芦山地震汤家沟滑坡-碎屑流过程模拟

2013年4月20日四川省芦山县发生Ms7.0级强烈地震,诱发芦山县、天全县、宝兴县等多个县区2500多处崩塌、落石、滑坡、泥石流等次生灾害,但规模较小。天全县老杨乡汤家沟滑坡-碎屑流是此次地震诱发的最大一处滑坡,在地震作用下约有53万m~3的岩体自滑源区高速滑出。因剪出口下方山脊的阻挡作用滑体沿左右两侧发生分叉,此后分别沿春尖窝沟和干沟头沟高速运动,滑行约340 m和440 m后与各自沟谷侧壁发生撞击、爬坡解体为碎屑流,碰撞转向后继续向下滑行,总滑行距离约1.6 km,高程差约480 m。尽管关于芦山地震滑坡的研究很多,但对滑坡全过程动态模拟的研究较少。本文通过滑坡现场调查,解析了汤家沟滑坡的基本运动特征和滑体运动过程中发生的碰撞、铲刮、堆积等现象,并基于DAN3D动力分析软件,采用Friction-Voellmy复合模型反演了汤家沟滑坡运动全过程,得到了滑体的堆积、速度分布以及铲刮等特征。     

四川汉源二蛮山高速滑坡-碎屑流基本特征及地质演化

2010-07-27凌晨,四川省汉源县万工集镇后山因持续暴雨而突发高位高速远程滑坡-碎屑流,最大滑程约1.4 km,启动时滑坡体约48×104m3,沿线裹挟和铲刮沟谷及其两侧边坡松散体,到达坡脚部位滑坡碎屑流体积增大至100×104m3,最终导致沿沟的双合村一组5户20名村民失踪及下游万工集镇部分房屋被掩埋而倾倒破坏。滑坡启动区发育于万工集镇后侧二蛮山大沟内,沟左侧为二叠系灰岩(P1y),顺坡倾向沟内;右侧为强风化的二叠系峨眉山玄武岩(P2β),节理极发育;沟内早期堆积物丰富,特别是沟上游还存在一大型古滑坡体;这些不稳定物源在有利地形条件及降雨诱发下极易形成滑坡。原始沟谷上游高位陡峭地形导致山体具备高位潜在势能,具备形成高位高速远程滑坡-碎屑流的地形条件。2010-07-24—26的降雨是触发此起特大灾害的主要原因,累计降雨量达163 mm,在水的作用下启程剧动并高速下滑。采用将今论古的地质方法,从地质构造、地层序列、岩体坡体结构及坡体变形等角度研究了二蛮山滑坡孕育的地质演化史,再现了滑坡区域历史时期中重要的地质活动过程。     

1994－04－30四川省武隆县鸡冠岭滑坡→崩塌→碎屑流→堵江灾害链

１９９４－０４－３０的１１：４５，四川省武隆县兴顺乡核桃坪村境内乌江左岸鸡冠岭一龙冠嘴（１０７°２９′２７″Ｅ，２９°２８′０６″Ｎ）发生了特大型滑坡→崩塌→碎屑流→堵江灾害链，其碎屑堆积物方量５３０万ｍ￣３．崩塌滑坡发生区海拔５００─８５０ｍ。崩塌滑坡物质解体、破碎后，又呈碎屑流作顺坡运动，其中３０万ｍ￣３泻入乌江（江面海拔１５０ｍ），堵断江流时间达３０ｍｉｎ；这次灾害链致死４人，失踪１２人，伤５人，造成直接经济损失近千万元。发生区后缘坡体上还有地表裂缝在不断扩展，潜在性灾害威胁继续存在。     

关于《贵州关岭"6.28"特大滑坡特征和成因机理》一文的商榷

就滑坡组成和发生机制,与<贵州关岭"6.28"特大滑坡特征和成因机理>一文作者进行商榷.笔者认为"超压密岩土边坡失稳理论"可以较好的解释大寨滑坡-碎屑流灾害的突然发生."上硬下软"坡体结构,是大寨滑坡发生的地质基础;强降雨快速入渗,是导致岩层裂隙和大气突然贯通,负压立即消失,高陡坡体迅即失稳的诱因.     

