基于EBSD技术利用方解石双晶恢复古应力方向的研究

方解石机械e-双晶是低温、低围压和低有限应变下主要的晶体塑性变形机制。假设方解石双晶面为剪切面,双晶形成方向平行于最大有效剪应力方向,最大主应力(σ1)和最小主应力(σ3)与主晶c-轴和e-双晶法线四者共平面,与c-轴夹角分别为71°和19°,与e-双晶面夹角为45°,确定方解石主晶和双晶的晶体学方位即可确定主应力方向。电子背散射衍射(electron backscatter diffraction,简称EBSD)技术可以精确测定方解石主晶和双晶的晶体学参数。从样品野外采集、室内薄片切制、EBSD数据获取、数据处理等方面详细介绍了利用方解石双晶恢复古应力方向的方法。     

氟碳钙铈矿中6R和3R多型微双晶结构的透射电镜研究

采用透射电镜技术,对产于我国西南地区的钙稀土氟碳酸盐矿物出现的微结构特征进行了研究。发现氟碳钙铈矿6R和3R两种多型均存在微双晶结构。电子衍射分析和晶格像观察表明,既使在微区范围,氟碳钙铈矿也多以混层晶、多型和微体双晶等衍生体产出。6R和3R多型微双晶共格连生,与主衍射体6R多型共存于一种自然晶粒,它们均以间距为1.40nm的单元层组成氟碳钙铈矿“多晶”。6R和3R多型组成的双晶类型相同,属(0001)为双晶面的面律(旋转)双晶。     

斜长石变形温度计

斜长石以[010]轴为双晶轴的平行双晶,其结合面可能为菱形切面或(001)面。它们可以统称为b轴双晶。以(001)面为结合面的b轴双晶为阿克林双晶,以菱形切面为结合面的b轴双晶为肖钠双晶,即狭义的肖钠双晶。因为菱形切面在有些场合下与(001)面重合,这样有时无法区分肖钠双晶和阿克林双晶。因而有些研究者不采用阿克林双晶这一名称,而通称其为肖钠双晶,也即广义的肖钠双晶就是b轴双晶。本文中肖钠双晶     

一种极罕见的((?)05)长石双晶在我国的首次发现——兼论(hol)型长石双晶的确实性

本文对采自河南卢氏八宝山花岗闪长斑岩中的一个透长石自形巨斑晶进行了研究,确定它是一种极为罕见的、以((?)05)为双晶面的贯穿型简单双晶。看来,它与F.贡纳特(Gonnard)提出的正长石(15.0.4)双晶应是等价的。但是笔者认为此种双晶以双晶面((?)05)来表征更为合理。本双晶是继F.贡纳特之后近70年来第二次发现的此种双晶。 长石是双晶最丰富和复杂的一族矿物,已知的双晶律多达20多种。其中(h0l)型的双晶     

岩浆岩中石英晶体的对称性连生

矿物晶体连生是岩浆岩中晶体生长及岩石结构形成过程中的一个重要现象，可以提供岩浆演化过程信息.用电子背散射衍射技术(EBSD)分析了天堂寨花岗岩和梅川花岗闪长岩中石英晶体的结晶学取向关系.这2种岩石中石英的道芬双晶和交生(两晶体以某个相同的面重合连生)出现概率非常高.除了道芬双晶和交生外，还发现了一种特殊的石英晶体对称性连生现象.在这种特殊的对称性连生体中，考虑石英的劳埃群3 2/m(而不是石英的点群32)，两晶体形成的道芬双晶的双晶面(0001)或(1010)与第3个晶体的对称面(1120)重合.这样的重合使得这3个晶体的连生体保留了道芬双晶的某些对称性.这种双晶面与第3个晶体的对称面重合的现象在我们以前报道的NH₄Cl晶体聚集体和透辉石枝晶聚集体中也出现过.这种现象说明晶体的连生受控于对称性，即:晶体连生会选择对称性高的形式.由于劳埃群是与晶体空间格子的对称性相关而并不是与晶体结构的对称性相关的，所以，空间格子的对称性可能是控制晶体对称性连生的主要因素.      

