青藏高原冰湖研究进展及趋势

冰湖是由于冰川活动或者退缩产生的融水在冰川前部或者侧部汇集而成的,可分为冰川终碛湖(冰碛阻塞湖)、冰川阻塞湖、冰斗湖和冰蚀槽谷湖。其中分布数量较多、规模较大,且灾害风险较高的是冰川终碛湖。因此,冰川终碛湖是研究冰湖的主要对象。受全球气候变暖的影响,冰湖溃决产生的洪水、泥石流等重大冰川灾害的发生频率有所升高,灾害的影响程度以及范围也有所加大,引起了冰川山地国家的广泛关注。青藏高原内部发育着36793条现代冰川,冰川面积49873.44km2,分别占中国冰川总条数、总面积和冰储量的79.5%、84%和81.6%。在全球气候变暖的大背景下,多数冰川呈加速消融及退缩的态势,导致了冰湖溃决洪水和冰川泥石流等重大冰川灾害发生频率的加剧和影响程度的加大。本文围绕冰湖溃决条件、冰湖稳定性评价、冰湖溃决洪水模拟等几个研究方面,对青藏高原冰湖研究的现状及进展进行了较为系统的总结,并对未来研究趋势进行了展望。     

近20年中国阿尔泰山区冰川湖泊对区域气候变化响应的时空特征

以1992年、2002年、2013年的Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像为基础,人工解译阿尔泰山区三期冰湖边界与类型,叠置获取由SRTM DEM派生的流域、海拔、坡向属性,分析冰湖的时空分布与变化特征,探讨影响该区冰湖演化的因素。研究表明:1目前该区共有冰湖1147片,总面积101.63 km2。近20年冰湖总体数量增多、面积增大。2冰川侵蚀湖与冰碛阻塞湖对气候变化的响应不同。3随着气温升高,冰川侵蚀湖水量盈亏峰值上升至更高海拔,冰碛阻塞湖变化愈不稳定。4西风环流对该区冰湖影响深远,偏西向坡面降水量充足,故偏西向冰川侵蚀湖总体变化量小,而偏西向冰碛阻塞湖则在收入持续大于支出的情况下不断扩张。5相对于中国西部其他高山高原区,该区海拔低,冰湖对气候变化响应十分敏感,各空间单元中冰湖收入与支出水量多少受气温升高与降水减少幅度的影响大。     

西藏喜马拉雅山区危险冰湖及其溃决特征

喜马拉雅山区的冰湖溃决主要属终碛湖溃决。野外考察和编目研究的结果表明，终碛湖占各类高山冰湖总数的1/2和总水体的3/4。鉴别出34个危险终碛湖，其水体容量在10×10~6—30×10~6m~3之间，平均水深31m，实测最大水深在70m左右。危险终碛湖绝大多数形成于小冰期最后一次冰退阶段，由于其形态特征和现代冰川的直接影响而具有潜在的溃决危险；讨论了终碛湖溃决的特征，主要因素及其周期性。     

西藏波密米堆冰湖溃决浅议

1988年7月15日西藏波密米堆终碛湖发生溃决,最大洪峰流量1270立方米/秒,溃决水量540万立方米,形成了大规模的泥石流-洪水灾害。冰湖溃决的原因是;终碛堤存在渗漏薄弱环节,堤内有埋藏冰;持续高温和冰川融水的潜热使埋藏冰融化,由潜蚀而迅速发展成管涌导致溃决。     

喜马拉雅地区叶如藏布流域冰川和冰湖变化遥感监测研究

叶如藏布流域冰川和冰湖众多,冰川融水是当地重要的淡水资源,是冰湖扩张的重要补给,冰湖溃决是当地潜在的自然灾害,因此分析该区域冰川和冰湖的现状与变化特征具有重要的现实意义。基于Landsat系列遥感影像,分析1990—2020年叶如藏布流域冰川和冰湖的分布与变化特征。结果表明：（1） 近30 a来叶如藏布流域冰川面积整体呈退缩趋势,由1990年167.80 km²退缩到2020年128.92 km²,共退缩38.88 km²,年均退缩率为0.77%·a^-1,且研究区冰川主要分布在海拔5800~6400 m之间,集中分布在5°~20°的坡度上。（2） 与冰川变化趋势相反,研究时段冰湖整体表现为扩张趋势,由1990年5.72 km²增加到2020年8.81 km²,30 a共增加3.09 km²,年均增长率为1.80%·a^-1。（3） 冰湖主要分布在海拔5000~5600 m范围内,坡度在0~10°分布面积较多,表碛覆盖型冰川与非表碛覆盖型冰川对冰湖有着不同程度的影响。（4） 1990—2017年叶如藏布流域温度与降水波动较大,温度整体呈上升趋势,降水量则波动下降,导致叶如藏布流域的冰川消融,冰湖扩张。通过上述研究以期为叶如藏布流域地区提供详细的冰川和冰湖面积分布与变化特征基础数据,为防灾减灾提供一定的支撑。     

