基于小波分析长株潭核心区土地利用变化尺度特征研究

根据长株潭核心区1989~2008年4期遥感影像数据资料,提取区域土地利用变化数据。以湘江样带为典型研究区,运用小波分析方法对样带内的典型样线进行分析,得到时间及位置变化对土地利用特征尺度值的差异。分析结果表明,长株潭核心区不同部位的特征尺度选择不是唯一的,具有不同的尺度敏感性。长株潭城市建成区土地利用类型最为单一,对于尺度变化最不敏感,适宜采用3 300 m左右的平均粒径为特征分析尺度;城市边缘区土地利用变化的尺度敏感性最强,特征尺度采用1 980 m左右的分析粒径为宜;长株潭生态绿心区域对土地利用变化的尺度敏感性较强,以3 060 m的平均粒径为特征尺度。     

长江沿线样带土地利用变化时空模拟及其对策

短时期(几年或几十年)的土地利用变化,主要受社会经济因素的驱动和自然因素的约束。各类土地利用变化基本上都能从与人类生产活动密切相关的耕地和城乡建设用地的变化上得到反映。利用修订后的GTR模型,对长江沿线样带未来30年的土地利用变化进行了模拟。研究发现,东部地区的耕地面积将进一步减少,而全区的耕地和建设用地面积将增加。根据研究区未来土地利用变化的时空特点,提出了相关应对策略,以利于区域土地持续利用的实现     

东北样带土地利用变化对生态服务价值的影响

根据中国东北样带上不同的土地利用组合类型, 分别选取抚松县、磐石市、公主岭市、通辽市及林西县作为典型区, 运用GIS 和遥感技术分析近30 年来不同类型区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。本文选取基于货币量的价值量评价法, 参考Costanza 等人的研究 成果, 结合研究区的实际情况, 运用中国陆地生态系统服务单位面积价值的平均值来分析研 究区的生态系统服务价值变化情况。研究结果表明, 1976-2000 年间东北样带土地利用类型变化很大, 土地利用程度均呈加大趋势, 耕地、林地和草地的ESV 均有较大变动, 不同类型区单位面积的ESV 差别也很大, 其基本分布规律为林区> 农林交错区> 牧区> 农牧交错区> 农区。敏感性分析结果表明, 研究区内ESV 对生态服务功能价值指数是缺乏弹性的, 研究结 果是可信的。     

土地利用转型--土地利用/覆被变化综合研究的新途径

该文简介弛土地利用转型这一新的土地利用／覆被变化（LUCC）综合研究途径，借鉴国外土地利用转型研究成果，结合我国国情，分析了在中国开展土地利用转型研究的局限性，并选取主要由于区域社会经济发展程度的差异而导致在同一时段内含有不同土地利用转型阶段的长江沿线样带为研究区，来开展中国的土地利用转型研究。     

近10年来长江下游土地利用变化及其生态环境效应

基于TM卫星遥感数据,对长江下游地区1988~1998年10年来土地利用类型的数量和时空变化特征进行了研究。为表征长江下游土地利用及其变化的时空分异特征,以县级行政区为基本空间分析单元,利用土地利用程度变化模型以及土地利用类型变化强度指数分析了长江下游近10年来的土地利用程度及其变化的区域分异特征、各土地利用类型变化强度的区域分异特征;通过计算土地利用变化类型的重要值,分析了区域土地利用变化的空间趋向性。研究中还对农田的数量变化特征、耕地流失强度的区域分异,特别是土地利用变化的区域生态环境效应等问题进行了分析和探讨。     

昆明市土地利用变化的强度分析与稳定性研究

在遥感、地理信息系统和统计定量分析结合的基础上,引进土地利用变化强度分析理论方法。作为一种解释性的数学框架,通过不同时间间隔的土地利用转移矩阵计算了每个时间间隔和每种地类的变化面积和变化强度。强度分析自上而下分为3个层次：间隔层次、地类层次和转变层次,将观察变化强度与平均变化强度比较,揭示不同层次的变化特征,并依次用快速的与缓慢的、活跃的与平稳的、来源与转变三对术语来描述。本文以昆明市的土地利用变化为例,深入阐述了不同层次的面积变化和强度变化,并对不同层次的稳定性进行了深入分析。结果表明：在间隔层次,2000年后昆明市的土地利用变化强度逐渐加大;在地类层次,建设用地的变化强度是最活跃的,林地的变化强度是最平稳的;在转变层次,增加的建设用地主要来源于耕地,减少的林地主要转变为草地。强度分析在土地利用变化过程分析中具有系统性的优势,对深入挖掘土地利用变化信息、理解土地利用变化过程具有重要作用。     

