Meimechites, porphyritic alkaline picrites, and melanephelinites of Siberia: Conditions of crystallization, parental magmas, and sources

The investigation of rocks, minerals, and melt inclusions showed that porphyritic alkaline picrites and meimechites crystallized from different parental magmas. At a similar ultrabasic composition, the alkaline picrite melts were enriched in K₂O relative to Na₂O, and contained up to 0.12–0.13 wt % F and less Cr, Ni, and H₂O (only 0.01–0.16 wt % H₂O, versus 0.6–1.6 wt % in the meimechite melts) compared with the meimechite magmas. The crystallization of alkaline picrite melts occurred under stable conditions at relatively low temperatures without abrupt changes: olivine and clinopyroxene crystallized at 1340–1285 and 1230–1200°C, respectively, as compared with 1600–1450 and 1230–1200°C in the meimechites. The alkaline picrite melts evolved toward melanephelinite, nephelinite, tephrite, and trachydolerite; whereas the meimechite magmas gave rise to subalkaline picritic rocks. The partitioning of vanadium between olivine and melt suggests that the meimechite magma crystallized under more oxidizing conditions compared with the alkaline picrite melts: the K_DV values for the meimechite melts (0.011–0.016) were three times lower than those for the alkaline picrite melts (0.045–0.052). The parental magmas of the alkaline picrites and meimechites were enriched in trace elements relative to mantle levels by factors of tens to hundreds. The alkaline picrite magma showed lower LILE and LREE contents compared with the meimechite magma. The magmas had also different indicator ratios of incompatible elements, including those immobile in aqueous fluids. It was concluded that the meimechite and alkaline picrite melts were derived from different mantle sources. The former were generated at lower degrees of melting of an undepleted mantle source, and the meimechite melts were produced by high-degree melting of a probably lherzolite-harzburgite source.     

Olivine and Cr-spinel as indicators of the petrogenesis and partial melting conditions of the high-MgO ultramafic volcanic rocks from NW Ad Dhala Province—Yemen

Acta Geochimica - The high-MgO ultramafic volcanic rocks in the NW Ad Dhala province are classified as meimechite according to the IUGS classification scheme. This province represents the...     

Geochemical evidence for meimechite magma generation in the subcontinental lithosphere of Polar Siberia

New data have been obtained on the distribution of the petrogenetic and rare-earth elements in the meimechite-series of rocks in Polar Siberia. It is shown that the meimechites, alkali picrites, and khatangites are comagmatic. The compositions of the primitive melts for the meimechite series have been estimated. It is suggested that the primary meimechite magmas were produced during the melting of lithosphere harzburgites that were enriched in incompatible elements due to infiltration of diapir melts with a low degree of partial melting.     

The last lavas erupted during the main phase of the Siberian flood volcanic province: results from experimental petrology

The final lavas of the Siberian flood basalts are a ∼1,000 m thick section of meimechites, high-alkali, high-titanium, hydrous lavas that contrast sharply with the tholeiites that precede them. This paper presents a phase equilibrium study indicating that a candidate primary meimechite magma with 1 wt% water originated at ∼5.5 GPa and 1,700°C, both hotter and shallower than other estimates for melting beneath continental lithosphere. The experiments also suggest that a higher volatile content was involved in meimechite source genesis. Both the absence of orthopyroxene in any experiment and the close field association with carbonatites suggest that the meimechite source region may have been metasomatized with a CO₂-rich fluid. A small additional quantity of CO₂ and water would move magma origination to ∼1,550–1,600°C.     

湘黔下寒武统黑色岩系不同矿物组合中的铂族元素特征

贵州遵义和湖南张家界黑色岩系中的矿物组合非常复杂,用X射线衍射仪分析并结合前人的研究成果,显示其中的硫化物矿物、粘土矿物和有机质含量较高;经破碎和分选流程对样品进行处理后,用ICP-MS方法测定了黑色页岩和分选后样品中的铂族元素含量,对贵州遵义和湖南张家界黑色岩系中的铂族元素赋存特征进行研究,结果表明:贵州遵义和湖南张家界的黑色页岩系中赋存高含量的铂族元素,且含量表现较高的稳定性;低温氧化条件下,铂族元素的化学活动性足以使之以相当规模活化、迁移并在还原条件下沉淀富集;经强风化淋滤作用,富含碳硫钼矿黑色页岩中铂族各元素含量都有不同程度的降低;绝大部分的铂族元素富集于黑色页岩的有机质和黄铁矿中;铂族元素的分布模式具规律性,铂族元素的明显分异说明此黑色页岩的分布模式不具有地外物质的特征。     

Platinum-group elements in alpine-type ultramafic rocks and related chromite ores of the main ophiolite belt of the Urals