基于物质点法的新磨村滑坡动力特性分析

2017年6月24日,四川省茂县叠溪镇新磨村突发特大滑坡碎屑流灾害,造成大量人员伤亡及房屋损坏,针对该滑坡特征及成因机制,相关学者已经取得一定研究成果,然对其动力学过程与特征的认知还相对缺乏。为解决这一问题,本文引入兼具欧拉算法和拉格朗日算法优势,适用于大变形及长距运动模拟计算的物质点法进行模拟分析。通过分析滑坡全程位移时程曲线、速度时程曲线和等效塑性应变变化特征,揭示其动力演化过程。现场调查与模拟结果表明,崩滑体启动后呈整体运移,与下方坡体碰撞解体,转化为碎屑流,不同时刻同一位置的坡体形态、质点等效塑性应变发展趋势以及能量时程变化曲线均进一步反映碎屑流碰撞破碎和刮铲侵蚀的过程。数值模拟计算与Scheidegger提出的理论计算方法获得的碎屑流速度特征吻合,可以在一定程度上反映滑坡的致灾能力。模拟结果综合反映了滑坡启动及动力演化过程。     

四川省溪口滑坡运动特征的离散元模拟

通过离散元分析拟合了溪口滑坡碎屑流的运动过程和主要特征,认为滑坡解体后是以碎屑流方式完成运移和停积过程。     

喜德采书组“8·31”滑坡工程地质特征及运动过程

受青藏高原新生代快速隆升和河流的快速下切影响,在我国西南山区高山峡谷、高地应力场、频繁的地震活动、暴雨及人类活动等内外动力作用下,河谷地段常形成暴雨诱发滑坡→堵江→堰塞湖灾害链。2012-08-31,四川喜德县遭遇200 a一遇的特大暴雨,日最大降雨量达149.2 mm。热柯依达乡上游1.5 km处发生大型碎屑岩滑坡,体积为520×104m3,堵河形成堰塞坝。堰塞湖水位上升28.6 m,库容量达120×104m3,威胁下游9个乡镇与县城约1.29万人的生命财产安全。基于对滑坡及堰塞坝的工程地质测绘,分析了滑坡的平面、空间形态,滑坡体、堰塞坝的物质结构、变形破坏特征。研究了滑坡运动过程的地质力学模式,推导出本构方程。主要认识有:1.滑坡体物质主要分为散体、层状碎裂、层状块裂结构。2.滑坡失稳运动地质模式为:强降雨诱发滑体产生后退式拉裂蠕滑启动;在岩体裂隙中静水压力和动水压力作用下,和前缘良好临空条件结合,产生高速滑动,凌空飞行;受河谷、对岸山体阻挡,急速停止,解体、破碎,堆积于河谷,堵断河流形成堰塞体。3.滑坡启动失稳力学模式主要为潜水和承压含水层混合模式。天然工况下稳定性系数为1.18,处于基本稳定状态;暴雨工况下为0.92,失稳破坏。推导出滑坡短程飞行、碎屑流运动本构方程。4.堰塞坝整体稳定性好,发生管涌或流土溃决的可能性小,主要以"漫顶"模式逐级冲刷破坏。     

沟道偏转地形对滑坡碎屑流运动的影响研究

在沟谷地形中,滑坡碎屑流的运动常受到地形的影响,导致其运动方向发生改变,进而影响到滑坡运动速度和堆积特征。本文利用三维离散元素法,对四川都江堰三溪村高速远程滑坡进行模拟,研究滑坡体不同部位的块体失稳后,在沟道偏转地形主导下的滑坡碎屑流前缘的运动速度、各部位滑体的速度变化过程和堆积特征,并提出沟道偏转地形耗能模型分析了地形偏转造成的动能消耗。研究结果显示:滑坡前缘在地形偏转位置运动方向发生变化,导致运动速度突降;由于滑坡不同部位的滑块相对于地形偏转点具有不同的撞击角度,导致其撞击后产生不同的偏转角度,滑块的偏转角度越大,速度变化越大;由沟道偏转地形导致的滑坡运动速度减小反映了偏转地形对滑坡的动能产生的耗散,动能耗散率与cos~2θ(θ为偏转地形在水平面上的偏转角度)成反比;不同部位滑块的堆积长度随偏转角度的增大而减小。本研究分析了沟谷地形偏转对滑坡碎屑流运动速度作用机制及不同部位岩土体堆积范围的影响,可为该类地形条件下滑坡的运动机制研究和防灾减灾工作提供参考。     

