江苏光福瓷石矿矿物岩石特征研究

瓷石是中国传统的陶瓷原料。它是一种主要由石英和绢云母-水云母系列矿物组成,化学成分以富钾、贫铝、高硅、低铁为特征的岩石。江苏省吴县光福瓷石矿库储量巨大,是一个适宜露天开采,在国内外均属罕见的特大型瓷石矿床。     

氟铁云母的晶体结构分析

氟铁云母是三八面体云母类矿物新种,属铁云母的富氟类似物.利用电子探针、湿法和原子吸收分析等手段并结合穆斯堡尔谱分析的结果,按O+OH+F+Cl=12及四面体阳离子数之和为4计算的氟铁云母经验化学式为:(K0.92Na0.03Rb0.02Ba0.01)0.98(Fe1.822++Fe0.493++Al0.19Mg0.18Li0.18Ti0.08Mn0.05Zn0.02)2.99(Al1.17Si2.83)4.00O10(F1.03OH0.50O0.47)2.00.其理想化学式为:KFe32+AlSi3O10F2.使用粉晶XRD衍射仪,采用毛细管装样和超能探测器相结合收集衍射数据/图谱的微区衍射新方法收集氟铁云母的粉末衍射数据,通过构建晶体结构模型和Rietveld法晶体结构精修并收敛到Rp=2.51%,Rwp=3.19%,Rexp=2.85,X2=1.253完成晶体结构解析.矿物属于单斜晶系1M型,空间群C2/m;晶胞参数:a=0.537 05(4)nm,b=0.929 95(6)nm,c=1.017 35(6)nm;β=100.465(5)°,V=0.499 64(5)nm3;Z=2.     

硬脂酸/绢云母复合粉体FTIR表征及其对环氧树脂增强作用

应用丌1R检测经超音速气流粉碎一活化后,硬脂酸/绢云母复合粉体表面特征,实验结果表明,在波数为1576 cm-1和1546 cm-1出现新的吸收峰,认为是羧酸盐羧酸根负离子R-COO中C=O伸缩振动吸收峰.短碳纤维/绢云母/环氧树脂复合材料力学性能检测结果表明:改性绢云母的补强效果明显高于未改性绢云母.     