上海城市边缘区样带LUCC的生态效应分析

为分析城市化土地利用变化对区域生态效应的影响,根据相关社会经济统计数据和上海1987年、1995年、2003年3期Landsat5 TM遥感影像记录的土地利用/覆被数据,运用RS和GIS技术,以上海西南城市边缘区典型轴向城市化样带为例,采用生态足迹法分析该样带内人类的生态供给与需求;提出评价区域人类活动生态效应的新计算方法,得出区域生态效应综合指数与弹性指数的模型,并根据该模型计算出的指数,对样带区域总体及其中城乡区域在城市化过程中的生态效应进行比较与动态分析。结果表明:1)区域生态效应是区域人类活动生态正、负效应叠加后的综合效应;2)区域生态效应具有惯性,人类不合理开发所致的区域生态环境现状在相当一段时期内还将持续;3)20年来该样带城市化区域生态环境质量呈现骤减、缓减、恢复的过程;4)以土地利用为主要表征的城市化使城乡区域生态效应的性质和强度产生空间分异,城市边缘区的生态正、负效应正发生着新一轮平衡,且对整个样带生态系统发挥良性作用。     

基于景观格局的黑河中游土地利用冲突时空分析

以黑河中游为研究区，在分析土地利用变化的基础上，构建了由外部压力、脆弱性和稳定性表征土地利用冲突强度的模型，分析了1980—2015年土地利用冲突的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 土地利用冲突强度的空间分布在不同时期虽有不同，但冲突强度较高的区域集中在甘州、临泽2个人类活动较为活跃的区县，且指数最高的区域呈围绕城市四周分布的特点；② 土地利用冲突在不同时期变化显著，1995—2005年是土地利用冲突强度增加较为明显的时段，中部的甘州区、南部的山丹县两地增加最为明显；2005—2015年虽然冲突强度增大区域的面积少于上一时段，但冲突增加幅度高于上一时段，尤其民乐县和高台县增加较为明显；③ 土地利用冲突与自然因素的相关性极弱，与道路和河流等用地条件的相关性较强，而与人口密度和GDP为代表的社会经济因素的相关性最强；④ 土地利用冲突与土地利用变化的阶段性特征一致，1995—2000年是土地利用变化程度最为剧烈的时期，而1995—2005年也是土地利用冲突面积增加最多的时段；耕地和建设用地的增长极为活跃，对生态用地产生侵占，反映了耕地、建设用地和生态用地三者之间的矛盾是黑河中游土地利用冲突的主要表现形式。     

中国农村宅基地转型的理论与证实

土地利用转型是土地利用变化的表现形式之一,也是由IGBP和IHDP联合发起的全球土地研究计划 (GLP) 的重要研究内容。目前土地利用/覆被变化 (LUCC) 研究仍然有待进一步理论化,在学科综合与集成基础上提出的假设对土地变化科学显得尤为重要。土地利用转型研究需要寻求一种综合的方法,来对社会和环境变化的时间尺度和历史背景进行整合。通过分析特定时期内中国农村建房的影响因素及相应的管理政策,在了解中国农村建房发展过程的基础上,提出了中国农村宅基地转型趋势的理论假设：随着社会经济的发展,农村宅基地在增加的建设用地总量中所占比例将由高逐渐降低,直到这一比例趋向于一个固定值。最后运用长江沿线样带农村宅基地转型研究结果验证了该理论假设。     

