近159年东亚夏季风年代际变化与中国东部旱涝分布(英文)

Based on the drought/flood grades of 90 meterological stations over eastern China and summer average sea-level pressure (SLP) during 1850–2008 and BPCCA statistical methods, the coupling relationship between the drought/flood grades and the East Asian summer SLP is analyzed. The East Asian summer monsoon index which is closely related with interdecadal variation of drought/flood distribution over eastern China is defined by using the key areas of SLP. The impact of the interdecadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon on the distribution of drought/flood over eastern China in the last 159 years is researched. The results show that there are four typical drought and flood spatial distribution patterns in eastern China, i.e. the distribution of drought/flood in southern China is contrary to the other regions, the distribution of drought/flood along the Huanghe River–Huaihe River Valley is contrary to the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it, the distribution of drought/flood along the Yangtze River Valley and Huaihe River Valley is contrary to the other regions, the distribution of drought/flood in eastern China is contrary to the western. The main distribution pattern of SLP in summer is that the strength of SLP is opposite in Asian continent and West Pacific. It has close relationship between the interdecadal variation of drought/flood distribution patterns over eastern China and the interdecadal variation of the East Asian summer monsoon which was defined in this paper, but the correlation is not stable and it has a significant difference in changes of interdecadal phase. When the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger (weaker), regions north of the Yangtze River Valley was more susceptible to drought (flood), the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it were more susceptible to flood (drought) before the 1920s; when the East Asian summer monsoon was stronger (weaker), the regions north of the Yangtze River Valley was prone to flood (drought), the Yangtze River Valley and regions south of it were prone to drought (flood) after the 1920s. It is indicated that by using the data of the longer period could get much richer results than by using the data of the last 50–60 years. The differences in the interdecadal phase between the East Asian summer monsoon and the drought/flood distributions in eastern China may be associated with the nonlinear feedback, which is the East Asian summer monsoon for the extrinsic forcing of solar activity.     

中国东北地区降雪的不均匀性特征分析(英文)

Based on 1961–2005 observed winter precipitation data in Northeast China, the temporal and spatial variations of snow concentration degree (SCD) and snow concentration period (SCP), together with the circulation characteristics when there is a higher SCD, are computed and analyzed. Results show that SCD in Northeast China presents a yearly rising tendency and SCP decreases obviously. In terms of decadal variation, there is a 12-year periodic variation in PCP, and since the mid-1970s there has been an 8-year short periodic variation. As to spatial variation, SCD in winter of Northeast China has increased gradually from the eastern part to the western, and the minimum value of SCD occurs in the east of Jilin Province, while the high value center is observed in the central part of the province. For the whole Northeast China, the variation tendencies are consistent in the eastern and central parts, where SCD presents a rising tendency and SCP shows a decreasing tendency. SCD in the southwestern and northern parts has a slight rising tendency, with SCD in the southwestern part having the slightest increasing tendency, and SCP in the northern part showing the slightest decreasing tendency. When a high SCD value is observed, the whole region is controlled by the East Asian deep trough at 500 hPa, and the trough becomes deeper in the western part, while a high pressure, which is easily formed and intensified in the eastern part, makes the East Asian deep trough move eastward slowly. Upper-level jet stream and low-level jet stream co-exist, and the former is stronger and takes more of a southwestward position than the latter. The high value zone of water vapor transport over the Pacific is intensified obviously, and the extent also increases. Northeast China is influenced by the water vapor transported to the northwest along the north of the high value center.     

中国东部植被NDVI对气温和降水的时空响应(英文)

Temporal and spatial response characteristics of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature and precipitation in the whole year,spring,summer and autumn was analyzed from April 1998 to March 2008 based on the SPOT VGT-NDVI data and daily temperature and precipitation data from 205 meteorological stations in eastern China.The results indicate that as a whole,the response of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature is more pronounced than that of precipitation in eastern China.Vegetation NDVI maxi...     

