祁连山高寒灌丛苔藓持水性能

苔藓层的持水性能是衡量林地蓄水能力大小的重要指标,对森林生态水文过程的研究极为重要。以祁连山南坡高寒灌丛苔藓层为研究对象,采用野外与室内实验相结合的方法,对苔藓层持水性能进行了研究。结果表明:5种灌丛中,山生柳灌丛苔藓蓄积量最大,依次为鬼箭锦鸡儿、金露梅、高山柳和沙棘灌丛。灌丛苔藓单位面积最大持水量为13 790~18 980 g·m-2,苔藓最大持水率为386.94%~782.51%,表明高寒灌丛苔藓具有很强的吸水性能。苔藓持水量随着浸泡时间的增加而增加,浸泡开始0.5 h后苔藓持水量显著增加,12 h后趋于稳定,苔藓持水量与浸泡时间呈显著自然对数关系。灌丛苔藓层吸水速率在浸泡2 h内急速下降,2~6 h内呈缓慢下降,6 h后吸水速率趋于饱和,苔藓的吸水速率与浸泡时间呈极显著幂函数关系。研究结果可为高寒山区生态环境保护提供资料,并为流域生态水文模型提供有效参数和经验公式。     

天山中部天然云杉林凋落物层水文生态功能研究

选取了4种不同郁闭度天然云杉林分,通过对凋落物层的蓄积量、最大持水量、最大持水率、吸水速率及有效拦蓄量进行测定分析,研究了其水文生态功能.结果表明:郁闭度为0.8的云杉林分凋落物层蓄积量最大为21.99 t/hm2,而郁闭度为0.2的云杉林分凋落物层蓄积量最小仅为10.20 t/hm2,4种林分凋落物蓄积量交化总体趋势...     

滇石林地质公园喀斯特山地天然林和人工林凋落物与死地被物的动态特征

对云南石林地质公园景区及其保护区内喀斯特山地典型森林类型凋落物组成与数量及其动态,地表死地被物现存量与持水特性等进行了研究。结果表明,本区域保护较好的滇青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides)林的年凋落量达7.26 t/hm2;而以团花木新姜子(Neolitsea homiantha)为主的次生林只有1.98 t/hm2;云南松(Pinus yun-nanensis)人工林和干香柏(Cupressus duclouxiana)人工林年凋落量分别是2.49 t/hm2和4.07 t/hm2。这些森林的凋落节律相似,都呈明显的“双峰型”。在地表死地被物现存量方面,干香柏林因其叶片难以分解而具有较高的地表现存量,为13.59 t/hm2,随后依次为滇青冈林(7.57 t/hm2),团花新木姜子次生林(5.02 t/hm2)和云南松人工林(4.83 t/hm2),死地被物的持水量与其现存量的大小顺序一致。根据森林年凋落量与死地被物现存量的数量关系,表明保护较好的滇青冈林内枯枝落叶的分解率明显大于次生林和人工林,周转期也短,涵养水分能力也较强。因此,应加强对喀斯特山地自然森林的保护,同时也注意对现有人工林的改造,引进一些阔叶树种,提高群落结构的整体效应。     

南亚热带人工林林下芒萁层的凋落物拦截

在中国南亚热带人工林生态系统中,大面积的林下层被密集的蕨类植物芒萁所占据。作为森林土壤最重要的养分来源,很多冠层树种的凋落物在到达地表之前,会被芒萁拦截。通过调查南亚热带4种人工林林下芒萁层对冠层树种叶片的拦截量与拦截比例,发现林下芒萁层对凋落物的拦截量排序为湿地松＞厚荚相思＞尾叶桉＞红椎,而林下芒萁层对尾叶桉叶片的拦截比例最高,达99.8%,其次分别为厚荚相思（73.5%）、湿地松（56.3%）和红椎（27.0%）;所有人工林林下芒萁的下半层（0~50 cm）拦截了更大比例的凋落叶,最大为尾叶桉（64.7%）,最小为红椎（23.1%）。林下芒萁层的凋落物拦截效应可能会改变森林生态系统的地上过程和地下过程,进而影响整个森林的碳循环等生态系统功能。通过凋落物拦截实验,开展林下层植物对人工林生态系统碳循环的影响的相关机理研究,有助更好地理解在生态系统水平上林下植被对整个森林生态系统功能的影响。     

