云南高原楚雄市近年来城市气候特征研究

基于楚雄市城区中心气象站和周围9个加密气象站点及南华2010~2014年气象观测资料,利用Excel制作图表等对楚雄市近年来城市气候变化特征及成因进行了分析与研究,得到楚雄市城市气候变化规律,利用灰色关联分析方法对影响楚雄城市气候的自然和人文因子进行了分析。研究结果表明:近年来热岛强度呈先下降后上升波动趋势,热岛强度最大是在2010年,最小是在2013年,3月份热岛强度最强,8月份最弱。近5年间的降水量波动较大,降水量最多在2014年,最少在2012年,城市雨岛效应比较明显,降雨干湿季分明,城市雨岛强度雨季大于干季。城市相对湿度比郊区少,城市干岛效应明显,楚雄市城市干岛强度雨季大于干季。影响楚雄市城市气候的因子既有人文因子也有自然因子,且人文因子的影响大于自然因子。     

西北地区城市化对城市气候环境的影响

以西北地区五个省会城市所在的地区为研究区域,分析了近50年西北地区城市气候的变化趋势,考察了城市发展对气候的影响,发现西北地区大城市存在显著的热岛效应、雨岛效应、干岛效应和暗岛效应。在此基础上建立了城市发展与城市气候变化之间的回归模型,证明西北地区城市发展对气候的影响不完全符合库次涅茨曲线特征。     

近50年来兰州城市气候变化的R/S分析

运用R／S方法、城效对比法，对1951－1999年兰州市城市气候的温度、水汽压、相对湿度和日照百分率等指标的冬（1月）、夏（7月）及年平均值进行了计算分析，各项指标的Hurst指数H均大于0.5，说明它们存在明显的赫斯特现象，反映了兰州市近50年来气候变化存在趋势性成分，即持续性的城市化气候效应。至于各项指标的Hurst指数在冬、夏及年平均值间有差异，分析证明这是兰州城市化气候效应强度的季节差异所造成。     

杭州城市气候

随着生产的发展,城市规模不断扩大,城市作为一种特殊的下垫面对气候产生明显的影响。无论城市建设还是环境保护等方面都需要城市气候研究成果。杭州是我国著名的风景游览城市和疗养胜地,因此,研究杭州城市气候更具有特殊意义。现根据有关气     

兰新高铁沿线县域可达性时空收敛效应与经济潜力特征分析

运用加权平均旅行时间、等时圈、经济潜力和空间变差函数等方法和模型，综合分析了兰新高铁运营前后沿线县域可达性时空收敛效应和经济潜力特征变化。结果表明：（1） 兰新高铁开通运营后，沿线91个县域单元加权平均旅行时间缩短33.46%，呈现“核心—边缘”结构，中小县域的可达性优化作用总体上强于核心城市。（2） 高铁站点城市及中心城市可达性提升存在明显的“节点效应”和“廊道效应”。高铁站点及其附近地区的可达性收益最多，时空收敛在一定程度上服从地理距离衰减规律。（3） 区域经济潜力整体呈均衡化发展，激发沿线城镇经济发展潜能，经济潜力演变等级性和层次性特征愈加显著。     

昆明城市发展对室内外平均气温影响的研究

利用受城市扩大影响的昆明气象站室内外气温资料和未受城市影响的太华山气象站气温资料，以及城市建成区面积和城市人口资料，分析了昆明城市发展对室内外平均气温影响程度，由于城市面积扩大导致昆明的室内外气温均升高，城市增温效应在1-4月较大，5-12月较小；城市增温效应的主要影响因子在上半年是城市人口增加，而在下半年则主要是城市建成区面积的扩大，另外，城市增温效应与城市建成区面积、城市人口均有较好地相关关系，城市建成区面积增加对平均气温的影响较大；而城市人口增加对平均室内气温的影响较大。     

应用卫星图像的热岛效应,研究福州市区用地动态变化

城市热岛效应是城市气候最明显的特征。福州是较早沿海开放城市之一，随着城市化的迅速进展，其规模越来越大，市区成为人口稠密、建筑物密集及工业高度集中的地方，市区中工业生产、交通运输、人群呼吸及家庭生活中排出大量热气、尘埃和废气（尘埃能吸收太阳辐射，也使其自身增温），形成了市区温度高于郊区的气候现象。热红外图像上能反映出地物温度，便为研究城市热岛效应提供了依据。由于受卫星资料来源限制，作者仅应用福州市区1988年4月9日和1992年1月5日两个不同时过境的TM数据磁带，结合气象资料，探讨利用福州市区热岛效应的气候…     

