复电阻率法在安徽南陵盆地海相页岩气勘探中的应用

安徽南陵盆地主体为中生代陆相红盆,红盆下海相地层分布不明,页岩气资源潜力不清。根据本区周边二叠系富有机质泥页岩储层含有黄铁矿的物性特征,选用复电阻率法开展页岩气地质调查工作。针对盆内、盆外不同地质特点设计合适的观测系统,采用Cole-Brown和Cole-Cole模型拟合反演,绘制近区场电磁电阻率和视充电率参数图。研究结果发现：(1)研究区二叠系富有机质泥页岩碳质含量高、富含黄铁矿颗粒,具有明显的“低电阻率、高极化率”特征,可以有效与其围岩区分,有利于开展复电阻率法勘探;(2)极化率是识别深部富有机质泥页岩地层乃至页岩气藏的有效参数;(3)根据复电阻率法勘探结果,实施钻孔验证,成功钻遇三叠系灰岩地层,并预测南陵盆地红盆下为二叠系页岩气藏有利区。本次研究表明了复电阻率法在南陵盆地可探测深达2 000 m以下累计厚度约200 m的含黄铁矿泥页岩地层,是电磁法勘探中唯一能直接指示页岩气藏的方法,可以适用于地质情况复杂的南陵盆地乃至中国南方海相页岩气地球物理勘探。本次勘探结果也为在南陵盆地进一步开展海相页岩气勘探提供了依据。     

三种混合泥质砂岩有效介质通用电阻率模型比较

复杂泥质砂岩油气层的识别与评价一直是测井解释领域亟待解决的难点和热点问题,因此,针对复杂泥质砂岩油气层的特点,有必要研究能够描述这类储层导电规律的新导电理论。针对用于复杂泥质砂岩油气层解释的3种混合泥质砂岩有效介质电阻率模型,从理论和实验角度,进行了全面系统的比较。通过对3种有效介质通用电阻率模型建模理论基础的分析,可知混合泥质砂岩有效介质非对称模型基于HB方程和并联导电理论,对称模型基于对称导电理论和并联导电理论,而孔隙结合模型基于混合介质电导率积分方程;对称电阻率模型可用于多连续项存在的地层,而非对称电阻率模型和孔隙结合电阻率模型只允许水为连续项。对骨架不导电的纯砂岩进行模型化简,可知非对称电阻率模型和孔隙结合电阻率模型可以简化成阿尔奇公式,而对称电阻率模型能化简成类似阿尔奇公式。通过1组混合泥质砂岩人造岩样和2组分散泥质砂岩岩样以及1组骨架导电人造岩样的实验数据,验证3种有效介质通用电阻率模型均适用于混合泥质砂岩地层解释,且精度相近。     

CX盆地露头岩样电阻率测试与分析

本次实验的主要目的是对ＣＸ地区露头完好的岩样进行电阻率测试,提出了一种利用露头岩样电阻率绘制模拟地层条件下仿真电阻率测井曲线的新方法。该方法的主要思路是：（１）在ＣＸ地区选取一条露头出露较完好的地质剖面,在野外进行详细的岩性、地层产状和厚度描述,并采集露头岩石标本。（２）对所取岩样进行常温常压下的密度、孔隙度和电阻率测试,并选部分代表一定岩性的岩样进行模拟地层环境（压力、饱和度、孔隙度）下的电阻率     

相山铀矿田杏树下地区科学深钻岩心物性特征分析

相山铀矿田为我国主要铀矿资源基地之一,随着多种地球物理工作在该地区的开展,对岩矿石物性的研究,特别是对接近自然赋存状态下的岩石物性的研究就显得极其重要。文章以相山铀矿田杏树下地区科学深钻为研究对象,通过对其岩心密度、磁化率、电阻率、极化率等物性参数进行统计分析,得到了该区主要岩性的上述物性参数值,结果表明,杏树下科学深钻中碎斑流纹岩表现出低密度、高磁化率、高电阻率、中极化率的特点;流纹英安岩表现出中密度、中高磁化率、中低电阻率值、高极化率的特点;凝灰岩则表现出密度范围大、低磁、低电阻率、低极化率的特点;泥岩、粉砂岩是高密度、低磁化率、低阻、低极化率的特点;板岩是高密度、低磁化率、高电阻率、中极化率的特征。上述物性参数结果为后续在该地区开展电磁、磁法及重力勘探提供了物性基础。     