Interdecadal change of snow depth in winter over the Tibetan Plateau and its effect on summer precipitation in China

This paper obtained a set of consecutive and long-recorded observational snow depth data from 51 observation stations by choosing, removing and interpolating original observation data over the Tibetan Plateau for 1961–2006. We used monthly precipitation and temperature data from 160 stations in China for 1951–2006, which was collected by the National Climate Center. Through calculating and analyzing the correlation coefficient, significance test, polynomial trend fitting, composite analysis and abrupt change test, this paper studied the interdecadal change of winter snow over the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship to summer precipitation and temperature in China, and to tropospheric atmospheric temperature. This paper also studied general circulation and East Asian summer monsoon under the background of global warming.     

Simulation on the spatio-temporal distribution and emission flux of dust aerosol over East Asia in 2000–2009

A regional climate model (RegCM3), coupled with an online dust module, is used to simulate the spatio-temporal distribution and emission flux of dust aerosol (smaller than 20 μm in diameter) over East Asia in the period from 2000 to 2009. The model performance is firstly evaluated against available observations. Simulation results show that the model can capture the characteristics of spatio-temporal distribution of dust aerosol very well over East Asia. There always exist two extremes of dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) and column burden (CB), one is in the Taklimakan Desert of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, and the other is in the Badain Jaran Desert of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, China. The maximum value of CB appears in spring, secondary maximum in winter and minimum in autumn. To the east of 110°E, dust is transported eastward from a maximum center at a height of 700 hPa over the East Asian continent. Dust emission sources are mainly located in the Taklimakan Desert, Badain Jaran Desert, North Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and Southwest Mongolia. There is also an obvious seasonal variation of dust emission flux (EF). Annual mean dust EF is 1,015.34 mg/(m 2 ·d), of which 62.4% and 2.3% are re-deposited onto the East Asian continent through a dry and wet deposition process, respectively, and the remaining 35.3% is injected into the atmosphere or subject to long-range transport.     

西南地区冬季气温和降水的时空变化

In recent years,the socio-economic impacts of winter extreme climate events have underscored the importance of winter climate anomalies in Southwest China (SWC).The spatio-temporal variability of surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation in SWC and their possible causes have been investigated in this paper based on observational data from 1961 to 2010.The results indicate that SAT anomalies in SWC have two dominate modes,one is homogenous,and the other a zonal dipole.The former is caused by the anomalies of East Asian winter monsoon;the latter arises from the anomalies of both subtropical west Pacific high and regional cold air in lower troposphere.The most dominant mode of precipitation anomalies in SWC is homogenous and it has a high correlation with northern hemisphere annular mode (NAM,AO).Neither NAM nor ENSO has significant impacts on SAT in SWC.The anomalies of NAM are associated with the anomalies of tropical circulations,and there-fore precipitation over the SWC.When NAM is in positive (negative) phase,the winter pre-cipitation is more (less) than normal in SWC.Winter precipitation increase over the whole SWC is associated with the El Nino.However,during La Nina winter,the pattern is not uni-form.There is an increase in precipitation over the central parts and a decrease in western and eastern parts of SWC.The severe drought in SWC in winter 2010 is more likely caused by anomalies of NAM,not El Nino.     

1960-2009年西南地区极端干旱气候变化(英文)