冰川终碛湖溃决-再生特征与机理

冰川终碛湖溃决引发的大规模山洪泥石流灾害,常给下游沿河一带造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失,受到社会广泛关注。冰川终碛湖一次溃决常未到底,其部分溃决后,残留湖因源头冰川进退、冰舌持续消融致后期湖面面积增大,湖水量增加,作者将这种现象定义为冰川终碛湖溃决-再生现象。以西藏波密米堆沟光谢错和聂拉木章藏布次仁玛错冰湖为研究对象,基于前人研究成果,利用遥感解译方法,分析了光谢错和次仁玛错冰湖面积的变化和冰川末端进退变化的特征。研究表明:光谢错、次仁玛错呈现出冰湖面积增大→溃决缩小→面积再增大的过程,光谢错在1988年溃决后面积已恢复至溃决前的63.6%,次仁玛错在1981年溃决后面积已基本恢复至溃决前的大小;从1980年代末至现在,贡扎冰川、阿玛次仁冰川末端处于退缩状态,终碛湖面积呈扩张状态。结合波密、聂拉木两气象站多年年降水量和年平均气温观测资料进行同步对比分析,初步探讨了冰川终碛湖再生现象的机理:1.冰川末端的前进与后退是冰湖面积变化的主导者,冰舌前进推动湖盆底冰碛物和溃口两侧岸坡垮塌导致堵塞泄流通道,冰川末端的退缩提供了空间条件;2.持续高温与强降雨的耦合作用是冰湖溃决的直接激发条件,持续高温累积是冰川消融冰湖面积增大的主要因素。     

青藏高原典型冰湖溃决泥石流预警技术

从冰湖溃决型泥石流坝的形成、溃决机制,主要特点和成灾过程着手,在广泛收集和分析国内外有关冰川-冰湖-冰湖溃决-冰湖溃决泥石流-冰湖溃决泥石流坝-坝溃决研究基础上,通过川藏公路然乌至培龙段冰湖、冰湖溃决泥石流的区域考察,选择典型沟道米堆沟和光谢错冰湖典型点进行详勘,按照溃决泥石流重点防治溃决的主要原则,提出研究路段典型冰湖溃决泥石流预警的基本体系和配套技术.     

中喜马拉雅山中—尼通道沿线冰川/冰湖变化及其相关灾害初步调查

开展中—尼通道沿线冰川/冰湖变化及其相关灾害调查,对减少此类灾害发生、保障该地区安全、维护其在两国之间的经济、文化交流地位具有重要意义。中—尼通道地形陡峭复杂,现代冰川发育,在全球变暖的背景下冰川物质亏损显著,冰湖扩张明显,冰川相关灾害风险突出,已经引起国内外众多学者的广泛关注。本文主要运用遥感手段结合野外考察对中—尼通道沿线冰川及其相关灾害进行了初步调查,对直接影响干线通道的典型支沟流域上游冰川分布及其变化进行了统计,并初步分析了与冰川冰湖变化相关的灾害危险性。结论如下:中尼通道沿线13个子流域共发育冰川568条,总面积804.71 km~2,平均冰川覆盖率为12.89%,主要集中在海拔5000～6000 m,27年间(1991—2018年)三通道内的冰川平均退缩率达9.93%。共有冰湖74个,呈逐年扩张态势,20年间(1990—2010年)冰湖平均扩张率达86.5%,其中危险冰湖共计2个。三通道内近半个世纪以来共计发生冰川/冰湖相关灾害共计9起,未来有出现(次生)泥石流/滑坡、洪水、冰湖溃决等形式灾害的可能。发生于柯西河、吉隆藏布和甘达基河一些河段的各类灾害会对山区水库和相关水电设施造成重大影响。本研究可为探讨中—尼喜马拉雅山地区冰川/冰湖变化的时空特征、冰川相关灾害的引发机制以及可能灾害预估等提供资料参考。     