半城市化地区生态系统服务对土地利用/覆被变化的响应——以厦门市集美区为例

半城市化地区是在快速城市化进程中产生的一种过渡地域类型, 其土地利用特征表现为土地利用竞争和矛盾剧烈, 土地利用变化迅速的特征。土地利用/覆被的变化改变生态系统的结构与功能, 是对生态系统服务产生胁迫的主要驱动力之一。本文以厦门市集美半城市化地区为例, 分析半城市化地区生态系统服务对土地利用/覆被变化的响应, 基于对2007 年中国陆地生态系统服务价值当量修正的方法, 对半城市化地区生态系统服务价值(ESV)变化作出评估, 并通过土地系统和生态系统二者的耦合变化关系探讨生态系统服务对土地利用/覆被变化的响应过程。结果表明:①近20 年来, 集美半城市化地区生态系统服务价值总量随着土地利用强度增加呈现波动性变化, 总体上呈现负相关关系。②调节服务和文化服务是最主要的生态系统服务类型;土地利用强度与调节服务和支持服务呈现显著的负相关关系。③随着半城市化地区的快速城市化发展, 土地利用类型急剧转化, 城市建设用地大量增加, 预计集美半城市化地区未来ESV将继续降低, 可采取生态综合整治措施减缓ESV降低趋势。     

The response of soil erosion and sediment export to land-use change in four areas of Europe: The importance of landscape pattern

The response of erosion and sediment export to past land-use change has been studied in four agricultural areas of Europe. Three of these areas were subject to land abandonment or de-intensification and one to intensification of land-use practices. Erosion and sediment yield were modeled using the WaTEM/SEDEM model, which combines the RUSLE equation with a sediment routing algorithm. Spatial relationships between the RUSLE C-factor (i.e. land-use) and other erosion and sediment export-determining factors (slope, soil erodibility and distance to rivers) were investigated, as these account for non-linearity in the response of erosion and sediment export to land-use change.Erosion and sediment export have decreased enormously in the de-intensified areas, but slightly increased in the intensively cultivated area. The spatial pattern of land-use change in relation to other erosion and sediment export-determining factors appears to have a large impact on the response of soil erosion and sediment export to land-use change. That the drivers of abandonment of arable land and erosion coincide indicates that de-intensification leads to a more favourable landscape pattern with respect to reduction of erosion and sediment export. This mechanism applies not only within the study areas, but also among the European study areas where the process of intensification of some areas and de-intensification of others might result in an overall decrease of erosion and sediment yield through time.     

城市土地利用变化中邻域相互作用的特征——日本三大都市圈的比较研究

Local spatial interaction between neighborhood land-use categories (i.e. neighborhood interaction) is an important factor which affects urban land-use change patterns. Therefore,it is a key component in cellular automata (CA)-based urban geosimulation models towards the simulation and forecast of urban land-use changes. Purpose of this paper is to interpret the similarities and differences of the characteristics of neighborhood interaction in urban land-use changes of different metropolitan areas in Japan for providing empirical materials to understand the mechanism of urban land-use changes and construct urban geosimulation models. Characteristics of neighborhood interaction in urban land-use changes of three metropolitan areas in Japan,i.e. Tokyo,Osaka,and Nagoya,were compared using such aids as the neighborhood interaction model and similarity measure function. As a result,urban land-use in the three metropolitan areas was found to have had similar structure and patterns during the study period. Characteristics of neighborhood interaction in urban land-use changes are quite different from land-use categories,meaning that the mechanism of urban land-use changes comparatively differs among land-use categories. Characteristics of neighborhood interaction reveal the effect of spatial autocorrelation in the spatial process of urban land-use changes in the three metropolitan areas,which correspond with the characteristics of agglomeration of urban land-use allocation in Japan. Neighborhood interaction amidst urban land-use changes between the three metropolitan areas generally showed similar characteristics. The regressed neighborhood interaction coefficients in the models may represent the general characteristics of neighborhood effect on urban land-use changes in the cities of Japan. The results provide very significant materials for exploring the mechanism of urban land-use changes and the construction of universal urban geosimulation models which may be applied to any city in Japan.     