层状极化介质激发极化效应特征研究

这里研究层状极化介质激发极化效应特征。首先,在忽略电磁效应的情况下,用柯尔～柯尔模型表征极化介质复电阻率,计算三层不同地电断面复电阻率的振幅和相位随极距变化的曲线;然后,分析极化层不同充电率和不同时间常数、不同激发频率和极化层不同埋深,对测深曲线的影响规律,并提出了具有实际指导意义的极化层埋深与极距的对应关系。这些工作都能够为野外开展复电阻率测量和资料解释起到参考作用。     

单相流体对砂岩强度特性的影响

在CO2地质封存过程中,CO2注入深部岩层,引起地层孔隙流体组分和压力的改变,影响岩层的力学稳定性,可能导致储盖层破裂、地表隆起,并引发中小规模地震等不良后果。以砂岩为试验研究对象,以CO2、N2、H2O作为孔隙流体介质,通过控制和调节流体的温度和孔隙压力,开展了单相流体作用下岩石三轴压缩力学特性对比试验,分析了单相流体耦合作用下岩石强度、弹性模量和泊松比等基本力学参数。研究发现,高压孔隙流体使干燥砂岩的峰值强度和弹性模量均出现不同程度降低,泊松比却有较为明显的升高现象,且影响作用从大到小依次为H2O、CO2、N2。孔隙流体降低了干燥砂岩的脆性,并增强了塑性变形,且含水砂岩塑性最强。孔隙流体对砂岩力学特性影响程度取决于流体与岩石矿物成分的相互作用强弱,分析认为砂岩中不同矿物成分对CO2、N2、H2O的选择性吸附导致孔隙流体对砂岩强度影响差异明显,且作用效应从大到小依次为H2O、CO2、N2。     

极化大地复电阻率正反演

论述了层状极化大地复电阻率正、反演算法。给出了层状极化大地条件下三极和对称四极装置视复电阻率的解析表达式,并引入线性滤波方法实现表达式的求解。正演算例计算结果表明;随着频率的降低,复电阻率相位峰值增大;随着极化层层厚增加,复电阻率虚部平缓变化后连续递增。介绍了递推反演算法的实现过程,从理论模型试算结果看,测深曲线较好地反映了极化层Cole-Cole参数随深度的变化规律,其曲线的首支和尾支趋近于极化层的真Cole-Cole参数,表明了反演计算的可行性。     

泥质砂岩复电阻率的频散特性实验

不同孔隙流体特性的岩石复电阻率频散实验,是复电阻率测井资料评价水淹层和低阻油层的岩石物理基础。通过水驱水、水驱油、油驱水的岩石复电阻率频散特性的实验研究,发现泥质砂岩的复电阻率频散特性受含油饱和度的影响较大,受地层水矿化度的影响较小,尤其是异相电阻率,受地层水矿化度的影响更小;与含水泥质砂岩相比,含油泥质砂岩的相角相对较大,且随着含油饱和度的增加而增大;含水岩石和含油岩行在频散特性上存在着较大差异。实验研究结果表明,利用基于岩石频散特性发展起来的复电阻率测井技术,可以有效地识别油水层。     

砂岩型铀矿地浸浸出液溶质运移过程的综合地球物理监测

采用地浸方式开采砂岩型铀矿,对地浸溶液的浓度梯度分布范围及溶质运移过程的监控极为必要。本文利用在内蒙古二连盆地某砂岩型铀矿山进行的一组以CSAMT和TDIP地浸浸出液分布探测试验,对地浸矿山浸出液分布范围和溶质运移过程进行深入研究。结合研究区域的地质、水文、岩层电阻率测井、岩石极化率和地层电性特征资料,对研究井场的监测结果进行了解译,获得了研究区域井场下方的电阻率二维反演模型和激发极化中梯装置视极化率异常分布模型,初步建立了一套专门针对地浸采铀溶质运移过程的地球物理监测方法。     