我国喜马拉雅山区冰湖扩张特征及其气候意义

分析冰湖扩张特征和扩张方式及其气候意义,有利于认识冰川-冰湖-气候三者的变化关系和冰湖溃决灾害危险性程度。基于大比例尺地形图、DEM、ASTER影像等数据,分析近30年来我国喜马拉雅山区不同海拔高度冰湖变化的特征及冰湖-母冰川的相对位置的变化关系,探讨其气候效应。结果显示：(1) 存在冰湖的面积增大是冰湖面积扩张的主要贡献者,占总面积净增量的67%,新增湖的面积占总面积净增量的33%;(2) 不同高度带冰湖面积多呈扩张态势,净增面积在5000~5300 m出现峰值,指示气候变化的垂直差异性;(3) 在2000s 母冰川-冰湖距离为0 的冰湖,数量占扩张冰湖总数的19%,而其冰湖面积增量却占了总面积增量的60%,为冰湖扩张的主体,反映出冰湖与母冰川关系越紧密,气候效应越强烈,冰湖面积增加越显著。     

西藏自治区洛扎县冰湖溃决危险度评价

西藏自治区湖泊星罗棋布,在高山极高山地区分布大量冰湖,受各种因素的影响,有时会产生冰湖溃决并形成灾害。本文根据最新TM遥感影像对西藏自治区洛扎县283个冰湖进行了初步评价。依据冰湖类型、规模、后方现代冰川与冰湖的距离及冰湖离居民地、公路等设施的距离等,将冰湖溃决分为高危险度、中危险度及低危险度。并针对高危险度的冰湖提出防护对策。     

Definition and classification system of glacial lake for inventory and hazards study

Glacial lakes are not only the important refresh water resources in alpine region, but also act as a trigger of many glacial hazards such as glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) and debris flow. Therefore, glacial lakes play an important role on the cryosphere, climate change and alpine hazards. In this paper, the issues of glacial lake were systematically discussed, then from the view of glacial lake inventory and glacial lake hazards study, the glacial lake was defined as natural water mainly supplied by modern glacial meltwater or formed in glacier moraine’s depression. Furthermore, a complete classification system of glacial lake was proposed based on its formation mechanism, topographic feature and geographical position. Glacial lakes were classified as 6 classes and 8 subclasses, i.e., glacial erosion lake (including cirque lake, glacial valley lake and other glacial erosion lake), moraine-dammed lake (including end moraine-dammed lake, lateral moraine-dammed lake and moraine thaw lake), ice-blocked lake (including advancing glacier-blocked lake and other glacier-blocked lake), supraglacial lake, subglacial lake and other glacial lake. Meanwhile, some corresponding features exhibiting on remote sensing image and quantitative indices for identifying different glacial lake types were proposed in order to build a universal and operational classification system of glacial lake.     

冰湖的界定与分类体系——面向冰湖编目和冰湖灾害研究（英文）

Glacial lakes are not only the important refresh water resources in alpine region, but also act as a trigger of many glacial hazards such as glacial lake outburst flood(GLOF) and debris flow. Therefore, glacial lakes play an important role on the cryosphere, climate change and alpine hazards. In this paper, the issues of glacial lake were systematically discussed, then from the view of glacial lake inventory and glacial lake hazards study, the glacial lake was defined as natural water mainly supplied by modern glacial meltwater or formed in glacier moraine's depression. Furthermore, a complete classification system of glacial lake was proposed based on its formation mechanism, topographic feature and geographical position. Glacial lakes were classified as 6 classes and 8 subclasses, i.e., glacial erosion lake(including cirque lake, glacial valley lake and other glacial erosion lake), moraine-dammed lake(including end moraine-dammed lake, lateral moraine-dammed lake and moraine thaw lake), ice-blocked lake(including advancing glacier-blocked lake and other glacier-blocked lake), supraglacial lake, subglacial lake and other glacial lake. Meanwhile, some corresponding features exhibiting on remote sensing image and quantitative indices for identifying different glacial lake types were proposed in order to build a universal and operational classification system of glacial lake.     