汶川5·12地震次生泥石流沟应急判识方法与指标

5·12汶川大地震诱发了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生灾害,崩塌、滑坡堆积物给泥石流的形成提供了大量松散固体物质,将导致灾区部分山洪沟转化为泥石流沟,为此,给出了一种泥石流沟的判识方法和指标.调查发现,汶川灾区的地形地貌和降雨条件满足泥石流的暴发条件,提出用流域单位面积的松散固体物质方量来判识泥石流沟;调查西部山区的50条泥石流沟,提出以0.1 m3/m2的松散固体物质量作为泥石流沟的判别指标,以2m3/m2的松散固体物质量作为粘性泥石流沟的判别指标.     

"5.12"汶川地震次生山地灾害的分布与特点

"5.12"汶川地震的重灾区,主要分布在龙门山高山峡谷区和四川盆地深丘区等地,行政区划上涉及四川省的成都市、绵阳市、德阳市、广元市、阿坝藏族羌族自治州,甘肃省的陇南市,陕西省的汉中市等的山区,面积大于10×104km2.强烈地震除直接造成众多人员伤亡和各种设施被毁外,还在山区引发了大量次生山地灾害,形成灾害叠加,导致灾情更加严重.次生山地灾害主要沿龙门山地震断裂带集中分布和沿河谷两岸山坡分布,具有下列特点:1.类型多样,包括崩塌、滑坡、滚石、堰塞湖、泥石流等;2.数量上以滚石、崩塌、滑坡为主;3.导致了大量人员伤亡;4.堰塞湖主要由地震滑坡、崩塌形成;5.泥石流活动具滞发性,地震直接激发的泥石流仅一处;6.对生态环境破坏极大;7.加剧了防洪形势的严峻性;8.主要沿龙门山断裂带活动;9.活动强弱与地震烈度大小关系密切.     

中国省际煤炭资源流动的时空演变及驱动力

根据1957-2005 年中国各省区煤炭调出和调入数据, 运用SPSS 和GIS 方法, 首先对 “一五”~ “十五”各省区的煤炭流动地域类型进行了判别, 然后在省域尺度研究了煤炭资源 区域流动的时空过程, 最后探讨了煤炭资源流动时空演变的驱动力。“一五”~ “十五”中国 省际间煤炭流动演变特征有: 中国省际间煤炭资源流动规模逐年增大, 省际间煤炭调出总量 年均增长5.9%, 煤炭调入总量年均增长5.6%。流动范围逐年扩展, 无流地由1957 年的10 个省区缩小至近年的1 个左右。流场呈集中输流、分散汇流的特征, 调出省区个数< 调入省 区个数, 调出首位度> 调入首位度。煤炭区域流动演变的主要驱动力有: ① 产消不平衡是煤 炭资源区域流动的基本动力。晋陕蒙、西部煤炭产消盈余, 华东、中南、东北煤炭产消亏缺, 决定了北煤南运、西煤东运的煤炭流动格局。② 运煤通道的改善促进了煤炭区域流动。2005 年交通密度指数在20 以上的省区, 煤炭外运条件较好, 交通密度指数20 以下的省区都不同 程度的存在煤炭外运困难。而且, 统筹交通设施布局与煤炭生产布局可极大地推动区域煤炭 流动。③ 煤炭区域价格差异是煤炭流动的信号, 对资源流动的方向和数量产生一定的影响。     

河南省1985—2006年环境库兹涅茨曲线特征分析

自1991年美国经济学家格鲁斯曼(Grossman)和克鲁格(Krueger)利用西蒙*库兹涅茨的"倒U型假说"得出环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)后,国内外许多专家学者利用EKC研究经济增长和环境保护的关系.选取河南省1985-2006年共22年间的经济与环境数据,利用SPSS统计软件,建立河南省经济发展与工业"三废"排放量的计量模型,分析工业"三废"排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征及其成因.结果表明:河南省工业废水排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线呈正"U"形 倒"U"形曲线左侧,工业废气和固体废弃物排放量的环境库兹涅茨曲线呈倒"U"形左侧曲线,即河南省工业"三废"排放量仍处于上升期,除工业废水排放量与人均GDP的回归曲线已初见转折外,其余尚未达到环境质量趋好的转折点,今后仍必须加强环境保护,从而实现自然、经济和社会协调发展.     