湖南省城市现代化与生态化耦合协调发展研究

通过构建湖南省城市现代化与生态化耦合效应评价指标体系及其数学运算模型，计算得出湖南省14个地州市2010年和2015年城市（经济、社会、生活、空间）现代化与生态化的耦合度和耦合协调度。研究结果表明：（1）全省总体城市现代化与生态化耦合效应较为良好，且五年来基本实现稳中有进，但存在东部、北部地区耦合效应强于中部、南部和西部地区的地域分布差异；（2）湖南省城市现代化与生态化耦合程度受经济创新度、高层次人才结构、社会开放程度、生产单位能耗和生态产业结构等影响较大，受限于城市经济总量和建设规模等传统指标较小；（3）可按耦合协调效应将全省城市分为三类，即一类耦合城市现代化建设与生态发展处于紧密联系、良好共进的发展程度，二类耦合城市现代化建设和生态建设均在提速发展但发展程度不充分不协调，三类耦合城市现代化建设与生态化发展两大层面均有待提高。     

基于财富500强中国企业网络的城市网络空间联系特征

基于2015年世界财富500强中的102家中国企业数据,根据企业组织特征构建了反映企业—城市间关联的折衷网络模型,借助网络分析等多种方法分析了中国地级城市间和典型城市群之间的网络联系。研究发现：① 城市网络总体连通性较差、向心集中性强,发育不够完备;城市网络连接具有明显的行政中心指向、沿海指向和资源指向;网络节点城市对外经济依赖度高,网络结构扁平特征明显。城市群网络存在权力分散、地位分化和外部联系依赖特征。② 城市网络中省域、城市群和俱乐部边界效应明显,区域内外的中心城市规模和数量对省域行政区经济、城市群经济和俱乐部经济的发展产生影响。③ 城市在多尺度网络中的功能分化明显,大城市和区域型中心城市比中小城市拥有更加完备和均衡的功能体系。沿海三大城市群的辐射带动作用明显,其他城市群的优势功能有待突出。④ 城市（群）跨尺度区域功能互动效应显著,城市（群）的自我经济集聚能力与城市（群）的对外辐射带动功能之间存在密切的正向关系。研究为城市网络模型拓展及理解中国城市网络空间联系特征提供了支撑。     

商品住宅价格空间溢出效应测度及其影响因素分析——来自长三角地区的证据

商品房价格的空间溢出效应是当前学界探讨的重要议题,但鲜有研究基于区域视角测度并对比不同商品房价格空间溢出效应的差异。本文以长三角地区为例,基于GIS的空间计量模型尝试测度商品房价格的空间溢出效应,并进一步对比分析三种商品住宅（新住宅、二手住宅和租赁住宅）价格的空间溢出效应及其影响因素。结果表明（：1）上海、杭州和南京三个城市的商品住宅价格明显高于其他城市,说明其价格与城市的经济（行政）等级密不可分（;2）三种住宅价格均表现为由上海向内陆区域依次降低的空间规律,具有明显的空间等级性（;3）新住宅、二手住宅和租赁住宅价格的空间溢出效应依次减弱,但新住宅和二手住宅价格的溢出效应差别不大（;4）上海、苏州、南通和嘉兴四个城市处于高房价集聚区,该区域商品房价格与周边城市的商品住宅价格存在显著的空间溢出关系（;5）经济基础、消费需求和社会资源对三种商品住宅价格的空间溢出均具有显著的促进作用。     