旋转台上鉴定An30-70斜长石成分与结构状态的新鉴定图

卡斯巴-钠长律(简称卡-钠律)是一种复合双晶律,又名罗克·图尔奈律(Roc Tournélaw),双晶结合面CP=(010),双晶轴TA=⊥[001]/(010),常见于中基性斜长石中,特别是在中性和中基性的火山岩中的斜长石斑晶里更为常见。笔者在旋转台鉴定工作中发现,当被测的An_30-70斜长石具有卡-钠律双晶时,联合运用欧拉角Ⅱ(Euler angleⅡ)中的Ⅰ角,即Nm∧[001],与卡-钠双晶寇勒角(Khler angle)中的Nm₁∧Nm₂来鉴定其成分和结构状态,效果甚好,优于传统的双晶法。     

云南武定地区核桃箐铁铜矿热液活动特征及其与迤纳厂铁铜矿的异同

核桃箐铁铜矿位于滇中武定断陷盆地内,与迤纳厂铁铜矿同属于滇中地区的IOCG(铁氧化物-铜-金)型矿产。野外地质调查发现其成矿地质背景和矿床特征虽与迤纳厂铁铜矿有一定相似性,但富集的成矿元素类型和蚀变特征等方面却与迤纳厂不同。核桃箐矿区主要的赋矿地层为落雪组(Pt_1l),成矿元素只大量富集Fe元素,局部富集Cu元素,没有富集Au元素,其矿石类型以致密块状磁铁矿石为主,围岩蚀变类型较少但具有一定的分带性,与矿化关系最为密切的蚀变是硅化。岩相学和地球化学的研究发现,从围岩到蚀变岩,核桃箐矿区内主要的迁入元素是SiO_2,Al_2O_3,MnO和Na_2O,主要的迁出元素是CaO,MgO,H_2O和CO_2,这表明核桃箐矿区内的硅化与去碳酸盐化是同时进行的,而钠化则与其同步或者稍晚于硅化;岩矿地球化学的研究表明核桃箐含矿围岩的n(SiO_2)/n(Al_2O_3)3.6,n(Al)/n(Al+Fe+Mn)0.5,n(Al_2O_3)/n(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)=0.12～0.36,反映其形成于拉张环境,成岩时海水深度较浅的成岩特征。     

云南武定地区核桃箐铁铜矿热液活动特征及其与迤纳厂铁铜矿的异同

核桃箐铁铜矿位于滇中武定断陷盆地内,与迤纳厂铁铜矿同属于滇中地区的IOCG型矿产。野外地质调查发现其成矿地质背景和矿床特征虽与迤纳厂铁铜矿有一定相似性,但富集的成矿元素类型和蚀变特征等方面却与迤纳厂不同。核桃箐矿区主要的赋矿地层为落雪组(Pt_2l),成矿元素只大量富集Fe元素,局部富集Cu元素,没有富集Au元素。矿石类型以致密块状磁铁矿石为主,围岩蚀变类型较少但具有一定的分带性,与矿化关系最为密切的蚀变是硅化。岩相学和地球化学研究发现,从围岩到蚀变岩,核桃箐矿区内主要的迁入元素是SiO_2、Al_2O_3、MnO和Na_2O,主要的迁出元素是CaO、MgO、H_2O和CO_2,表明核桃箐矿区内的硅化与去碳酸盐化是同时进行的,而钠化则与其同步或者稍晚于硅化。岩矿地球化学研究表明,核桃箐含矿围岩的n(SiO_2)/n(Al_2O_3) 3. 6,n(Al)/n(Al+Fe+Mn) 0. 5,n(Al_2O_3)/n(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)=0. 12～0. 36,反映其形成于拉张环境、成岩时海水深度较浅的成岩特征。     

大别山朱家冲二云石英片岩中石英双晶及交生特征

为揭示岩石中石英晶体之间的结晶学取向关系,采用光学显微镜和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对大别山朱家冲二云母石英片岩进行研究。结果显示石英普遍发育双晶,其中道芬双晶律产出的概率最高(57.8%),日本律(3.2%)、Esterel(3.2%)、Breithaupt(4.8%)、Cornish(2.4%)等双晶律均有少量产出。除双晶外,相邻石英之间多为交生关系。各单形交生的相对概率为:{11■1}{11■2}{11■0}{20■1}{10■0}{10■1}{10■2}{00■1}。无结晶学取向关系的概率相对较低(7%)。石英具较强的择优取向,其C轴组构表现为靠近Z轴的简单点极密。石英变形机制以底面a滑移为主,变形温度约350℃~550℃。     