旅游废弃物研究进展与启示

通过综述国内外有关研究文献,结果表明,旅游废弃物问题已经得到广泛关注,研究内容涉及到旅游开发、旅游活动和旅游产业的各个组成部门,研究范围遍及人类旅游和游憩活动的所有空间。目前国内研究正处于起步阶段,研究内容主要以描述性为主,研究方法和措施大多还处于理论探讨之中,对实践指导性不强。真正适合于我国旅游景区、景点废弃物处理的方法体系还没有建立。因此,重视生态脆弱旅游景区的废弃物研究,完善研究方法,提高废弃物处理的技术水平,加强废弃物管理,是我国旅游业可持续发展的重要基础。     

探索综合利用自然盐与碱废液的技术

以盐田芒硝为例 ,探索综合利用碱废液与自然盐的途径 ,从而找出减少氨碱工业的浪费和污染 ,以及扩大氯碱工业原料供应领域的新工艺 ,通过对资源的综合利用而达到自然盐、氨碱、氯碱工业同时降低成本的目地。     

Influence of climate variability and human activities on stream flow variation in the past 50 years in Taoer River,Northeast China

Taoer River Basin, which is located in the west of Northeast China, is an agropastoral ecotone. In recent years, the hydrological cycle and water resources have changed significantly with the deterioration of the environment. Many water problems such as river blanking, wetland shrinking and salinization have occurred in this region. All of these phenomena were directly caused by changes in stream flow under climate variability and human activities. In light of the situation, the impact of climate variability and human activities on stream flow should be identified immediately to identify the primary driving factors of basin hydrological processes. To achieve this, statistical tests were applied to identify trends in variation and catastrophe points in mean annual stream flow from 1961 to 2011. A runoff sensitive coefficients method and a SIMHYD model were applied to assess the impacts of stream flow variation. The following conclusions were found: 1) The years 1985 and 2000 were confirmed to be catastrophe points in the stream flow series. Thus, the study period could be divided into three periods, from 1961 to 1985 (Period I), 1986 to 2000 (Period II) and 2001 to 2011 (Period III). 2) Mean annual observed stream flow was 31.54 mm in Period I, then increased to 65.60 mm in Period II and decreased to 2.92 mm in Period III. 3) Using runoff sensitive coefficients, the contribution of climate variability was 41.93% and 43.14% of the increase in stream flow during Periods II and III, suggesting that the contribution of human activities to the increase was 58.07% and 56.86%, respectively. 4) Climate variability accounted for 42.57% and 44.30% of the decrease in stream flow, while human activities accounted for 57.43% and 55.70% of the decrease, according to the SIMHYD model. 5) In comparison of these two methods, the primary driving factors of stream flow variation could be considered to be human activities, which contributed about 15% more than climate variability. It is hoped that these conclusions will benefit future regional planning and sustainable development.     

徐州煤矿区土地利用格局演变分析

利用徐州东矿区1979年、1987年、2001年三个年份的遥感影像分析了矿区景观要素及其景观格局的变化规律。从1979年到1987年,沉陷积水面积增加299.35%,农用地减少7.83%,建设用地增加48.4%。从1987年到2001年,东矿区农用地减少了13.04%,建设用地增加了37.62%,而沉陷积水区增加了137.26%;农用地的9.55%转变为建设用地,5.15%转变为沉陷积水区;建设用地的5.25%转变为农用地,主要集中于报废矿井工业广场附近,是由于部分地方小煤矿关闭后,一些废弃物堆场得到了复垦,3.21%转变为沉陷积水区,主要也是分布在各矿工业广场附近;有14.86%的沉陷积水区转变为农用地,主要位于原沉陷积水区的边缘部分,有10.88%转变为建设用地,主要集中在韩桥矿和权台矿的工业广场范围内。因此,应该加强对沉陷积水区的复垦和综合治理,因地制宜发展生态农业、养殖业、林业、牧业及其加工业,最大限度地利用土地资源。     