Based on the daily data of temperature and precipitation of 108 meteorological stations in Southwest China from 1960 to 2009, we calculate the monthly and yearly surface humid indexes, as well as the extreme drought frequency. According to the data, the temporal and spatial characteristics of the extreme drought frequency in inter-annual, inter-decadal, summer monsoon period and winter monsoon period are analyzed. The results are indicated as follows. (1) In general, the southwestern Sichuan Basin, southern Hengduan Mountains, southern coast of Guangxi and northern Guizhou are the areas where the extreme drought frequency has significantly increased in the past 50 years. As for the decadal change, from the 1960s to the 1980s the extreme drought frequency has presented a decreasing trend, while the 1990s is the wettest decade and the whole area is turning wet. In the 2000s, the extreme drought frequency rises quickly, but the regional differences reduce. (2) During summer monsoon period, the extreme drought frequency is growing, which generally occurs in the high mountains around the Sichuan Basin, most parts of Guangxi and "the broom-shaped mountains" in Yunnan. It is distinct that the altitude has impacts on the ex-treme drought frequency; during winter monsoon period, the area is relatively wet and the extreme drought frequency is decreasing. (3) During summer monsoon period, the abrupt change is observed in 2003, whereas the abrupt change during winter monsoon period is in 1989. The annual extreme drought frequency variation is a superposition of abrupt changes during summer monsoon and winter monsoon periods. The departure sequence vibration of annual extreme drought frequency is quasi-5 years and quasi-12 years.     

近50年中国光合有效辐射的时空变化(英文)

Based on long-term measurement data of weather/ecological stations over China,this paper calculated and produced annually-and seasonally-averaged Photosynthetically Active Radiation(PAR) spatial data from 1961 to 2007,using climatological calculations and spatialization techniques.The spatio-temporal variation characteristics of annually-and seasonally-averaged PAR spatial data over China in recent 50 years were analyzed with Mann-Kendall trend analysis method and GIS spatial analysis techniques.The results show that:(1) As a whole,the spatial distribution of PAR is complex and inhomogeneous across China,with lower PAR in the eastern and southern parts of China and higher PAR in the western part.Mean annual PAR over China ranges from 17.7 mol m-2 d-1 to 39.5 mol m-2 d-1.(2) Annually-and seasonally-averaged PAR of each pixel over China are averaged as a whole and the mean values decline visibly with fluctuant processes,and the changing rate of annually-averaged PAR is-0.138 mol m-2 d-1/10a.The changing amplitudes among four seasons are different,with maximum dropping in summer,and the descending speed of PAR is faster before the 1990s,after which the speed slows down.(3) The analysis by each pixel shows that PAR declines significantly(α=0.05) in most parts of China.Summer and winter play more important roles in the interannual variability of PAR.North China is always a decreasing zone in four seasons,while the northwest of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau turns to be an increasing zone in four seasons.(4) The spatial distributions of the interannual variability of PAR vary among different periods.The interannual variabilities of PAR in a certain region are different not only among four seasons,but also among different periods.     

基于格点数据的1961-2012年祁连山山区面雨量特征分析（英文）

Based on a 0.5°×0.5° daily gridded precipitation dataset and observations in meteorological stations released by the National Meteorological Information Center,the interannual variation of areal precipitation in the Qilian Mountains during 1961–2012 is investigated using principal component analysis(PCA) and regression analysis,and the relationship between areal precipitation and drought accumulation intensity is also analyzed.The results indicate that the spatial distribution of precipitation in the Qilian Mountains can be well reflected by the gridded dataset.The gridded data-based precipitation in mountainous region is generally larger than that in plain region,and the eastern section of the mountain range usually has more precipitation than the western section.The annual mean areal precipitation in the Qilian Mountains is 724.9×108 m3,and the seasonal means in spring,summer,autumn and winter are 118.9×108 m3,469.4×108 m3,122.5×108 m3 and 14.1×108 m3,respectively.Summer is a season with the largest areal precipitation among the four seasons,and the proportion in summer is approximately 64.76%.The areal precipitation in summer,autumn and winter shows increasing trends,but a decreasing trend is seen in spring.Among the four seasons,summer have the largest trend magnitude of 1.7×108 m3?a–1.The correlation between areal precipitation in the mountainous region and dry-wet conditions in the mountains and the surroundings can be well exhibited.There is a negative correlation between drought accumulation intensity and the larger areal precipitation is consistent with the weaker drought intensity for this region.     

Flooding 1990s along the Yangtze River, has it concern of global warming?