Assessing land-use and -cover changes in relation to geographic factors and urban planning in the metropolitan area of Concepción (Chile). Implications for biodiversity conservation

The conservation of biodiversity in Latin American metropolitan areas is threatened by the intense land-use and -cover change. Assessing the overall biodiversity changes in entire regions faces with the traditional lack of consistent biodiversity data. This work aims at contributing to this assessment through a set of major pressures to biodiversity defined from land-use and -cover changes, and evaluating their extent, distribution and correlations with geographical variables. The study was performed in the framework of the Metropolitan Urban Plan of Concepción (MUPC, Chile). Land-use and -cover maps were obtained through image classification for the years 2000 and 2010, before and after the MUPC approval, and combined in a land-use and -cover change (LUCC) map. A set of pressures to biodiversity (natural and artificial forestation, deforestation, agricultural abandonment and expansion, and urbanization) was obtained from reclassifying the LUCC map. The correlations of these pressures with a set of geographical variables were assessed using canonical ordination methods. Finally, a preliminary forecast analysis of the effects of the MUPC was performed by combining the land-use and -cover map of 2010 with the urban-extension areas of the plan.Results showed that, in only 10 years, 57% of the Concepción Metropolitan Area (CMA) was affected by land-use and -cover changes, and 48% was affected by the pressures to biodiversity. Artificial forestation and deforestation were the dominant pressures, followed by agricultural abandonment and urbanization. The geographical distribution of pressures during the 2000–2010 period also contributed to affect the conservation of biodiversity and the sustainable management of the CMA. Indeed, natural forestation occurred close to urbanization, thus threatening the ecological integrity of native forests, while artificial forestation, deforestation and agricultural abandonment took place in steeply areas thus increasing landslide risk. Despite urbanization was not the most relevant pressure in the short studied period, urban development planned in the MUPC would determine an overall increase of 60% in the built-up area of the CMA, mostly affecting brushwood and forest plantations but also native forest and wetlands. Implications of these results for the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) and the sustainable management of Latin American metropolis are finally discussed.     

Characteristics of neighborhood interaction in urban land-use changes: A comparative study between three metropolitan areas of Japan

Local spatial interaction between neighborhood land-use categories (i.e. neighborhood interaction) is an important factor which affects urban land-use change patterns. Therefore, it is a key component in cellular automata (CA)-based urban geosimulation models towards the simulation and forecast of urban land-use changes. Purpose of this paper is to interpret the similarities and differences of the characteristics of neighborhood interaction in urban land-use changes of different metropolitan areas in Japan for providing empirical materials to understand the mechanism of urban land-use changes and construct urban geosimulation models. Characteristics of neighborhood interaction in urban land-use changes of three metropolitan areas in Japan, i.e. Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya, were compared using such aids as the neighborhood interaction model and similarity measure function. As a result, urban land-use in the three metropolitan areas was found to have had similar structure and patterns during the study period. Characteristics of neighborhood interaction in urban land-use changes are quite different from land-use categories, meaning that the mechanism of urban land-use changes comparatively differs among land-use categories. Characteristics of neighborhood interaction reveal the effect of spatial autocorrelation in the spatial process of urban land-use changes in the three metropolitan areas, which correspond with the characteristics of agglomeration of urban land-use allocation in Japan. Neighborhood interaction amidst urban land-use changes between the three metropolitan areas generally showed similar characteristics. The regressed neighborhood interaction coefficients in the models may represent the general characteristics of neighborhood effect on urban land-use changes in the cities of Japan. The results provide very significant materials for exploring the mechanism of urban land-use changes and the construction of universal urban geosimulation models which may be applied to any city in Japan.     

Modeling the relationship of land use change and some geophysical indicators for the interlock area of farming and pasturing in China

This paper discusses land-use changes in the interlock area of farming and pasturing (IAFP) in northern China. It presents detailed analyses of land-use features in the IAFP, which are controlled by the macro geomorphic units and geophysical conditions-constraints or advantages. Additionally, it selects some indicators, according to the availability in acquiring and processing their quantitative data, to analyze the canonical correlations between the typical conversion of grassland and geophysical conditions. The preliminary study indicates that the physical conditions are of great advantages to the development of grassland. There exists significant correlation between land use change and some geophysical conditions.     