基于cole-cole复电阻率模型的线源可控源有限元数值模拟

受激发极化效应的影响,大地中岩(矿)石电阻率是一个与频率、电化学性质等因素有关的复电阻率。接收到的电磁场信号中,包含了电磁感应效应以及激发极化效应双重因素的影响。将cole-cole复电阻率模型引入二维线源可控源正演理论,加载伪delta函数,实现了含激发极化效应的线源可控源有限元数值模拟。计算了不同极化参数的二维地质体线源可控源的影响特征。结果表明:线源可控源响应对IP效应反映明显,视电阻率出现增高的特征;低阻高极化相对于高阻高极化模型受IP效应影响更大,从低阻中提取IP效应更加乐观。该研究为实现从复杂地质条件下CSAMT信号提取IP效应奠定了基础。     

基于频散测试分析的时频电磁资料校正处理及储层评价

时频电磁法(TFEM)作为一项比较成熟的油气检测技术,在国内外已得到了广泛的应用.在时频电磁解释过程中,主要采用电阻率和极化率联合定性检测,不能给出含油气的定量评价,并把地层电阻率视作与温度、压力无关的量.但随着地层深度增加,地层的温度、压力变化会对电阻率产生影响.由温度、压力的变化引起的电性变化会给储层解释带来误差.通过对岩石的频散测试,分析岩石电性参数随频率变化的规律,并结合岩石的频散性质研究了地层电阻率受温度、压力影响后的变化特征,而后通过拟合获得岩石电阻率与温度、压力的近似关系式.利用恰当的温压-电阻率函数,对时频电磁储层数据进行电阻率校正;利用校正后的电阻率数据,基于Archie公式计算研究区储层目标段的饱和度,并对储层进行了定量评价.     

Study on frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions北大核心CSCD

At present,artificial freezing method has become one of the effective methods for coal mine shaft to pass through water-rich soft rock strata,which can stop the movement of groundwater and limit the deformation of surrounding rock. In order to study the frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions,frost heaving tests of saturated and dry Cretaceous red sandstone samples under different freezing rates （10 ℃·h-1,5 ℃·h-1,2 ℃·h-1,1 ℃·h-1）and different confining pressures（5 MPa,10 MPa,15 MPa,20 MPa,25 MPa）were carried out by using GCTS（Geotechnical Consulting & Testing Systems）servo-controlled low temperature and high pressure triaxial rock testing system. In this paper,based on the existing theory of physical and mechanical properties of frozen soil,we studied the frost heaving law of sandstone under different freezing conditions and explored the frost heaving mechanism. The result shows that in the process of cooling,the dry rock sample always produce cold shrinkage deformation,while the saturated rock sample first produce cold shrinkage deformation,then produce frost deformation,and finally the deformation tends to be stable. The deformation of saturated rock samples is much larger than that of dry rock samples. The larger the stress level of rock samples at the same temperature is,the smaller the frost deformation is,which shows a linear negative correlation,mainly because the high confining pressure limits the volume expansion of the water phase in the pore inside the rock samples when it becomes ice. The frost deformation of rock samples is mainly affected by confining pressure and water content,while the frost heaving rate is mainly affected by cooling rate. Under this test condition,the higher the cooling rate of sandstone is,the higher the frost heaving rate is,and the relationship between them is approximately linear. For saturated rock samples,the confining pressure reduces the rock frost heaving by limiting the expansion during the phase transformation of ice water,and the temperature affects the rock frost heaving by affecting the freezing rate of pore water and the thermal expansion and cold contraction of rock skeleton. For dry rock samples,the deformation is mainly due to the volume contraction of rock mineral particles caused by thermal expansion and cold contraction effect,and the greater the temperature change,the greater the deformation. Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis method,a calculation formula of rock frost heaving considering the influence of confining pressure was established. By calculating the frost heave of sandstone samples under different confining pressures,it is found that the calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover,according to the calculation formula of frost heaving,the influence factors of rock frost heaving during freezing can be divided into two categories：internal cause and external cause. The internal cause includes porosity,saturation,volume modulus of ice and rock skeleton,and the external cause includes temperature and confining pressure. For saturated rock,the frost heaving is mainly affected by factors such as confining pressure,temperature and porosity. When the saturation,porosity and freezing rate are low,the rock may only produce shrinkage deformation,because these indicators determine whether the rock produces frost heave or freeze shrinkage. The mechanism of rock frost heaving is very complicated due to the interaction and restriction between the internal and external factors and the dynamic changes of rock micro-structure and mechanical properties during the process of frost heaving. The research results can provide theoretical reference for freezing construction scheme design of deep coal seam mine construction,and also provide a theoretical basis for the study of physical and mechanical properties and engineering application of soft rock in frozen soil area. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