1 IntroductionFloods occurring along the Yangtze River (Changjiang River) valley make up about 35.8 % of the floods over China[1]. Most noteworthily, a series of severe floods happened along the middle to lower Yangtze River and caused great damages during the past decade. The flood of 1991 afflicted 0.98 million hectares of farmland and resulted in 1,200 loss of life. Severe flood occurred again over this region in 1996. An extremely destructive flood emerged during the summer of 1998, wh…     

近159 年东亚夏季风年代际变化与中国东部旱涝分布

利用1850-2008 年我国东部地区90 个测站的旱涝等级和北半球夏季海平面气压格点等资料,使用BP 典型相关等方法,分析了近159 年旱涝等级与东亚夏季海平面气压的耦合相关关系。利用关键区域的海平面气压资料,定义出与我国东部旱涝分布有密切联系的东亚夏季风指数,在此基础上分析了东亚夏季风年代际变化对我国东部旱涝分布的影响。结果表明：(1) 近159 年中国东部旱涝具有4 种典型空间分布型,即华南与中国东部其他地区旱涝趋势相反型、黄淮地区与长江流域及其以南旱涝趋势相反型、江淮流域与中国东部其他地区旱涝趋势相反型和中国东部与西部旱涝趋势相反型。近159 年东亚夏季海平面气压场主要呈现亚洲大陆与西太平洋海平面气压强弱相反的分布特征;(2) 本文定义的夏季风指数的年代际变化与我国东部旱涝典型分布型的年代际变化有密切关系,但两者的相关关系并不是稳定不变的,存在显著的年代际位相差异,即20 世纪20 年代之前,当东亚夏季风偏强(弱) 时,长江流域以北容易偏旱(偏涝),长江流域及其以南容易偏涝(偏旱),20 世纪20 年代以后,当东亚夏季风偏强(弱) 时,长江流域以北容易偏涝(偏旱),长江流域及其以南容易偏旱(偏涝)。可见,使用较长年代资料进行考察,研究结论丰富了大多数使用近50-60 年资料的研究结果。东亚夏季风与我国东部旱涝分布之间关系的年代际位相差异,可能与东亚夏季风对太阳活动等外强迫的非线性反馈相联系     

夏季东亚地区水汽输送年代际变化特征及其对中国东部降水的影响

利用经验正交函数(EOF)分析方法和1951-2004年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料及160个中国地面测站月降水资料,对夏季东亚地区水汽输送的年代际变化特征及其对中国东部降水的影响进行分析.研究结果表明:20世纪70年代中后期至90年代初期,中国东部夏季降水以"南北旱中间涝"分布型为主,90年代初期之后则以"南涝北旱"分布型为主,呈现出显著的年代际变化特征,即20世纪90年代后雨带南移的特征开始明显:夏季整层水汽输送通量主模态的空间结构及其时间系数可以较好地反映出近50年来东亚大陆东部经向水汽输送从1974年起由强变弱的"转折点"特征及其年代际减弱变化趋势:印度大陆和孟加拉湾北部、长江中下游地区、南海以及热带西太平洋地区纬向水汽输送从1973年起由弱变强的"转折点"特征及年代增强变化趋势.揭示了东亚夏季水汽输送年代际分量主模态的时空演变造成中国东部夏季降水从"南北旱中间涝"分布型转向"南涝北旱"分布型,即中国东部夏季雨带呈现出南移年代际变化特征的关键因素之一.     