亚热带6种老龄天然林及杉木人工林的枯落物持水性能

通过对福建建瓯万木林自然保护区6种老龄天然林:木荷(Schima superba,SCS)、罗桴栲(Castanopsis fabri,CAF)、观光木(Tsoongiodendron odorum,TSO)、浙江桂(Cinnamo-mum chekiangense,CIC)、细柄阿丁枫(Altingia gracilipes,ALG)、米槠(Castanopsis carlesii,CAC)及杉木人工林(Cunninghamia lanceolata,CUL)枯落物现存量和持水特性的研究表明,各林分枯落物现存量分别为木荷7.22 t.hm-2、细柄阿丁枫6.79 t.hm-2、浙江桂6.70 t.hm-2、观光木6.66 t.hm-2、罗桴栲6.57 t.hm-2、米槠5.96 t.hm-2和杉木人工林4.82 t.hm-2.最大持水率平均值是人工林(207.98%)天然林(179.38%).各林分最大持水量分别为木荷13.33t.hm-2、细柄阿丁枫13.32 t.hm-2、观光木13.18 t.hm-2、罗桴栲10.84 t.hm-2、浙江桂10.52t.hm-2、米槠10.30 t.hm-2和杉木人工林9.95 t.hm-2.枯落物平均现存量和平均最大持水量均为天然林(6.65 t.hm-2,11.95 t.hm-2)大于杉木人工林(4.82 t.hm-2,9.95t.hm-2).影响林地枯落物持水量的主要因素是枯落物现存量.各林分主要树种半分解层的枯落物现存量及最大持水量均大于未分解层.     

黑龙江省东部山地灌木林地的静态持水能力

从森林涵养水源的角度,对黑龙江省东部山地5种次生演替灌木林类型的土壤和枯落物的持水性能进行了调查和分析。结果表明：与当地的阔叶红松林相比灌木林在水源涵养方面也有着不可忽视的作用,5种灌木林类型的枯落物最大持水量和有效持水量分别在20．90～33．48t／hm^2间和12．83～25．07t／hm^2间,其土壤的最大持水量和有效持水量也分别为1927．12～2816．55t／hm^2间和505.09～865．15t／hm^2间。对5种次生演替灌木林地的持水能力的各项指标进行综合比较分析,其静态持水能力的大小依次为胡枝子灌丛、珍珠梅灌丛、接骨木灌丛、榛子灌丛和绣线菊灌丛。     

河北坝上半干旱／半湿润过渡带土壤水分状况研究

本文分析了河北坝上半干旱／半湿润过渡带的阴坡华北落叶松人工林地、沙地华北落叶松人工林地、沙地沙棘林地、沙地草场、平滩草地的土壤水分物理参数、机械组成和土壤水分状况。结果表明，田间持水量、毛管持水量、最大持水量与土壤中０．０５ｍｍ～０．０１ｍｍ、０．０１ｍｍ～０．００１ｍｍ两个粒级颗粒含量呈显著正相关，而与０．５０ｍｍ～０．２５ｍｍ颗粒含量呈显著负相关。既使在干旱的年份，沙地草场、沙地沙棘林地、沙地杨树人工林地生长季初和生长季末０ｃｍ～１００ｃｍ土壤水分贮量及有效水分贮量基本平衡；而华北落叶松人工林地水分亏损较严重，但生长季末仍有２７ｍｍ左右有效水分，说明除华北落叶松人工林地外，其它植被区土壤水分状况均无明显恶化现象。由此推断，在本区人工植被建设中，采用先草本、后灌木、再乔木的人工植被建设程序从土壤水分平衡角度分析是可行的。除阴坡华北落叶松人工林地土层较薄的缘故外，其余５种植被类型的土壤水分垂直变化均有活跃层和活动层了分，只不过两个层次在土壤剖面分布深度有差异，而无类似干旱区沙地植被土壤的“死水层”，土壤水分状况均属淋溶型。     