On the basis of a representative collection of ultramafic rocks and chromite ores and a series of technological samples from the largest (Central and Western) deposits in the Rai-Iz massif of the Polar Urals and the Almaz-Zhemchuzhina and Poiskovy deposits in the Kempirsai massif of the southern Urals, the distribution and speciation of platinum-group elements (PGE) in various type sections of mafic-ultramafic massifs of the Main ophiolite belt of the Urals have been studied. Spectral-chemical and spectrophotometric analyses were carried out to estimate PGE in 700 samples of ultramafic rocks and chromite ores; 400 analyses of minerals from rocks, ores, and concentrates and 100 analyses of PGE minerals (PGM) in chromite ores and concentrates were performed using an electron microprobe. Near-chondritic and nonchondritic PGE patterns in chromitebearing sections have been identified. PGE mineralization has been established to occur in chromite ore from all parts of the mafic-ultramafic massifs in the Main ophiolite belt of the Urals. The PGE deposits and occurrences discovered therein are attributed to four types (Kraka, Kempirsai, Nurali-Upper Neiva, and Shandasha), which are different in mode of geological occurrence, geochemical specialization, and placer-forming capability. Fluid-bearing minerals of the pargasite-edenite series have been identified for the first time in the matrix of chromite ore of the Kempirsai massif (the Almaz-Zhemchuzhina deposit) and Voikar-Syn’ya massif (the Kershor deposit). The PGE grade in various types of chromite ore ranges from 0.1–0.2 to 1–2 g/t or higher. According to technological sampling, the average PGE grade in the largest deposits of the southeastern ore field of the Kempirsai massif is 0.5–0.7 g/t. Due to the occurrence of most PGE as PGM 10–100 mm in size and the proved feasibility of their recovery into nickel alloys, chromites of the Kempirsai massif can be considered a complex ore with elevated and locally high Os, Ir, and Ru contents. The Nurali-Upper Neiva type of ore is characterized by small-sized primary deposits, which nevertheless are the main source of large Os-Ir placers in the Miass and Nev’yansk districts of the southern and central Urals, respectively.     

Foidite and Meimechite Lavas of Polar Siberia (Some Questions of Petrogenesis)

Doklady Earth Sciences - For the Permian–Triassic foidite and meimechite lavas of Polar Siberia, both the whole-rock petrochemistry and geochemistry and that of melt inclusions in olivine...     

峨嵋玄武岩铂钯赋存状态分析

以黔西峨嵋玄武岩和辉长岩为测试对象，在矿物鉴定基础上，建立了Pt、Pd在硫化物、金属互化物、吸附态和硅酸盐类质同象不同赋存状态查定的流程，查明了峨嵋玄武岩中Pt、Pd是以硫化物态和金属互化物态为主，少量呈吸附态和硅酸盐类质同象态存在，讨论了峨嵋玄武岩铂钯状态丰度与铂族元素可能成矿的关系。     

贵州遵义黑色岩系多金属层中铂族元素的赋存状态

本文运用逐级化学提取和重液分离,结合电感耦合等离子体质谱分析,研究了遵义地区黑色岩系多金属层中铂族元素的赋存状态及其沉淀富集规律。实验结果表明,铂族元素主要赋存于硫化物类矿物中,其中Pt和Pd的赋存形式有所不同,有一部分Pt还存在于粘土矿物中,Pd则除部分在粘土矿物中外,还可能有独立矿物存在。结合前人的研究,可以认为成矿溶液中铂族元素可呈不同形式的络合物迁移;粘土矿物、有机质及金属硫化物在PGE富集过程中起着地球化学障的作用。     

布什维尔德铂族元素矿床:铂族矿物赋存状态及其成因

总结南非布什维尔德杂岩体中Merensky Reef(简称MR矿层)和Platreef(简称PR接触带)两类铂族元素矿床的矿床地质、矿化特征以及铂族元素的赋存状态。MR矿床是典型的层状铂族元素(PGE)矿床,在杂岩体东部和西部发育,PGE总含量稳定,赋存在堆晶间隙硫化物中,常以PGE硫化物的形式产出。PR接触带型矿化集中在杂岩体北段,整体上不连续,各个矿床的具体特征由于底盘岩性的多变而不同,PGE主要赋存在碲化物和砷化物等半金属化合物中,可以脱离硫化物产在硅酸盐矿物中。相关的实验研究显示,PGE在岩浆结晶过程中发生分异,Pd/Ir比值体现了硫化物的分异程度;Pd比Pt更容易被氧化以及在热液中迁移,Pt/Pd比值体现了混染和热液的作用,这些因素造成了PR接触带与MR矿层中PGE赋存状态的差异。岩浆可能在侵入之前已经达到了硫饱和,岩浆房的压力变化和岩浆通道对于PGE的富集有重要意义,热液流体可以对已经形成的PGE矿化进行改造。     

Nature of the ultramafite–mafite complex of the Guli Pluton (Polar Siberia)

Comparative analysis of the composition and formation conditions of the dunite–pyroxenite association of the Guli Pluton and ultramafic vulcanite (meimechite) showed the similarity of their initial melts and the same type of crystallization, demonstrating the cumulative origin of dunite.     