栾锂云母:锂云母系列的新成员

新矿物栾锂云母[KLiAl1.5□0.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH,F)2]发现于豫西卢氏县官坡镇稀有金属花岗伟晶岩密集区309号脉。其主要共/伴生矿物有石英、"栾锂云母的富氟类似物"、羟磷锂铝石、铯沸石、钽铋矿及贫Na、Ca但富Li、OH或F电气石等。其次有钽铁矿、钽锰矿、三锂云母、多硅锂云母(?)、细晶石族矿物、钠长石(An≤4)和锂辉石、氧钠细晶石及氟钙细晶石等细晶石族矿物;偶尔与白云母等共生。根据产出特征,借鉴相关成岩-成矿实验和流体包裹体研究成果,推测栾锂云母主要从一类低熔的富挥发份和活性组份,以及富亲石性成矿元素的岩浆-热液过渡流体中直接结晶所成。栾锂云母多呈鳞片状集合体产于309伟晶岩脉边缘带或/和其内的单矿物细脉中。其单个片径大都小于1 mm。矿物具玻璃光泽,解理面显珍珠光泽;沿(001)面的解理极完全;显微硬度平均为102 kg/mm2,约相当于摩氏硬度3;实测密度为2.851 g/cm3,计算密度值2.868 g/cm3。正延性,二轴晶,负光性,2V=36°⁴0°;折光率:Np=1.5474,Nm=1.5700,Ng=1.5729。光性定位:Np=X=c,Nm=Y=b,Ng=Z=a。矿物大都发育波状消光。化学成分(wB/%)SiO251.65,TiO20.01,Al2O323.50,FeO 0.72,CaO 0.02,MnO 0.22,MgO 0.04,Na2O 0.15,K2O 11.62,Li2O 3.80,Rb2O0.78,Cs2O 0.53,F 3.85,H2O+2.82,F≡O-1.62,合计98.09.%。根据O+OH+F=12 apfu,计算的经验化学式为(K1.01Rb0.03Cs0.02Na0.02)Σ1.08(Li1.04Al1.39Fe0.04Mn0.01)Σ2.48(Si3.51Al0.49)Σ4.00(O9.89OH0.11)Σ10.00(OH1.17F0.83)Σ2.00。简化式:KLiAl1..5□0.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH,F)2,理想化学式为KLiAl1.5□0.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2。与沃洛欣云母RbLiAl1.5□0.5(Si3.5Al0.5)4O10F2比较,新成员是沃洛欣云母间阳离子的钾类似物,以及附加阴离子的羟占优的类似物。栾锂云母晶体结构的精测显示,矿物属单斜晶系,空间群C2/c。晶胞参数:a=0.51861(7)nm,b=0.89857(13)nm,c=1.9970(3)nm,V=0.9265(2)nm3;β=95.420(3)°,Z=4。栾锂云母为2M1多型。其晶体结构精测的R因子(R1=0.098)欠佳,是由于矿物生成后,受到构造干扰所致。栾锂云母(Luanshiweiite)的命名旨在纪念我国知名的伟晶岩石学家栾世伟教授(192840°;折光率:Np=1.5474,Nm=1.5700,Ng=1.5729。光性定位:Np=X=c,Nm=Y=b,Ng=Z=a。矿物大都发育波状消光。化学成分(wB/%)SiO251.65,TiO20.01,Al2O323.50,FeO 0.72,CaO 0.02,MnO 0.22,MgO 0.04,Na2O 0.15,K2O 11.62,Li2O 3.80,Rb2O0.78,Cs2O 0.53,F 3.85,H2O+2.82,F≡O-1.62,合计98.09.%。根据O+OH+F=12 apfu,计算的经验化学式为(K1.01Rb0.03Cs0.02Na0.02)Σ1.08(Li1.04Al1.39Fe0.04Mn0.01)Σ2.48(Si3.51Al0.49)Σ4.00(O9.89OH0.11)Σ10.00(OH1.17F0.83)Σ2.00。简化式:KLiAl1..5□0.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH,F)2,理想化学式为KLiAl1.5□0.5(Si3.5Al0.5)O10(OH)2。与沃洛欣云母RbLiAl1.5□0.5(Si3.5Al0.5)4O10F2比较,新成员是沃洛欣云母间阳离子的钾类似物,以及附加阴离子的羟占优的类似物。栾锂云母晶体结构的精测显示,矿物属单斜晶系,空间群C2/c。晶胞参数:a=0.51861(7)nm,b=0.89857(13)nm,c=1.9970(3)nm,V=0.9265(2)nm3;β=95.420(3)°,Z=4。栾锂云母为2M1多型。其晶体结构精测的R因子(R1=0.098)欠佳,是由于矿物生成后,受到构造干扰所致。栾锂云母(Luanshiweiite)的命名旨在纪念我国知名的伟晶岩石学家栾世伟教授(1928²012)。新矿物及其命名,业已得到IMA CNMNC批准(批准文号IMA2011-102)。栾锂云母的原型标本典藏在北京中国地质博物馆内(注册号:M11797)。     

国内首次发现的束磷钙铀矿的矿物学特征

国内首次发现的粤北下庄铀矿田竹筒尖矿床产出的束磷钙铀矿,在空间上与微晶石英和变钙铀云母紧密共生。该矿物多为纤维状、束状和放射状集合体;亮黄色,玻璃光泽,透明;条痕为浅黄色,摩氏硬度约为3;其具有一组平行于{010}的完全解理及平行于{100}和{001}的两组解理,贝壳状断口呈油脂光泽;单偏光下,该矿物为淡黄色;正交偏光下,具有鲜艳的高级干涉色。光性特征为对称消光,二轴晶负光性,正延性。电子探针分析显示,矿物主要由U、P、Ca这3种元素组成,其平均含量分别为UO368.64%、P2O511.70%、CaO 9.21%和杂质0.28%,另有H2O9.25%,总量99.26%。按O=16计算的经验化学式可写为(Ca2.02,K0.05,Mg0.01)2.08(UO2,TiO2,PbO)2.97O1.97(PO4)2.03·6.32 H2O。X射线粉晶衍射分析表明,该矿物属于正交晶系,空间群为Pbca,晶胞参数:a=1.742 3(5)nm,b=1.603 2(4)nm,c=1.359 9(2)nm;α=β=γ=90°,V=3.798 64 nm3;强衍射线有7.994和4.003等。矿物的红外吸收光谱强峰主要为3 427.10、1 622.05、1 062.62、973.26和890.91 cm-1等。上述特征与已知的束磷钙铀矿极其类似。     