Journal of Resources and Ecology Total Contents of Volume 5, 2014

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BOOK REVIEWS

Books reviewed in this article: USA, Eine Geographische Landeskunde , Vol. I, Der Grossraum in Strukturellem, Wandel, 3rd Ed. Helmut Blume . Introduction to Remote Sensing . James B. Campbell . The Sounds of People and Places: Readings in the Geography of American Folk and Popular Music . George O. Carney , ED. Development and Underdevelopment . John Cole . Mobility and Employment in Urban Southeast Asia: Example from Indonesia and the Philippines . Michael A. Costello , Thomas R. Leinbach , AND Richard Ulack . Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices . Leslie Dienes . The Third World City . David Drakakis -Smith . Scholars' Guide to Washington, DC for Cartography and Remote Sensing Imagery (maps, charts, aerial photographs, satellite images, cartographic literature and geographic information systems). Ralph E. Ehrenberg . Population and Development in the Third World . Allan AND Anne Findlay . The Early Mapping of Hawaii . Gary L. Fitzpatrick . Energetics of Physical Environment: Energetic Approaches to Physical Geography . K. J. Gregory , ED. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and Management . William E. Hammitt and David N. Cole . Agricultural Commercialization and Government Policy in Africa . J. Hinderink AND J. J. Sterkenburg . The Dynamics of American Housing . James W. Hughes AND George Sternlieb . Thailand: Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation State . Charles F. Keyes . Resolving Locational Conflict . Robert W. Lake , ED. Lands at Risk in the Third World: Local-level Perspectives . Peter D. Little and Michael M. Horowitz , EDS. Nathaniel Southgate Shaler and the Culture of American Science . David N. Livingstone . Regions: The Economics and Politics of Territory . Ann R. Markusen . Wetlands . William J. Mitsch and James G. Gosselink . Historical Geography: Progress and Prospect . Michael Pacione , ED. Loess and Periglacial Phenomena . Marton P$eacsi and Hugh M. French , EDS. Regional Management of Metropolitan Floodplains, Experience in the United States and Abroad . Rutherford H. Platt , ED. Human Cartography: Mapping the World of Man . Janos Szegö . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . Helen H. Tanner , ED. The Botany of Mangroves . P. B. Tomlinson . Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns . Rodney Vaughan . The Night After … Climatic and Biological Consequences of a Nuclear War . Yevgeni Velikhov , ED. Industrial Geography . H. D. Watts . Dictionary of Quotations in Geography . James O. Wheeler and Francis M. Sibley . Vermont Townscape . Norman Wiliams , Jr. , Edmund K. Kellogg and Peter M. Lavigne .     

The environmental history of a mountain lake (Lago Paione Superiore, Central Alps, Italy) for the last c. 100 years: a multidisciplinary, palaeolimnological study

A palaeoecological study of an oligotrophic alpine lake, Paione Superiore (Italy), provided a record of historical changes in water quality. Historical trends in lake acidification were reconstructed by means of calibration and regression equations from diatoms, chrysophycean scales and pigment ratios. The historical pH was inferred by using two different diatom calibration data sets, one specific to the alpine region. These pH trends, together with the record of sedimentary carbonaceous particles and chironomid remains, indicate a recent acidification of this low alkalinity lake.Concentration of total organic matter, organic carbon, nitrogen, biogenic silica (BSiO₂), chlorophyll derivatives (CD), fucoxanthin, diatom cell concentration and number of chironomid head capsules increased during the last 2–3 decades. When expressed as accumulation rates, most of these parameters tended to decrease from the past century to c. 1950, then all except P increased to the present day. A marked increase in sedimentary nitrogen may be related to atmospheric pollution and to the general increases in output of N in Europe. High C/N ratios indicate a prevailing allochthonous source of organic matter.Finally, the increase in measured air temperature from the mid-1800's appeared to be related to lake water pH before industrialization: cold periods generally led to lower pH and vice-versa. The more recent phenomenon of anthropogenic acidification has apparently decoupled this climatic-water chemistry relationship.     

A fishery in a changing lake environment: The naked carpGymnocypris przewalskii (Kessler) (Cyprinidae: schizothoracinae) in Qinghai Hu,China

Quinghai Hu is a large, high-altitude, saline lake in north-western China, and supports a fishery based on an endemic species of naked carp (snow trout). The fish take seven years to attain maturity and a marketable weight of 300 g, and have a lifespan of 14–21 years under the present fishery regime. They seasonally migrate from the lake to spawn over the gravel beds of inflowing rivers, but these areas have been reduced by weirs and irrigation diversions and recruitment may have declined. The population may have been affected also by a 1.85-m fall in the lake level over the past 30 years, and by associated changes in salinity. The fishery was opened to large-scale exploitation in 1958. Yields declined sharply (max. 28,523 tonnes, 1960) as the larger, older fish were removed, and then more slowly (min. 2523 tonnes, 1983). Since 1987 the fish factory has been limited to an annual quota of 1200 tonnes, taken by a fleet of four pair trawlers. Another 800 tonnes are taken by licensed fishermen, mainly using gill nets, and perhaps 1000 tonnes are taken illegally. The estimated total catch in 1992 was 3000 tonnes. New trawlers introduced in 1989–90 substantially increased the factory's catch per unit effort, and in 1990 the quota was virtually filled in one month in a zone within 20 km of the factory. Although this could suggest that the stocks will be conserved if the quota is retained, at least half of the catch in 1989–92 consisted of immature individuals. Trawling operations recently were suspended following a further decline in the catch after 1992. While the new trawlers are capable of a major increase in effort, neither the changing environment, the fish stocks or the present markets favour intensified pressure. Gillnets may provide better control over the minimum size limit and may cause less damage than trawling. Other options to improve the viability and profitability of the fishery include improvements in handling, processing and marketing. Failure to develop the fishery may encourage attempts to introduce exotic fish, at some risk to survival of the local species.     