近540 a东亚夏季海平面气压场的重建及其与数值模拟的比较

 基于中国东部地区旱涝分布和东亚夏季海平面气压存在密切关系的基础上,利用1470—2008年中国东部地区旱涝等级资料、1850—2008年东亚夏季海平面气压资料,运用主成分回归的方法重建了1470—2008年的东亚地区夏季海平面气压场,并对重建结果进行了检验,同时对1470—2008年东亚夏季海平面气压重建场和FGOALS_gl数值模式模拟的海平面气压场进行了对比分析。结果表明:①1850—2008年重建的东亚夏季海平面气压场在东亚夏季风关键区（中国内陆地区以及西北太平洋部分地区）重建效果相对于其他地区要好。②1470—2008年重建的东亚夏季海平面气压场主要存在高纬与中纬气压差异、海洋与陆地差异的两种空间分布型;1470—1999年FGOALS_gl数值模拟的东亚夏季海平面气压主要体现了海陆气压差异。③根据重建的东亚夏季海平面气压场定义的1470—2008年东亚夏季风指数的演变具有明显的阶段性,16世纪中期到17世纪初东亚夏季风偏强,17世纪偏弱,18世纪经历了“弱-强-弱-强-弱”的变化,19世纪则是“强-弱-强-弱”的变化,20世纪是明显的“弱-强-弱”变化。而1470—1999年数值模拟的东亚夏季风指数序列与重建序列的主要差异出现在16世纪末和18世纪末,两者的变化趋势相反,其他时段的变化趋势基本一致。     

1735—1911年汉江流域季节旱涝等级序列的重建与特征分析

基于汉江流域雨雪分寸等史料记录的特点,以发生地区、影响程度和持续时间为衡量标准,提出了利用史料重建汉江流域季节旱涝等级序列的方法,重建了1735—1911汉江流域7府（州）四季的旱涝等级序列,据此分析了各府（州）1735—1911年季节上的旱涝变化特征。结果表明：① 汉中府、兴安府、商州和南阳府有更多的春季、夏季、冬季偏旱年,而郧阳府、襄阳府和安陆府有更多的春季、夏季偏涝年和秋季偏旱年;② 夏季和秋季旱涝等级的波动明显,而春季和冬季旱涝等级的波动较小;③ 年代际尺度上来看,汉江流域,1820s—1840s偏涝,1850s、1870s偏旱;④ 影响较大的季节连旱事件多发生在19世纪,而影响较大的季节连涝事件多发生在夏季和秋季。这一研究,对汉江流域定量化气候研究具有一定的价值,也为汉江流域未来的降水变化研究提供了数据支持。     

东亚夏季风推进过程的气候特征及其年代际变化

利用1951~2001年NECP的逐日再分析资料及中国东部366站1957~2000年逐日降水资料,提出东亚夏季风推进过程的定量指标,分析东亚夏季风推进过程的年代际变化。结果表明：标准降水指数为1.5的等值线较好反映了中国东部夏季雨带的南北移动,以及雨带推进过程中呈现的阶段性与突变性特征。东亚夏季风的推进过程具有显著年代际变化,与夏季风前沿位置有关的指标在20世纪60年代中期前后发生显著变化,与夏季风推进强度有关的指标则在70年代末出现突变。60年代中期前,南海夏季风的建立时间较迟,但北推较快,夏季风前沿到达华北地区时间较早,在华北地区维持时间长,夏季风的北界位置偏北,华北雨季、淮河梅雨明显。70年代末以后南海夏季风的建立时间较早,夏季风前沿附近南风强度明显偏弱,降水主要集中在长江流域及其以南地区,华北雨季不明显。     

洞庭湖流域各季节旱涝及其与大气环流和关键区海温的关系

利用逐月降水数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析数据,分析了洞庭湖流域春、夏、秋季57年来旱涝异常的年际变化以及典型旱涝异常年份的全球海温分布形势,并利用降尺度和趋势分析方法探究气象因子对ENSO和关键区海温的响应,以加强对流域旱涝前期影响因素的认识。结果表明：1）流域在春、秋季旱涝变化趋势不明显,在夏季较明显地变湿。2）前期冬、夏季ENSO事件分别对流域春、秋季旱涝产生显著影响,而与夏季呈不显著的统计特征。3）在消除前期ENSO信号后,阿留申群岛附近海域（S3）、澳大利亚东部海域（S4）海温和印度洋偶极子（Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD）现象仍分别为春、夏、秋季与流域旱涝有密切联系的海温因素。4）S3区SST对流域春季旱涝的影响通过西风带环流实现,S4区SST偏高似乎是东亚夏季风强度偏弱的表现,成熟的IOD现象为流域秋季旱涝的主导因子。     