田黄的X射线衍射研究

用X射线衍射分析的方法测定了12个田黄样品,其中,青田石1个,寿山石9个,昌化田黄石2个。确定青田石由叶蜡石(58%)、绢云母(36.1%)和高岭石(5.9%)组成;昌化田黄石由迪开石组成;寿山石分别由迪开石、高岭石、叶蜡石及绢云母组成。     

新疆白石头泉高铷氟花岗岩不同相带云母成分及其演化

白石头泉含黄玉花岗岩体在露头上显示很好的岩性分带,从下至上依次为:淡色花岗岩(a带)、含天河石花岗岩(b带)、天河石花岗岩(c带)、含黄玉天河石花岗岩(d带)和黄玉钠长花岗岩(e带).岩体组成矿物主要为石英、钾长石(部分富铷的为天河石)、钠长石、黄玉和云母,副矿物为锰铝榴石和萤石.总体说来,从a带到c带,云母的Al、Mn、F和Rb含量递增,Fe、Mg和Ti含量递减;Li含量从a带到b带和c带递增,但b带和c带之间变化不明显.从c带到e带,随着Fe、Mg和Ti的减少,总体上表现为Al、Li递增,F、Mn和Rb递减的演化方向,但Li、F、Mn和Rb在c带和d带之间变化不明显,d带和e带之间却表现出急剧的变化.e带中的次生云母与原生云母相比,前者F、Li高而Al低,从a带到e带,Na K变化不明显.云母成分的这些变化特征与岩体的演化趋势相一致.白石头泉岩体与世界上其他地方类似花岗岩相比,没有出现锂云母这种高度富锂矿物,这可能与岩体中锂含量较低有关.     

新发现的含铬浅闪石的矿物学研究

应用电子探针、X射线粉晶衍射和红外吸收光谱等分析手段对新发现的含铬浅闪石进行了系统研究,结果表明:其分子式为(Na0 .50 Ca0 .17K0 .0 6) 0 .73 Ca2 .0 0 (Mg3 .92 ⅥAl0 .79Cr3 0 .0 6Ti0 .0 4Fe2 0 .0 1Co0 .0 1) 4 .83 (Si6.54ⅣAl1.46) 8.0 0 O2 2 (OH) 2 ,简写为NaCa2 (Mg4Al)Si7AlO2 2 (OH) 2 ,晶胞常数为a =9.84 37(19) ,b =17.94 74 (37) ,c =5 .2 796 (15 ) ,β=10 5 .2 2 2 (17)°,V =90 4 .4 0 4 3 ,其结构中确实存在Ca原子占据A位以及Cr代Mg和Al代Si的情况,说明它为新的富钙富铬的闪石类矿物,并形成于贫硅富钙富铬的环境中,其翠绿色由铬所致,故名为含铬浅闪石。     

应用X射线衍射-扫描电镜-光学显微镜鉴定黑龙江石墨尾矿中的绢云母

石墨尾矿作为一类二次资源,当云母类矿物的含量在10%以上时,具有回收利用价值。黑龙江某地石墨尾矿中含有10%以上的云母类矿物,但其细度(500~800目)低于常规的云母矿,本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)分析矿物组成,再结合化学分析、扫描电镜-能谱、光学显微镜与纯矿物进行对比,由此鉴定云母类矿物种属。XRD研究初步表明石墨尾矿含有的云母族矿物属于白云母亚类或黑云母亚类。扫描电镜分析表明尾矿中的云母矿物与纯绢云母矿物均以片状和鳞片状为主要存在形态,而纯黑云母主要以片状形式存在。尾矿的Si O2含量为5%~13%,Al2O3含量为4%~8%,与纯绢云母接近。光学显微镜鉴定显示在正交偏光下石墨尾矿中的云母颜色和纯绢云母类似,而与纯黑云母截然不同。综合以上结果最终可确定该地石墨尾矿中的云母族矿物为白云母亚类中的绢云母。本研究为后续石墨尾矿的选矿工艺奠定了基础,也可应用于类似细度绢云母的鉴定。     

累托石的结晶度研究

本文用峰形分析法分析累托石的001X射线衍射峰特征;用001峰的半峰宽(W)测定累托石的结晶度(G),并令G=K/W=1为最大结晶度。文中测定了5个矿区10件累托石样品的结晶度,详细描述了不同结晶度累托石的X射线衍射、红外谱及差热曲线特征,讨论了研磨、热处理和改型对结晶度的影响,并阐明累托石的结晶度与造浆率之间呈正相关性。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.