr) and β-isorenieratene (β-Isr) constituted the larger bacterial fraction (35–40% of the total carotenoid content), whereas okenone, a signature pigment of purple sulfur bacteria, accounted for less than 2%. Xanthophylls from oxygenic photosynthetic organisms accounted for the remaining carotenoids. Likewise, traces of degradation products of both bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) and chlorophyll (Chl) were also detected. The low concentration of Chl degradation products made proper identification of these compounds impossible. In contrast, degradation products of BChl-e such as bacteriochlorophyllide-e and bacteriopheophorbide-e were identified in the HPLC analyses, suggesting that chemical degradation of naturally occurring BChl aggregates of GSB was slower in the clay quarry sediments. The presence of signature pigments of brown-colored species of GSB (Isr, β-Isr and degradation products of BChl-e) in the sediments suggests an ancient aquatic environment where GSB were present and where episodes of sulfide-rich anoxia reaching the photic zone could be envisaged. Similarly, the large percentage of algal xanthophylls supports that algae could be an important part of the microbial photosynthetic community in this ancient ecosystem.     

Bacterial dominance of phototrophic communities in a High Arctic lake and its implications for paleoclimate analysis

The phototrophic communities in meromictic, perennially ice-covered Lake A, on Ellesmere Island in the Canadian High Arctic, were characterized by pigment analysis using high performance liquid chromatography. Samples were taken to determine the vertical changes down the water column as well as a variation between years. These analyses showed that Lake A had distinct phototrophic communities in its oxic and anoxic layers. The pigment analyses indicated that phototrophic biomass in the upper, oxic waters was dominated by picocyanobacteria, while in the lower, anoxic layer photosynthetic green sulphur bacteria were dominant. Interannual variation in pigment concentrations was related to the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation in the water column, suggesting that light availability may be limiting the net accumulation of photosynthetic bacterial biomass in Lake A. Pigment analysis of the surface sediments indicated that deposition was dominated by the photosynthetic sulphur bacterial contribution. The sedimentary record of bacterial pigments in polar meromictic lakes offers a promising tool for the reconstruction of past changes in ice cover and therefore in climate.