中国东北洮儿河流域过去50年气候变化与人类活动对径流的影响（英文）

Taoer River Basin, which is located in the west of Northeast China, is an agropastoral ecotone. In recent years, the hydrological cycle and water resources have changed significantly with the deterioration of the environment. Many water problems such as river blanking, wetland shrinking and salinization have occurred in this region. All of these phenomena were directly caused by changes in stream flow under climate variability and human activities. In light of the situation, the impact of climate variability and human activities on stream flow should be identified immediately to identify the primary driving factors of basin hydrological processes. To achieve this, statistical tests were applied to identify trends in variation and catastrophe points in mean annual stream flow from 1961 to 2011. A runoff sensitive coefficients method and a SIMHYD model were applied to assess the impacts of stream flow variation. The following conclusions were found: 1) The years 1985 and 2000 were confirmed to be catastrophe points in the stream flow series. Thus, the study period could be divided into three periods, from 1961 to 1985(Period I), 1986 to 2000(Period II) and 2001 to 2011(Period III). 2) Mean annual observed stream flow was 31.54 mm in Period I, then increased to 65.60 mm in Period II and decreased to 2.92 mm in Period III. 3) Using runoff sensitive coefficients, the contribution of climate variability was 41.93% and 43.14% of the increase in stream flow during Periods II and III, suggesting that the contribution of human activities to the increase was 58.07% and 56.86%, respectively. 4) Climate variability accounted for 42.57% and 44.30% of the decrease in stream flow, while human activities accounted for 57.43% and 55.70% of the decrease, according to the SIMHYD model. 5) In comparison of these two methods, the primary driving factors of stream flow variation could be considered to be human activities, which contributed about 15% more than climate variability. It is hoped that these conclusions will benefit future regional planning and sustainable development.     

四川省西溪河地洛水电工程区“7.31”泥石流灾害

2009-07-31,四川省凉山彝族自治州西溪河流域金阳县地洛电站施工区暴发泥石流,造成9人死亡、施工道路及设施损毁.通过现场调查和分析认为,"7.31"泥石流是一场高容重低粘度坡面型泥石质泥石流,强降雨是此次泥石流形成的激发条件,工程弃渣是其形成的物质基础和条件,过沟公路未合理设置排水涵洞,路基被毁,沿途大量物质补给是泥石流形成的促进因素."7.31"泥石流隐蔽性强,人们对其危害范围认识不足,防灾意识薄弱,监测预警不到位,是造成人员伤亡与财产损失的重要因素.结合西溪河流域水电开发的现状,针对性地提出了规范人类工程活动,提高防灾意识,加强地质灾害的监测预警等防治对策,建议进一步加强中小水电工程施工的监管力度,切实落实灾害危险性评估与防灾措施,最大限度地减少人为地质灾害.     

Estimation of Coal Reserves for UCG in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin,Poland

One of the prospective methods of coal utilization, especially in case of coal resources which are not mineable by means of conventional methods, is underground coal gasification (UCG). This technology allows recovery of coal energy “in situ” and thus avoid the health and safety risks related to people which are inseparable from traditional coal extraction techniques. In Poland most mining areas are characterized by numerous coal beds where extraction was ceased on account of technical and economic reasons or safety issues. This article presents estimates of Polish hard coal resources, broken down into individual mines, that can constitute the basis of raw materials for the gasification process. Five mines, representing more than 4 thousand tons, appear to be UCG candidates.     

The simulation of surface flow dynamics using a flow-path network model

This paper proposes a flow-path network (FPN) model to simulate complex surface flow based on a drainage-constrained triangulated irregular network (TIN). The TIN was constructed using critical points and drainage lines extracted from a digital terrain surface. Runoff generated on the surface was simplified as ‘water volumes’ at constrained random points that were then used as the starting points of flow paths (i.e. flow source points). The flow-path for each ‘water volume’ was constructed by tracing the direction of flow from the flow source point over the TIN surface to the stream system and then to the outlet of the watershed. The FPN was represented by a set of topologically defined one-dimensional line segments and nodes. Hydrologic variables, such as flow velocity and volume, were computed and integrated into the FPN to support dynamic surface flow simulation. A hypothetical rainfall event simulation on a hilly landscape showed that the FPN model was able to simulate the dynamics of surface flow over time. A real-world catchment test demonstrated that flow rates predicted by the FPN model agreed well with field observations. Overall, the FPN model proposed in this study provides a vector-based modeling framework for simulating surface flow dynamics. Further studies are required to enhance the simulations of individual hydrologic processes such as flow generation and overland and channel flows, which were much simplified in this study.