Moraine-dammed glacial lake changes during the recent 40 years in the Poiqu River Basin, Himalayas

Glacier retreat is not only a symbol of temperature and precipitation change, but a dominating factor of glacial lake changes in alpine regions, which are of wide concern for high risk of potential outburst floods. Of all types of glacial lakes, moraine-dammed lakes may be the most dangerous to local residents in mountain regions. Thus, we monitored the dynamics of 12 moraine-dammed glacial lakes from 1974 to 2014 in the Poiqu River Basin of central west Himalayas, as well as their associated glaciers with a combination of remote sensing, topographic maps and digital elevation models (DEMs). Our results indicate that all monitored moraine-dammed glacial lakes have expanded by 7.46 km² in total while the glaciers retreated by a total of 15.29 km² correspondingly. Meteorological analysis indicates a warming and drying trend in the Nyalam region from 1974 to 2014, which accelerated glacier retreat and then augmented the supply of moraine-dammed glacial lakes from glacier melt. Lake volume and water depth changed from 1974 to 2014 which indicates that lakes Kangxico, Galongco, and Youmojanco have a high potential for outburst floods and in urgent need for continuous monitoring or artificial excavation to release water due to the quick increase in water depths and storage capacities. Lakes Jialongco and Cirenmaco, with outburst floods in 1981 and 2002, have a high potential risk for outburst floods because of rapid lake growth and steep slope gradients surrounding them.     

喜马拉雅山北坡冰碛湖库容计算及变化——以龙巴萨巴湖为例

喜马拉雅地区冰湖溃决洪水灾害日益受到人们重视。作为估算冰湖溃决洪峰流量和模拟洪水演进的必要参数之一,冰湖库容量准确计算十分重要。2009 年9 月对西藏定结县龙巴萨巴湖科考时,应用Hydrobox^TM高分辨率回声测深仪对该湖进行了测深试验,共采集6916 个离散数据点,测得冰湖最深处为101.94 m,平均水深47.50 m。结合同一时段Landsat TM遥感影像解译结果,通过构建不规则三角网模拟龙巴萨巴湖湖盆形态,并计算出该湖2009 年库容量为0.64×10⁸ m³。利用GIS技术对1977-2008 年不同年份的Landsat MSS、地形图、Landsat TM和ASTER遥感影像进行数字化,结果表明近30 年来龙巴萨巴湖长度和面积均呈增加趋势,且自2000 年以来更为显著。利用不同时期龙巴萨巴湖面积和计算的库容量,得到冰碛湖库容-面积计算公式,可为喜马拉雅地区其他冰碛湖库容量估算提供理论参考。龙巴萨巴湖的扩张方向与其母冰川后退方向保持一致。通过对龙巴萨巴湖所在区域中国境内5 个气象站点气温、降水数据的年代际变化分析,表明冰湖规模扩大是气候变暖和冰川退缩的产物。     

西藏东南部米堆冰湖面积和水量变化及其对溃决灾害发生的影响

冰湖溃决灾害是青藏高原地区主要的灾害之一。详细了解冰湖的面积和水量变化及其原因, 有助于更准确地确定其溃决的可能性和产生破坏的程度和范围。米堆冰湖为一个典型的冰碛物阻塞冰湖, 1988 年7 月15 日曾发生溃决。本研究利用1980 年1:5 万地形图和DEM、1988 年TM影像、2001 年IKONOS影像以及2001、2007、2009、2010 年ALOS影像, 提取冰湖溃决前后的面积变化, 结合野外实地测得的冰湖水深, 获得冰湖不同时期的水量及其变化。同时, 利用自动水位计, 监测湖泊相对水深的变化及其原因。结果显示, 米堆溃决前面积达到64×10⁴ m², 水量为699×10⁴ m³, 溃决使得601.83×10⁴ m³的水量溃出, 水位下降了17.18 m, 但溃决口并未达到冰湖最低处, 溃决后仍有97.17×10⁴ m³的水量。近年来, 气温升高融水增加使得冰湖面积和水量不断增加, 按照目前的水量增加速率, 冰湖再次发生溃决的可能性较小, 而在由于其他原因使得冰湖发生堵塞或大量外来物质(冰川断裂、滑坡等)填充进冰湖时, 可能导致冰湖水位急剧上升, 再次发生溃决。     

青藏高原内陆湖泊过去40年变化研究（英文）

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Understanding their variation is crucial for accurate evaluation and prediction of changes in water supply and for retrieval and analysis of climatic information. Data from previous research on 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were used to investigate changes in lake water level and area. In terms of temporal changes, the area of the 35 alpine lakes could be divided into five groups: rising, falling-rising, rising-falling, fluctuating, and falling. In terms of spatial changes, the area of alpine lakes in the Himalayan Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Qaidam Basin tended to decrease; the area of lakes in the Naqu region and the Kunlun Mountains increased; and the area of lakes in the Hoh Xil region and Qilian Mountains fluctuated. Changes in lake water level and area were correlated with regional changes in climate. Reasons for changes in these lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed, including precipitation and evaporation from meteorological data, glacier meltwater from the Chinese glacier inventories. Several key problems, e.g. challenges of monitoring water balance, limitations to glacial area detection, uncertainties in detecting lake water-level variations and variable region boundaries of lake change types on the Tibetan Plateau were discussed. This research has most indicative significance to regional climate change.     