Chironomidae (Diptera) remains in surficial lake sediments from the Canadian Cordillera: analysis of the fauna across an altitudinal gradient

The altitudinal distribution of Chironomidae (Diptera) in the southern Canadian Cordillera was analyzed by means of head capsules preserved in surficial sediments of 30 lakes. Taxa characteristic of late-glacial deposits of southern, coastal British Columbia are extant at high elevations, particularly in the Rocky Mountains, and in large, deep, low-elevation lakes. Many chironomid taxa common at low elevations in the southern Canadian Cordillera were not found in alpine and upper subalpine lakes. These faunal differences are probably climatically related. The differences in fauna between high and low-elevation lakes parallel differences between arctic and temperate lakes.     

“THIS TERRITORY WAS NOT EMPTY”: PACIFIC POSSIBILITIES

ABSTRACT. Narratives concerning Pacific Ocean territories are often historically derived from European and American mainland visions of great, empty oceans dotted with deserted and uninhabited islands. However, research by indigenous and outlander scholars, along with struggles for political and cultural autonomy in the Pacific, has brought attention to vital island communities and 6has raised questions about a Pacific‐island way of understanding the world. This understanding is traced through scholarly and artistic engagements with history, island‐community studies, and navigational philosophies and is framed by a growing theoretical literature on epistemologies of place from the disciplines of geography and oceanography.     

Comparison of precipitation products to observations in Tibet during the rainy season

Precipitation is an important component of global water and energy transport and a major aspect of climate change. Due to the scarcity of meteorological observations, the precipitation climate over Tibet has been insufficiently documented. In this study, the distribution of precipitation during the rainy season over Tibet from 1980 to 2013 is described on monthly to annual time scales with meteorological observations. Furthermore, four precipitation products are compared to observations over Tibet. These datasets include products derived from the Asian Precipitation-Highly-Resolved Observational Data(APHRO), the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC), the University of Delaware(UDel), and the China Meteorological Administration(CMA). The error, relative error, standard deviation, root-mean-square error, correlations and trends between these products for the same period are analyzed with in situ precipitation during the rainy season from May to September. The results indicate that these datasets can broadly capture the temporal and spatial precipitation distribution over Tibet. The precipitation gradually increases from northwest to southeast. The spatial precipitation in GPCC and CMA are similar and positively correlated to observations. Areas with the largest deviations are located in southwestern Tibet along the Himalayas. The APHRO product underestimates, while the UDel, GPCC, and CMA datasets overestimates precipitation on the basis of monthly and inter-annual variation. The biases in GPCC and CMA are smaller than those in APHRO and UDel with a mean relative error lower than 10% during the same periods. The linear trend of precipitation indicates that the increase in precipitation has accelerated extensively during the last 30 years in most regions of Tibet. The CMA generally achieves the best performance of these four precipitation products. Data uncertainty in Tibet might be caused by the low density of stations, complex topography between the grid points and stations, and the interpolation methods, which can also produce an obvious difference between the gridded data and observations.     

Modern and fossil Potamids (Gastropoda) in saline lakes

Potamids generally live in estuaries, lagoons, and along protected sea shores. However, their ability to colonize intracontinental lakes has been underestimated due to non- or misidentifications. Potamides conicus, the only present lacustrine Potamid currently found in North Africa, belongs to a lagoon-type (thalassoid) malacofauna, dominated by the Cardium Cerastoderma glaucum: this fauna occurs in association with Foraminifera (especially Ammonia beccarii) and Ostracoda (Cyprideis gr. Torosa). Potamids have been found 250 to 900 km from the nearest sea shore: passive dispersal (probably through birds) is the primary dispersal mechanism. Shell morphology and ornamentation can be used to characterize life environment (lacustrine versus marine) but not distance from sea shore. The presence of Potamid-Foraminifera fauna in the fossil record has been interpreted as providing evidence for a sea connection (e.g., gulfs, lagoons). However, more recent paleoecological studies have demonstrated that such assemblages span an ecological gradient from freshwater to hypersaline lacustrine environments. Thus, the occurrence of modern Potamids in lacustrine (in addition to maritime) environments has important implications for Quaternary and Tertiary paleogeographic investigations. Lacustrine Potamids have been recorded from the European Tertiary (France, Spain) and from the Sahara Holocene. More research is required for the better understanding of the distribution and ecology of Potamids in modern and fossil lakes of other continents.This publication is the fifth of a series of papers presented at the Conference on Sedimentary and Paleolimnological Records of Saline Lakes. This Conference was held August 13–16, 1991 at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Dr Evans is serving as Guest Editor.