过去千年太阳活动异常期的中国东部旱涝格局

根据过去千年中国东部旱涝等级资料,采用各级旱涝发生几率的比率差指标,参照新近重建的5条过去千年太阳活动序列,重建了其间11个太阳活动异常期的中国东部旱涝格局。结果发现：在11个太阳活动异常期,中国东部旱涝格局各不相同。其中在5个太阳活动极小期（1010-1050年、1280-1350年、1460-1550年、1645-1715年、1795-1823年）,中国东部旱涝格局虽不一致,但长江中下游地区（华北地区）出现偏旱（涝）的几率更高;而在2个太阳活动极大期和4个太阳辐射高值期,中世纪极大（1100-1250年）整个东部多偏旱,1845-1873年的太阳辐射高值期,整个东部多偏涝;其余4个时段（1351-1387年、1593-1612年、1756-1787年、1920-2000年）则旱涝相间出现。集合平均表明：在太阳活动极小期,中国东部呈自南向北的“涝—旱—涝”分布：长江流域偏旱,南北两侧的华南沿海和华北平原偏涝,且西北东部及西南偏旱;而在太阳活动极大期和太阳辐射高值期,长江流域及西北东部多偏涝,华南和华北多偏旱。     

西北东部气候异常特征及其对冬季高原感热的响应

利用1960—2000年西北东部100个测站,经过面积权重区域平均的降水、气温资料,对该区域气候异常进行分析。结果表明：①对异常旱涝年,亚洲西风带环流及西太平洋副热带高压的位置最为关键。异常涝年,亚洲地区经向环流占优势,东亚大槽偏东,西太平洋副热带高压偏北;异常旱年,亚洲地区纬向环流占优势,东亚大槽偏西,西太平洋副热带高压偏南。②对异常冷暖年,极涡、西风带环流以及西太平洋副热带高压的状况最为关键。气温异常偏高年,北半球极涡强度及亚洲极涡强度均偏弱,欧亚地区盛行纬向环流,西太平洋副热带高压面积偏大,强度明显偏强,西伸脊点明显偏西,位置偏北;气温异常偏低年,北半球极涡强度及亚洲极涡强度均偏强,欧亚地区盛行经向环流,西太平洋副热带高压面积偏小,强度明显偏弱,西伸脊点明显偏东,位置偏南。③冬季高原感热与滞后一个季度的夏季降水、气温的相关较春季的相关更好。     

东亚夏季风的年际变化及其与环流和降水的关系

利用1951-2006 年6-8 月NCEP/NCAR 的500 hPa 高度场、850 hPa 高度场和风场、降 水率和海平面气压以及全国600 多站的降水量资料, 选择东亚-西太平洋地区(10^o-80^oN, 70^o-180^oE) 经9 点高通滤波、EOF 分析、合成分析和其它统计诊断手段, 研究了东亚夏季风的年际变化及其与环流和降水的关系, 得到如下的结论: 1. 东亚-西太平洋地区海平面气压 存在着蒙古低压和西太平洋高压之间纬向的偶极子振荡型(APD), APD 指数可以作为东亚夏季风强度指数; 2. 东亚-西太平洋地区500 hPa 高度距平EOF 的第一模态具有明显经向东亚遥相关型特征(EAP)。EAP 指数也可以作为东亚夏季风强度指数。3. APD 指数与500 hPa (或 850 hPa) 的东亚遥相关型关系密切。APD 指数和EAP 指数存在明显的反相关关系, 它们之间的相关系数为-0.23, 已超过了10%显著检验; 4. APD 指数和EAP 指数都和我国汛期降水、东亚-西太平洋降水率关系密切, 超过5%显著性的相关区主要在长江流域以南地区至日本南部海面一带, 前者为正相关, 后者为负相关。