祁连山林草复合流域灌木林水文生态功能研究

对祁连山林草复合流域5种主要灌木林的水文生态功能进行了研究。结果表明：（1）5种灌木林林冠平均截留率的大小范围为6.98%～22.45%;（2）5种灌木枯落物的最大持水率均为自身重量的1.6～4.0倍,枯落物最大持水量和有效持水量分别为23.83～134.95 t/hm2和17.25～83.62 t/hm²;（3）土壤的最大持水量及有效持水量都随土壤深度的增加而不断下降,与土壤的总孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度的变化规律相一致;土壤的最大持水量和有效持水量分别为3 090.96～4 460.82 t/hm²和680.68～1 328.82 t/hm²;（4）各灌木林地土壤表层的稳渗率变化范围为8.88～141.67 mm/min,前30 min累计入渗量的变化幅度为338.25～4 718.34 mm;（5）5种灌木林地总蓄水量大小经综合评价依次为：吉拉柳灌丛>鲜黄小檗灌丛>箭叶锦鸡儿灌丛>金露梅灌丛>甘青锦鸡儿灌丛。     

祁连山西水林区亚高山灌丛水文功能的综合评价

在祁连山西水林区排露沟小流域,与2014年生长季(5~9月)测定5种主要灌丛的冠层、枯枝落叶层、土壤层的多种水文作用,并在此进行了综合评价。结果表明:各灌丛类型的水文作用差别明显,冠层截留率变化在24.54%~52.95%,从大到小依次为鲜黄小檗吉拉柳金露梅箭叶锦鸡儿甘青锦鸡儿;枯落物层的最大持水量变化在50.40~152.50 t·hm-2,有效持水量变化在37.47~96.66 t·hm-2,其中吉拉柳的最大,甘青锦鸡儿最小;0~60 cm土壤层的孔隙度、持水量、入渗速率等水文特性随灌丛样地所处海拔降低而减小,依次为吉拉柳箭叶锦鸡儿金露梅鲜黄小檗甘青锦鸡儿;不同灌丛的生长季径流量变化在12.60~143.93 mm,径流系数变化在3.16%~26.62%,从大到小依次为吉拉柳箭叶锦鸡儿金露梅甘青锦鸡儿鲜黄小檗;由于地表覆盖度较好,土壤侵蚀量均很低,但仍有灌丛类型的明显差别,变化在2.46~19.15 kg·hm-2,从小到大依次为吉拉柳箭叶锦鸡儿鲜黄小檗金露梅甘青锦鸡儿。从各种水文作用的综合评价来看,由大到小依次为吉拉柳箭叶锦鸡儿鲜黄小檗金露梅甘青锦鸡儿。研究结果对深入认识和全面评价祁连山区灌丛的水文作用及科学指导当地的植被建设和水资源管理提供了科学依据。     

半干旱沙地樟子松林降雨再分配特征

森林植被的降雨再分配过程是影响区域水资源利用效率以及生态系统生产力的重要因素。于2018年5-8月观测27 a生樟子松人工林降雨再分配特征,探究降雨再分配的比例变化对林地水分平衡的影响机制,分析、量化林内穿透雨、林冠截留、树干径流、枯落物层入渗部分产生的阈值。结果表明:樟子松林内穿透雨量占同期降雨量的86.45%,穿透雨量随着降雨量的增加呈线性增加趋势,降雨量>0.63 mm时产生穿透雨;林冠截留量和树干径流量分别占降雨量的10.44%和2.54%,树干径流量与降雨量之间呈正线性关系,降雨量>1.19 mm时,产生树干径流;枯落物层截留量占降雨量的12.37%,枯落物层截留量随着降雨量的增加而增加;枯落物在0~24 h内平均吸水速率为1.83 mm·h^-1,其最大持水量为3.23 mm,并且枯落物层截留量占其最大持水量的42.37%。从林冠到枯落物各层截留总量为25.35%,其中有74.65%的雨水最后从枯落物层入渗进入地表,用于补充土壤水分、下渗或补充地下水。半干旱沙地樟子松林可以有效地发挥截留降雨、贮存雨水的功能,继而改善沙地土壤含水量和地下水的有效补给量,提高森林生态系统生产力。     

Desertification and animal biodiversity in the desert grasslands of North America