Changes in inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Understanding their variation is crucial for accurate evaluation and prediction of changes in water supply and for retrieval and analysis of climatic information. Data from previous research on 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were used to investigate changes in lake water level and area. In terms of temporal changes, the area of the 35 alpine lakes could be divided into five groups: rising, falling-rising, rising-falling, fluctuating, and falling. In terms of spatial changes, the area of alpine lakes in the Himalayan Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Qaidam Basin tended to decrease; the area of lakes in the Naqu region and the Kunlun Mountains increased; and the area of lakes in the Hoh Xil region and Qilian Mountains fluctuated. Changes in lake water level and area were correlated with regional changes in climate. Reasons for changes in these lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed, including precipitation and evaporation from meteorological data, glacier meltwater from the Chinese glacier inventories. Several key problems, e.g. challenges of monitoring water balance, limitations to glacial area detection, uncertainties in detecting lake water-level variations and variable region boundaries of lake change types on the Tibetan Plateau were discussed. This research has most indicative significance to regional climate change.     

近20年天山地区冰湖变化特征

主要基于Landsat TM/ETM+影像等数据,分析1990-2010 年来天山地区冰湖变化特征及其对冰川融水径流的影响。近20 年来,天山冰湖面积平均以0.689 km²a^-1 或0.8% a^-1的速度扩张,其中一半以上是由东天山(0.352 km² a^-1) 贡献的,其次为北天山,面积年均增率为0.165km² a^-1,西天山和中央天山的面积年均增率最小,分别为0.089 km² a^-1和0.083 km² a^-1。除在相对较低海拔(< 2900 m) 和高海拔(> 4100 m) 范围内冰湖面积出现减少的现象,其他各高度带的冰湖面积均在扩张,其中增率最快的在3500~3900 m之间,平均增速达1.6% a^-1。冰湖扩张是本区气候变暖和冰川普遍退缩共同作用的结果,以中小规模的冰湖(< 0.6 km²) 对冰川退缩响应最为敏感。冰湖扩张能在一定程度上延缓因气候变暖而导致的区域冰川水资源的亏损,每年大约有0.006 Gt 的冰川融水滞留在冰湖中,约占天山冰川年消融量的2‰,但也将加剧本区冰湖溃决洪水/泥石流灾害的频次和强度。     

Why are glacial lakes in the eastern Tianshan Mountains expanding at an accelerated rate?

Monitoring alpine lakes is important for understanding the regional environmental changes caused by global warming. In this study, we provided a detailed analysis of alpine lake changes in the Tianshan Mountains (TS) and discussed their driving forces based on Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI, WorldView-2, Bing, Google Earth, and ASTER imagery, along with climatic data from 1990 to 2015. The results showed that during the study period, the total number and area of alpine lakes in the eastern TS exhibited an increasing trend, by 64.06% and 47.92%, respectively. Furthermore, the continuous expansion of glacial lakes contributed 95.12% and 94.17% to the total increase in the number and area, respectively, of alpine lakes. Non-glacial lakes exhibited only intermittent expansion. Since the 1990s, the new glacial lakes in the eastern TS have been mainly proglacial and extraglacial lakes. Over the past 25 years, eastern TS has experienced a temperature increase rate of 0.47 °C/10a, which is higher than that in other TS regions. The rapidly warming climate and glacier recession are the primary causes of the accelerated expansion of glacial lakes in the eastern TS.     

近46年松木希错流域冰川和湖泊变化及原因分析

采用1:5万地形图、Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像及数字高程模型数据,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,并结合狮泉河、和田和于田3个气象站点1968-2013年的气温、降水量数据对松木希错流域的冰川、湖泊面积变化及其原因进行分析。结果表明：① 1968-2013年流域冰川面积不断退缩,由139.25 km²减少至137.27±0.02 km²,共减少1.98±0.02 km²,减少百分比为1.42%,2001年以后冰川退缩速度加快;② 1968-2013年松木希错面积不断扩张,由25.05 km²增加至32.62±0.02 km²,共扩张7.57±0.02 km²,扩张百分比为30.22%,且2001年之后扩张速率加快,在年代际上与冰川的退缩具有较好的耦合性;③ 1968-2013年湖面潜在蒸散量减少和降水增加分别是导致湖泊扩张的第一和第二影响因素,而升温引起的冰川、冻土融水增加有一定贡献,但影响较小且在年际尺度上不显著。