碎屑砂岩三轴压缩下强度和变形特性试验研究

基于碎屑岩组织结构疏松、含水率较高、物理力学性能较差、呈孔隙式胶结接触等特点,对碎屑砂岩首先开展了物理特性试验分析,认为其微、细观结构复杂、内部破坏严重,矿物成分为石英、长石、绢云母等,化学成分以SiO2为主,属微透水、小孔隙率砂岩,且渗水化学侵蚀并不显著。其次,开展了静水压力、单轴压缩和三轴压缩试验,研究了碎屑砂岩的强度和变形破坏特性。最后,初步探索了物理特性与强度变形特性的关系。结果表明,静水压力为2.6 MPa时,岩样内部微缺陷压密完成;单轴压缩曲线呈明显6阶段特征,峰值应力达0.98 MPa,属脆-延性破坏;三轴压缩条件下,岩样呈压缩为主的延性扩容破坏,轴向压缩和环向体积扩容达6%和4%;曲线无明显破坏荷载,呈现非线性、塑性硬化、存在屈服平台和体积由压缩向扩容过渡等特性。且体积扩容破损应力与屈服应力基本相同,扩容转折点随围压增加而增大,围压可增强岩样抵抗变形破坏的能力。试验结果旨在为岩石工程稳定分析及本构模型构建提供可靠的依据。     

Numerical Simulation of the Influence of Pore Structure on Resistivity,Formation Factor and Cementation Index in Tight Sandstone

Tight sandstone,with severe diagenesis and complex pore structure,differs greatly from conventional sandstone in terms of rock electrical parameters.In subsurface rock electrical experiments,various electrical parameters are confounded and can only be analyzed qualitatively.The lack of quantitative analysis for each individual electrical parameter presents a challenge for the evaluation of oil and gas saturation in tight sandstone.Based on the 2D pore-throat model and the features of pore structure in the tight sandstone of the Penglaizhen and Shaximiao Formations in the upper and middle Jurassic of the Western Sichuan Depression,this paper presents 3D micro pore-throat models for three types of tight sandstone.It proposes a finite element-based rock electrical simulation method to analyze the influence of pore structure parameters,such as throat radius and throat tortuosity,on electrical parameters such as resistivity,formation factor,and cementation index quantitatively.The research revealed the following results:(1)Throats of tight sandstone usually have lamellar or curved lamellar shapes that are slender and narrow.The lamellar throat used in the proposed porethroat model is more consistent with the features of tight sandstone than the tubular throat used in the original model.(2)The throat determines the conductivity of tight sandstone.The throat parallel to the electric potential has the greatest influence on conductivity,and the throat perpendicular to the potential has the least influence.(3)In tight sandstone grades I to III,as the porosity decreases,the formation factor increases and the cementation index decreases.(4)The results of the rock electrical simulation are consistent with the results of the rock electrical experiment,which indicates that the proposed rock electrical simulation method of tight sandstone is effective and accurate.     