Studies of breeding birds and small mammals were conducted at a series of sites that form a gradient of severity of desertification. Desert grassland sites represented the least changed landscape units and mesquite coppice dunes represented the most severe degradation, an irreversibly degraded landscape unit. The hypothesis that desertification reduces species diversity was not supported by the data. Species richness and diversities (Shannon-Weaver H′) of breeding birds were higher in the desertified areas than in the grassland with one exception. Data from a site dominated by the exotic African grass,Eragrostis lehmanniana, in south-eastern Arizona showed that breeding bird diversity was lower at that site than at a site in the same region that was dominated by native grasses. Species richness, diversity (H′), and abundance of small mammals were also higher in desertified areas than in desert grassland. Most grassland species of birds and mammals persist in the desertified habitats and species that are characteristic of shrublands colonize desertified desert grasslands. This accounts for the increases in species richness. However some species such as the banner-tailed kangaroo rat,Dipodomys spectabilis, are eliminated when grassland degrades to mesquite coppice dune or eroded creosotebush communities. These data suggest that other measures of faunal biodiversity such askeystone speciesmay be better measures of the impact of desertification on animal biodiversity.     

广东南岭国家级自然保护区森林鸟类多样性监测

野生鸟类资源是自然保护区生物多样性的重要组成部分,为了解广东南岭国家级自然保护区鸟类种类和数量动态变化以及鸟类栖息地环境状况,2017年4月、7月和10月对区内11条鸟类监测样线进行了调查。调查结果显示：1）记录鸟种11目27科89种,其中雀形目15科61种;发现频次888次,记录数量3 367只,频次和数量均居前五的有栗背短脚鹎Hemixos castanonotus、灰眶雀鹛Alcippe morrisonia、灰树鹊Dendrocitta formosae、红嘴相思鸟Leiothrix lutea。2）居留型以留鸟为主,共61种,占68.5%;夏候鸟15种,占16.9%;旅鸟7种,占7.9%;冬侯鸟6种,占6.7%。鸟类区系组成以东洋界鸟种为主,共62种,占总数的69.7%;广布种19种,占21.3%;古北种8种,占9.0%。3）4月份是南岭鸟类繁殖活跃期,也是调查记录鸟种和数量最多的月份。11条样线中,相思坑、炉田、横水、南木、泽子坪、电视台、第一峰鸟类多样性（Shannon Wiener index）较高,怡坑、仙洞、担杆冲、竹坳多样性较低。4）根据海拔和植被类型,样线鸟类群落可分为4类：低海拔针阔混交林、常绿阔叶林、高海拔针阔混交林和山顶矮林。300~1 500 m的针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林生境鸟类群落并没有很大差异,优势种均为栗背短脚鹎、灰眶雀鹛、灰树鹊等;而高海拔山顶矮林（1 300~1 800 m）生境鸟种则明显不同,以画眉科（Timaliidae）的红嘴相思鸟、红头穗鹛、赤尾噪鹛、褐胸噪鹛、灰眶雀鹛及莺科（Sylviidae）的金头缝叶莺、比氏鹟莺、栗头鹟莺、冠纹柳莺为主。建议建立南岭鸟类多样性监测网络和评价体系,以鸟类长期监测数据,如种类变化、种群波动,作为评价保护区生态环境质量的指标。     

贺兰山针叶林物种密度的通径分析

通径分析是研究变量间复杂关系的一种有效方法。在沿海拔梯度进行群落调查的基础上,对贺兰山针叶林物种密度进行通径分析,结果表明:1)贺兰山东西坡针叶林物种密度的海拔格局基本一致。物种密度的主要影响因子是海拔,而海拔反映了综合的气候梯度。2)针叶林的物种密度明显随着海拔的升高而降低,表层土壤有机质含量的增高对于物种密度有促进作用。3)针叶林的物种密度主要由草本种类的多少决定。草本和灌木层物种密度都明显受到海拔和土壤有机质含量的影响。坡向对于灌木层物种密度也有一定影响。     

渭北高原植被水源涵养功能及价值测评

根据陕西植被图，在MapInfo4.0上建立渭北高原植被类型数据库，从林冠层、枯枝落叶层、土壤层三个层次分析了渭北高原植被水源涵养的物质量，并利用影子工程法、成本估算法等方法对其生态功能进行了货币化评定。结果表明林冠层的截留量为236378.35万t，枯枝落叶层的截卵巢量为9761.00万t，土壤层的截留量为255682.49万t，三个层次总截留量为501821.84万t，水源涵养总价值量为336220.63万元。这对于本地区水资源的合理利用以及生态环境建设着积极的作用。     