Nature of voluminous meimechite–picrite associations in Siberia and other regions

Analysis of petrochemical and geochemical information of the same levels, which characterize rocks and primary melt inclusions in olivines of heterochronic meimechite–picrite associations in Siberia (Maimecha–Kotui province), Primorye (Sikhote–Alin), and Kamchatka demonstrated that, besides the similar appearance and identical structural patterns, they are considerably discrepant in the concentration and distribution of incompatible and rare earth elements. Those differences are also observed for the compositions and evolutionary trends of parental high-temperature magnesium-rich melts. This, in turn, was assumed to be a consequence of a variable degree of melting of the mantle protoliths in the mentioned regions, which is supported by geochemical modeling.     

PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS MINERALIZATION IN THE OPHIOLITES OF INDUS SUTURE ZONE, EASTERN LADAKH,THE HIMALAYA

PLATINUM-GROUP ELEMENTS MINERALIZATION IN THE OPHIOLITES OF INDUS SUTURE ZONE, EASTERN LADAKH,THE HIMALAYA     

金属矿自然电位的空间分布及其应用

本文根据坑道、钻孔的自然电位观测资料及模型实验结果,提出了金属矿体自然电位空间分布的模型：自然电位空间分布具有正、负异常中心的偶极场特征,自然电流场受半空间的影响较大,矿体埋藏深度较大时形成“8”字形的电位分布,埋藏深度较小时形成似双叶双曲线形态的电位分布。自然电位空间分布的研究表明,观测金属矿床坑道、钻孔的自然电位可以揭露矿体的埋深和产状,且有可能探测钻孔和坑道附近的盲矿体。     

The effect of metasomatism on the Cr-PGE mineralization in the Finero Complex, Ivrea Zone, Southern Alps

The magmatic metasomatism that was responsible for producing chromitite–dunite bodies in the unusual phlogopite peridotite of the Finero Complex in Permian to Triassic times also influenced the Cr-platinum group elements (PGE) mineralization. At least the end stages of this metasomatism are recorded in compositional zoning of chromite grains in the podiform chromitite. Metasomatic melt, with or without vapor, reacted with chromite to produce core-to-rim Cr enrichment of extant chromite grains and was concurrent with pyroxene crystallization. Under conditions of lower melt/rock ratio, metasomatism resulted in core-to-rim Al enrichment in chromite and crystallization of amphibole between chromite and clinopyroxene. This early, high-temperature metasomatism is unrelated to the later and pervasive K-metasomatism that crystallized phlogopite and was associated with the intrusion of clinopyroxenite dikes that cut the peridotite. Much later, serpentinization of olivine locally depleted chromite in Al and enriched it in Fe and formed minor amounts of magnetite.The PGE, which are present mainly as laurite inclusions in chromite, were remobilized by the early metasomatism. This resulted in substantial variation in the PGE contents of chromitites and imposed a characteristic PGE pattern in which chondrite-normalized Os, Ir, Ru and Rh contents are high but Pt and Pd contents are low. The slopes of PGE chondrite-normalized concentration patterns are systematically related to absolute PGE abundance and to rock mode. Chromitites with low modal orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and amphibole exhibit negative PGE slopes and contain relatively high PGE concentrations, whereas chromitites rich in these silicate minerals have positive slopes and low PGE contents.     

Metal sources for the polymetallic Ni–Mo–PGE mineralization in the black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation,South China