太行山淇河流域土地利用变化对生境的影响

山地作为陆地表面的特殊地域单元,地形起伏较大,生态系统较为脆弱,对全球变化信号有放大作用。因此,研究山地土地利用变化对生境质量的影响,对于权衡区域生态保护与发展及土地资源的可持续利用具有重要意义。本文基于InVEST模型,结合土地利用数据,并从地形起伏度视角,对太行山淇河流域2000-2015年生境质量进行研究。结果表明：①2000-2015年期间,淇河流域土地利用变化表现为耕地、林地面积逐渐减少,草地、建设用地面积逐渐增加。②流域整体生境质量较好,平均生境质量指数均超过0.7,且2015年有明显提升。③淇河流域的生境质量变化受地类变化影响较大。耕地、草地、建设用地由于受到过人为干扰的影响,其生境出现不同程度的退化;采伐、毁林开荒等行为导致林地的生境也开始缓慢退化,但由于林地的植被覆盖度较高,抗干扰能力较强,加上逐渐开始对其进行恢复,生境质量水平依然较高。④该流域生境质量在地形起伏度上的分布特征表现为平坦区和微起伏区以一般等级生境质量为主,小起伏区和中起伏区则以高度重要和极重要等级生境质量为主。     

Modeling the relationship of land use change and some geophysical indicators for the interlock area of farming and pasturing in China

This paper discusses land-use changes in the interlock area of farming and pasturing (IAFP)in northern China. It presents detailed analyses of land-use features in the IAFP, which are controlled by the macro geomorphic units and geophysical conditions-constraints or advantages. Additionally, it selects some indicators, according to the availability in acquiring and processing their quantitative data, to analyze the canonical correlations between the typical conversion of grassland and geophysical conditions. The preliminary study indicates that the physical conditions are of great advantages to the development of grassland. There exists significant correlation between land use change and some geophysical conditions.     

北京丰台区土地利用变化及其经济驱动力分析

采用GIS技术和统计分析技术,基于1984、1992和1995～2001年土地利用图件和数据,分析了1984年以来北京丰台区土地利用变化历史过程及其空间分异特征。土地利用变化的基本特点是农业用地面积大幅度下降,非农用地面积快速增加,且随着时间的推移,变化高峰地域在由内向外传递。对1999年土地利用类型数据与经济产值数据匹配结果表明:土地经济产出效益巨大差异的存在是驱动丰台区土地利用从农业用地,尤其是耕地向非农业用地转化的最大动力所在。利用1992～2001年的非农业用地与固定资产投资、人口,二、三产业增加值进行的相关分析显示,固定资产投资、人口增长和第二产业的发展对非农业用地扩展有着显著的作用。     

20世纪90年代新疆草地资源的空间格局演变

以Landsat TM遥感影像解译出的新疆1990年和2000年1:10万土地利用数据为基础,探讨了近10年来草地资源的动态变化及其空间格局特征。两期矢量数据叠加,得到耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地和未利用土地的面积变化数据、土地利用类型动态度和土地利用变化转移概率矩阵,从而系统地分析了草地与其他土地利用类型之间以及高、中、低不同覆盖度草地亚类之间的动态变化。在归纳草地资源各种变化情况的基础上,构建无任何分类面积信息损失的ARC/INFO-Grid格网化数据集,从而讨论了草地资源动态变化的空间格局特征。研究表明,近10年来草地与未利用土地之间为近似等量交换,与其他土地利用类型之间的转换则是显著的入不敷出,因此草地大量减少,但是草地总体质量的提高在很大程度上弥补了其总量减少的不利影响。草地数量的转入与转出及质量的提高与恶化在时间上同步发生,在空间上则交错进行并形成复杂的空间格局。草地资源的动态变化总体上具有比较突出的区域差异性,可以划分出5个基本动态变化分区。     

A total water management analysis of the Las Vegas Wash watershed,Nevada

Climate change, land-use change, and population growth are fundamental factors affecting future hydrologic conditions in streams, especially in arid regions with scarce water resources. Located in the arid southwest within the Las Vegas Wash watershed, Las Vegas is one of the fastest growing metropolitan areas of the country. In the past 30?years, because of climate and land-use changes, it has experienced a decrease in clean water supply but an increase in water demand. To alleviate some of these problems, large amounts of water have been pumped into the city from different sources, such as Lake Mead, and the urban wastewater is treated and returned back to the reservoir for water augmentation. However, in the face of continual global climate change and urbanization in the watershed, long-term planning for sustainable water management is critical. This research was designed to provide a comprehensive analysis incorporating hydrologic modeling, population projection, land-use change modeling, and water management policies to examine the total water balance and management options in this arid and rapidly urbanizing watershed under various scenarios of climate regime, population growth, land-use change, and total water management programs for the year 2050.