Remnants of the Waikato: Native forest survival in a production landscape

Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of conservation of native biodiversity on privately owned farmland in New Zealand. Based on surveys of Waikato dairy farmers as exemplars of intensive agricultural practice, it examines factors that influence the survival of native forest on land with potential for commercial production. Results suggest that a significant proportion of Waikato dairy farmers regard native forest favourably, although the proportion of farmers who actively conserve their forest is small. Factors that assist the persistence of native forest on dairy farms include personal characteristics of the farmer, past accidents of history which have left forest remnants in place, and physical characteristics of the farm such as topography. While the conservation of native biodiversity within this intensively farmed landscape is strongly influenced by political economy pressures that encourage production, non‐utilitarian motives such as aesthetic enjoyment and family heritage can serve to counter the production ethic.     

Patterns of alien plant invasions in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina

Invasive plant species are a growing concern in many regions of the world, yet little information is available on the effects of habitat type and distance to urban settlements on the ability of alien plants to become established. We studied plant communities from the arid steppes to the Andean forest within two national parks and surroundings, in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Alien and native vascular plant species were sampled using 90 × 100 m² plots and analyzed in relation to both climatic and environmental variables and distance to urban centres. We also compared life-forms of alien and native species. Precipitation and distance to an urban centre were important determinants of alien species community richness and composition, and shrubland sites had significantly more alien species than forest or steppe sites. Alien flora (15% of the species) was composed of a higher proportion of annuals and biennials than native flora. Our results suggest that precipitation, distance to source population, and anthropogenic disturbance influence the invasion process in this region, together with the availability of open niches. This work stresses the importance of monitoring invasive species in natural reserves, and of considering habitat types as well as idiosyncratic characteristics of the non-natives for developing management strategies.     

A cladoceran-based paleolimnological assessment of the impact of forest harvesting on four lakes from the central interior of British Columbia, Canada

To investigate the impact of forest harvesting on lake ecosystems, six lakes (four impact, two reference) from central British Columbia, Canada were assessed using cladoceran remains preserved in the lake sediment cores. Two temporal resolutions were analyzed: a decadal scale for the past 70 years, and a high-resolution scale (2 year intervals for ten years before and after harvesting). Three lakes which experienced forestry activity in their watersheds in the early 1960s, and one lake which experienced forestry activityin the mid 1970s, showed subtle but statistically significant changes in cladoceran species composition following forest harvesting (analysis of similarity tests) at the decadal scale, whereas only two of these lakes showed significant changes at the higher resolution. These changes may be due to increased nutrient levels that might be associated with forest harvesting. The two reference lakes, which had not experienced any known large-scale anthropogenic watershed disturbances in the past century, showed no significant shifts in the cladoceran species assemblages at either temporal scale.     

格氏栲天然林与人工林枯枝落叶层和粗木质残体有机化学组成研究

对福建省三明市格氏栲天然林及在其采伐迹地上营造的33年生格氏栲人工林和杉木人工林这3种林分的枯枝落叶层及粗木质残体物质化学组成进行研究．结果表明：在分解过程中3种林分枯叶和枯枝水溶性物质和纤维素含量不断下降,而枯枝中苯醇溶性物质和粗蛋白质含量有所上升．除半纤维素和纤维素外,3种林分粗木质残体水溶性物质、木质素和粗蛋白质含量均为L层〉F层,而苯醇溶性物质含量为L层〈F层．格氏栲天然林枯叶和枯枝水溶性物质、木质素、粗蛋白质、半纤维素和纤维素总贮量最高,而苯醇溶性物质总贮量以格氏栲人工林的最高．3种林分F层枯叶和枯枝有机物质的总贮量高于L层．与2种人工林相比,格氏栲天然林粗木质残体中各种有机物质贮量均最高．     

长果桑果熟期摄食鸟类多样性

鸟类对山地环境的变化敏感，对森林结构和食物资源的反应明显，我们在西双版纳人为影响的热带山林，进一步研究了长果桑果期摄食鸟类种群结构，对人类影响下森林生态系统动植关系及其动态变化有更清楚的了解；一些地区特有的鸟类种和亚种、大中型非雀形目鸟类、以及人们需要重点保护的鸟类，已经随着植被结构的变化和食源的减少而失去了。若不尽早消除干扰、改善植被结构，情况还会越来越严重。只有保护森林自然结构和自然更新，停止对森林结构的破坏性干扰，才可能有效保护鸟类多样性。