新的锂矿物——扎布耶石(Zabuyelite)

在西藏扎布耶盐湖中首次发现天然碳酸锂,呈细小棱柱状,单斜晶系,D=2.09±0.01(实测)。无色透明,β平行b轴,光轴面垂直(010),γ∧C=10°,沿(100)具双晶。γ=1.5743±0.001,β=1.5672±0.001,α=1.4285±0.001,2V(-)?25°。经化学全分析配算其化学式为Li_2CO_3。X射线特征线条:4.16(8)、2.92(8)、2.81(10)。α_0=0.835±0.0003nm,b_0=0.4964±0.001nm,c_0=0.6185±0.0009nm,     

对于氟碳钡铈矿（Cordylite—Ce）成分与结构的质疑

本文讨论了氟碳钡铈矿的成分和结构问题。发现氟碳钡铈矿的成分、密度、折射率三者间的一致性参数很差,晶体结构与光性和空间群相矛盾,单个大阳离子的平均占有体积远大于同类矿物的平均占有体积,它的晶体结构与同类矿物不可类比。由于受当时条件的限制,在以往有关氟碳钡铈矿的成分和结构的资料中存在着一些明显的错误,有必要对其进行重新定义。其结构化学式应改为:(Na_(1-x),Ca_(0·5x))BaCe_2(CO_3)_4F。     

莱河矿(Fe0.52+Fe1.03+SiO4)的超结构

莱河矿于1976年在中国辽宁省的磁铁矿床中首次被发现,许多人对它进行过研究。该矿物为黑色、不透明,化学式为Fe_0.58²⁺Fe_1.0³⁺Mg_0.03Si_0.96O₄,虽然它的晶体结构近似于橄榄石,但已确定为单斜晶系,空间群为P2₁/b。本文作者利用X射线、电子探针、高分解能透过电子显微镜对该矿物进行了系统的研究,发现它具有假双晶、超结构和显微条纹结构。     

黄河矿晶体结构的重新测定及空间群对称的讨论

黄河矿 BaCe(CO₃)₂F(a=0.5072(1)nm,c=3.846(1)nm;V=856.8×10^-3nm³;Z=6)晶体结构的重新测定,采用中心对称空间群 R3m-D_3d⁵,基于337个可观察的单晶 X 射线数据(I>2σ₁)和30个可变参数,R=0.031。原子坐标和均方根振幅(据各向异性位移参数计算,O.013-0.025nm)表明,没有必要降低对称性,即没有必要采用相应的非中心对称空间群或其它次群。黄河矿的结构中,原子形成似层状排列,且垂直于 c 轴;碳酸根通过 Ba 与 Ce 的联结形成三维结构。C(1)O₃,和 C(2)O₃,中的 C 原子偏离三个氧组成的平面,其偏离的距离分别为0.0066(15)nm 和 0.0029(15)nm。     

氟碳铈钡矿Ba3Ce2(CO3)5F2晶体结构重测

氟碳铈钡矿Ba₃Ce₂(CO₃)₅F₂的晶体结构原先被描述为Cm和P2空间群,经单晶X射线衍射方法重测为C2/m空间群;采用2339个独立反射,151个可变参数,R=0.034,R_w=0.05.经检测,未发现明显违反C心布拉维格子的反射;误差允许范围内位移椭球体与所定空间群相容。结构中的原子排列与化合物Ba₃La₂(CO₃)₅F₂相似,可被描述为平行于(102)层间有序结构,层与层之间通过碳酸根相联结。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987110000058