Total organic carbon content (TOC), trace element and platinum-group element (PGE) concentrations were determined in the black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in the Nayong area, Guizhou Province, South China, in order to study the polymetallic Ni–Mo–PGE mineralization. The results demonstrate that numerous elements are enriched in the polymetallic ores compared to those of the nearby black shale, particularly Ni, Mo, Zn, TOC and total PGE, which can reach up to 7.03 wt.%, 8.49 wt.%, 11.7 wt.%, 11.5 wt.% and 943 ppb, respectively. The elemental enrichment distribution patterns are similar to those in the Zunyi and Zhangjiajie areas except that the Nayong location is exceptionally enriched in Zn. Whereas positive correlations are observed between the ore elements of the polymetallic ores, no such correlations are observed in the black shale. These positively correlated metallic elements are classified into three groups: Co–Ni–Cu–PGE, Zn–Cd–Pb and Mo–Tl–TOC. The geological and geochemical features of these elements suggest that Proterozoic and Early Palaeozoic mafic and ultramafic rocks, dolomites and/or Pb–Zn deposits of the Neoproterozoic Dengying Formation and seawater could be the principal sources for Co–Ni–Cu–PGE, Zn–Cd–Pb, and Mo–Tl–TOC, respectively. Furthermore, the chondrite-normalized patterns of PGEs with Pd/Pt, Pd/Ir and Pt/Ir indicate that PGE enrichment of the polymetallic ores is most likely related to hydrothermal processes associated with the mafic rocks. In contrast, PGE enrichment in the black shale resembles that of the marine oil shale with terrigenous and seawater contributions. Our investigations of TOC, trace elements and PGE geochemistry suggest that multiple sources along with submarine hydrothermal and biological contributions might be responsible for the formation of the polymetallic Ni–Mo–PGE mineralization in the black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation across southern China.     

扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪在丹巴地区铂族矿物物相特征分析中的应用

丹巴地区铜镍硫化物铂族矿床品位低、铂族矿物颗粒细、铂族元素间的类质同象普遍,此类铂族资源的赋存状态研究及矿石的选冶长期以来都是较为棘手的问题。本文采用扫描电镜-X射线能谱仪器组合,对丹巴铜镍硫化物铂族矿床中含量达到1‰的元素进行快速的定性/定量分析,研究了铂族矿物原位的赋存状态和形貌特征。通过扫描电镜观察到该矿床的铂族矿物主要为砷铂矿、锑钯矿、碲锑钯矿,其次以自然铂、硫砷铑矿、硫砷铱矿,呈椭圆状、纺锤状等形式赋存于黄铁矿、磁黄铁矿及蛇纹石中,部分以类质同象的形式存在,极少量的铂与钯元素呈固溶体形式存在。X射线能谱分析表明该矿床中主要的铂族元素为Pt、Pd,其次为Ru、Rh、Ir、Os; 点分析表明砷铂矿中Pt的含量为52.84%,锑钯矿中Pd的含量为45.15%; 线扫描和面扫描分析表明铂族元素主要分布在含铁的硫化物中,Pt、Pd等铂族元素的含量与铁、镍的含量成正相关关系,反映了丹巴地区铂族元素亲铁、亲镍、亲硫的地球化学特征。     

东菲律宾海新型铁锰结壳中元素的赋存状态

为了解东菲律宾海新型铁锰结壳中元素的赋存状态, 采用化学提取方法对3个结壳样品进行了物相分析.不同类型结壳中成矿和稀土元素的赋存状态总体一致, 表明它们形成于相近的地质和海洋环境中.成矿元素中的Fe和Cu绝大部分赋存在残渣态中, Mn、Co和Ni则主要赋存在锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态和残渣态中, 并且埋藏型结壳样品锰氧化物结合态中赋存了相对更高比例的成矿元素.三价稀土元素主要集中在锰氧化物结合态中.两个沉积物表层结壳样品中的Ce主要集中在残渣态中.而埋藏型结壳样品中的Ce则主要赋存在锰氧化物结合态中, 这可能与该样品此相态中赋存了相对较多的Mn有关.呈碳酸盐结合态和有机结合态的稀土元素含量仅各占稀土总量的1%左右, 表明两者对结壳中稀土元素的富集作用很小.      

The origin of dunites and olivinites in the alkali-ultrabasic intrusive complexes of the Siberian Craton

The factual evidence and the evidence of experimental studies support a cumulative origin of dunites from alkali-ultrabasic complexes of the Siberian Craton (Guli, Kondyor, Inagli, and others). These rocks formed during deep igneous evolution of melts that are close to biotite-pyroxene alkali picrite (meimechite). Olivinites that sometimes compose completely or in part the particular massifs (Bor-Yuryakh, Odikhincha, Kugda, and others) formed, in turn, due to recrystallization of dunites under the effect of alkali melts and fluids. This insight into the origin of dunites and olivines from these intrusive complexes requires an objective assessment of their ore-bearing potential.     

Meimechite-picrite associations in Siberia,Primorye, and Kamchatka (comparative analysis and petrogenesis)

Analysis of petrochemical and geochemical information on rocks and primary melt inclusions from olivines of meimechite–picrite associations of different ages in Siberia (Maimecha-Kotui province), Primorye (Sikhote-Alin), and Kamchatka was made. It showed that the rocks, despite their similar appearance and identical structural patterns, differ considerably in the contents and distribution of incompatible and rare-earth elements and in the composition and evolution trends of parental high-temperature highly magnesian melts.