<正>The thermo-electric coefficients of twenty-six magnetite samples,formed either by magmatism or metamorphism,were tested by the thermo-electric instrument BHET—06.Results showed that the coefficient is of a constant value of about -0.05 mV/℃.It is emphasized that because every magnetite grain was tested randomly,the coefficient is independent of the crystallographic direction.This fact means the thermal voltage generated from a single magnetite crystal can be accumulated,and as a result a new thermo-electric field can arise when a gradient thermal field exists and is active within the earth's crust.Because magnetite is widespread in the earth's crust(generally appearing more in the middle-lower crust),there is more-than-random probability that the additional thermo-electric field can be generated when certain thermal conditions are fulfilled.We,therefore,used the thermo-electric effect of magnetite to study the mechanism responsible for the presence of abnormal geo-electric fields during earthquake formation and occurrence, because gradient thermal fields always exist before earthquakes.The possible presence of additional thermo-electric fields was calculated under theoretical seismological conditions,using the following calcu-lation formula:E= - 0.159(σ×△T×φ×ρ_2×[(h~2-2x~2)cosα+ 3hxsinα]/ρ_1(h~2 +x~2)~(5/2)).In the above formula,σis thermo-electric coefficient of magnetite,△T is the temperature difference acting on it,φis a sectional area on a block of magnetite vertically perpendicular to the direction of the thermal current.ρ_1 andρ_2 are the respective resistivities of magnetite and the crust,and h,α,and x,respectively,h is the depth of embedded magnetite block,αmeans the angle created by the horizontal line and ligature of the two poles of magnetite block,and x is the distance from observation point to projective center point of the magnetite block on earth surface.According to simulations calculated with this formula,additional thermo-electric field intensity may reach as high as n to n×10~2 mV/km.This field is strong enough to cause obvious anomalies in the background geo-electric field,and can be easy probed by earthquake monitoring equipment. Therefore,we hypothesize that geo-electric abnormalities which occur during earthquakes may be caused by the thermo-electric effect of magnetite.     

Crystal Structure of Natural Non-metamict Ti- and Fe~(2+)-rich Chevkinite-(Ce)

1 Introduction Chevkinite groups can be assigned to the chevkinite-(Ce) subgroup and perrierite-(Ce) subgroup in accord with the angle β : β ≈ 100o for the chevkinite subgroup and β ≈ 113o for the perrierite subgroup. Chevkinite-(Ce), polykovite-(Ce) and Maoniupingite (new mineral No. 017 of 2003) belong to the former subgroup, while renjeite and matsubaraite belong to the latter group. As strontio-chevkinite is a Sr-analogue of perrierite, usually the natural chevkinite-(Ce) group min…     

Crystal structure refinements of synthetic chalcocyanite (CUSO4) and zincosite (ZnSO4)

Summary The crystal structures of synthetic CuSO₄ and ZnSO₄ were refined to R=0.048, 0.037 (R_w = 0.039, 0.035) using single crystal X-ray data up to sin/ = 0.8 Å^–1. Space group Prima, cell parameters: a=8.409(1), 8.604 (5) Å; b=6.709(1), 6.746 (5) Å; c=4.833 (1), 4.774 (3) Å; Z =4. The refinements essentially confirmed the atomic arrangements of earlier works, but the atomic parameters could be determined with considerably higher accuracy.The Me²⁺ atoms are coordinated to six O atoms forming distorted octahedra; the Zn atom has a [2 + 2 – 2] coordination, whereas the Cu atom tends to a [4 + 2] coordination. These octahedra share edges to build chains parallel to [010], which are connected to a framework by SO₄ tetrahedra.

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Kristallstrukturverfeinerungen von synthetischem chalkocyanit (CuSO₄) und zinkosit (ZnSO₄)

Zusammenfassung Die Kristallstrukturen von synthetischem CuSO₄ und ZnSO₄ wurden unter Verwendung von Einkristallröntgendaten im Bereich bis sin/ = 0.8 Å^–1 zu R-Werten von 0.048, 0.037 (R_w =0.039, 0.035) verfeinert. Raumgruppe Pnma, Zellparameter: a= 8,409 (1), 8,604 (5) Å; b=6,709(1), 6,746 (5) Å; c=4,833(1), 4,774 (3) Å; Z=4. Die Verfeinerungen bestätigten im wesentlichen die Atomanordnungen früherer Arbeiten, die Atom-parameter konnten jedoch mit wesentlich höherer Genauigkeit bestimmt werden.Die Me²⁺ Atome sind von sechs Sauerstoffatomen umgeben und bilden verzerrte Oktaeder. Das Zn Atom besitzt eine [2 + 2 + 2] Koordination, das Cu Atom tendiert eher zu einer [4+2] Koordination. Diese Oktaeder sind über Kanten zu Ketten parallel [010] verknüpft, die durch SO₄ Tetraeder zu einer Gerüststruktur verbunden sind.

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With 3 Figures     

A Raman spectroscopic study on the structural disorder of monazite–(Ce)

This study addresses whether Raman spectra can be used to estimate the degree of accumulated radiation damage in monazite-(Ce) samples whose chemical composition was previously determined. Our results indicate that the degree of disorder in monazite–(Ce), as observed from increasing Raman band broadening, generally depends on both the structural state (i.e., radiation damage) and the chemical composition (i.e., incorporation of non-formula elements). The chemical effects were studied on synthetic orthophosphates grown using the Li-Mo flux method, and non radiation-damaged analogues of the naturally radiation-damaged monazite–(Ce) samples, produced by dry annealing. We found that the “chemical” Raman-band broadening of natural monazite–(Ce) can be predicted by the empirical formula, $$ {\hbox{FWHM}} {\hbox{[c}}{{\hbox{m}}^{ - {1}}}{]} = {3}{.95} + {26}{.66} \times {\hbox{(Th}} + {\hbox{U}} + {\hbox{Ca}} + {\hbox{Pb)}} {\hbox{[apfu]}} $$ where, FWHM = full width at half maximum of the main Raman band of monazite–(Ce) (i.e., the symmetric PO₄ stretching near 970?cm^?1), and (Th+U+Ca+Pb) = sum of the four elements in apfu (atoms per formula unit). Provided the chemical composition of a natural monazite–(Ce) is known, this “chemical band broadening” can be used to estimate the degree of structural radiation damage from the observed FWHM of the ν₁(PO₄) band of that particular sample using Raman spectroscopy. Our annealing studies on a wide range of monazite–(Ce) reference materials and other monazite–(Ce) samples confirmed that this mineral virtually never becomes highly radiation damaged. Potential advantages and the practical use of the proposed method in the Earth sciences are discussed.     

Consistent fractionation of 13C in nature and in the laboratory: growth-rate effects in some haptophyte algae

The carbon isotopic fractionation accompanying formation of biomass by alkenone-producing algae in natural marine environments varies systematically with the concentration of dissolved phosphate. Specifically, if the fractionation is expressed by epsilon p approximately delta e - delta p, where delta e and delta p are the delta 13C values for dissolved CO2 and for algal biomass (determined by isotopic analysis of C37 alkadienones), respectively, and if Ce is the concentration of dissolved CO2, micromole kg-1, then b = 38 + 160*[PO4], where [PO4] is the concentration of dissolved phosphate, microM, and b = (25 - epsilon p)Ce. The correlation found between b and [PO4] is due to effects linking nutrient levels to growth rates and cellular carbon budgets for alkenone-containing algae, most likely by trace-metal limitations on algal growth. The relationship reported here is characteristic of 39 samples (r2 = 0.95) from the Santa Monica Basin (six different times during the annual cycle), the equatorial Pacific (boreal spring and fall cruises as well as during an iron-enrichment experiment), and the Peru upwelling zone. Points representative of samples from the Sargasso Sea ([PO4] < or = 0.1 microM) fall above the b = f[PO4] line. Analysis of correlations expected between mu (growth rate), epsilon p, and Ce shows that, for our entire data set, most variations in epsilon p result from variations in mu rather than Ce. Accordingly, before concentrations of dissolved CO2 can be estimated from isotopic fractionations, some means of accounting for variations in growth rate must be found, perhaps by drawing on relationships between [PO4] and Cd/Ca ratios in shells of planktonic foraminifera.     

Direct observation of anti-phase domain structure in omphacite

Single crystal electron diffraction patterns of an omphacite (CaNa, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, Al³⁺, Fe³⁺)Si₂O₆ from a glaucophane schist facies (type C) eclogite, Tiburon Peninsula, California show weak reflections violating the C2/c space group. Transmission electron microscopy with dark field imaging, using h+k = even reflections reveal no special features, while dark field viewing through certain superstructure reflections violating the C2/c space group (h k l, with h+k = odd and h 0 l with h and/or l odd) reveal anti-phase domains, 100 to 3000 Å in width. Diffraction contrast experiments show that these domains are related by a displacement vector R=1/2[110]. This displacement vector explains the origin of the domains in terms of ordering of various cations in the octahedral (M1 type) and polyhedral (M2 type) sites without any changes in the tetrahedral silicate chains.