非饱和低渗砂岩突破压力试验研究——以柴达木盆地东部石炭系砂岩为例

突破压力是气藏开采和盖层评估中的重要参数。文章选取柴达木盆地东部石炭系低渗砂岩岩心3块,对每块岩心进行6个不同含水率下的突破压力试验。通过XRD、XRF分析方法对砂岩的矿物成分、化学成分进行定量测试;利用氦气双室法与压汞试验对砂岩的孔隙度和孔径分布特征进行分析;用CH4气体模拟渗流试验对砂岩的绝对渗透率进行分析。结果表明:研究区低渗砂岩孔隙度在9.02%~10.96%之间,平均孔隙半径在0.1082~0.3709 μm之间,绝对渗透率在0.008~0.012 mD之间,干岩石突破压力值在0.05~0.19 MPa之间,饱和岩石突破压力值在1.51~2.73 MPa之间。黏土矿物遇水膨胀对孔隙结构不会造成显著性改变,因此对突破压力没有明显影响。影响突破压力的主要因素是孔隙结构和含水率。试验结果表明突破压力与岩石孔隙大小之间呈现负相关的关系,随着平均孔径和中值半径的增大,突破压力随之降低。本研究得到了突破压力与含水率之间的定量函数关系:突破压力随含水率增加呈指数函数形式增加。     

砂岩型铀矿地浸开采过程中电法勘查技术的应用

原地浸出采铀是一种利用砂岩型矿层对水的渗透性,采用注、抽液孔向含矿岩层注入“溶浸液”和抽取“浸出溶液”而获得铀的先进采矿技术。研究井场下方 “浸出液”分布范围,不仅能掌握矿体的被覆盖程度和矿床开采率,且对于地下水体污染监控具有重要意义。对内蒙古二连盆地某铀矿地浸开采试验基地进行电法勘查,以对铀矿地浸开采过程进行监测试验。具体采用可控源音频大地电磁测深法(CSAMT)和时间域激发极化法对试验井场进行探测试验。试验区以抽孔为中心布设一个18×18的测网,测网的线距和点距均为10 m。电法探测试验时,对穿过抽、注井的5条纵向和4条横向测线进行了CSAMT观测,并对全区进行中间梯度激发极化测量。经过数据处理和反演得到了中梯装置视极化率平面等值线图及CSAMT二维电阻率模型,并结合研究区域已知资料进行解释,认为电阻率断面上井场区域下方的低阻异常带反映了地浸开采过程“溶浸液”的地下分布状态;视极化率平面等值线图上显示的抽注单元下方的大片低极化率异常,可能是由地下浸出液与岩层组成的离子导电体系“薄膜极化”效应产生的异常带。     

Geomechanical and geochemical effects on sandstones caused by the reaction with supercritical CO2: an experimental approach to in situ conditions in deep geological reservoirs

The geochemical and geomechanical behaviour of reservoir rocks from deep saline aquifers during the injection and geological storage of CO₂ is studied in laboratory experiments. A combination of geochemical and geomechanical studies was carried out on various sandstones from the North German Basin. After the mineralogical, geochemical and petrophysical characterization, a set of sandstone samples was exposed to supercritical (sc)CO₂ and brine for 2–4 weeks in an autoclave system. One sample was mineralogically and geochemically characterised and then loaded in a triaxial cell under in situ pressure and temperature conditions to study the changes of the geomechanical rock properties. After treatment in the autoclaves, geochemical alterations mainly in the carbonate, but also in the sheet silicate cements as well as in single minerals of the sandstones were observed, affecting the rocks granular structure. In addition to partial solution effects during the geochemical experiments, small grains of secondary carbonate and other mineral precipitations were observed within the pore space of the treated sandstones. Results of additional geomechanical experiments with untreated samples show that the rock strength is influenced by the saturation degree, the confining pressure, the pore fluid pressure and temperature. The exposure to pure scCO₂ in the autoclave system induces reduced strength parameters, modified elastic deformation behaviour and changes of the effective porosity in comparison to untreated sandstone samples. Experimental results show that the volume of pore fluid fluxing into the pore space of the sandstones clearly depends on the saturation level of the sample.     

微波照射下火成岩升温特性和升温预测模型研究

微波辅助破岩可有效降低刀具磨损,提高破岩效率,具有广阔的发展前景。文章选取了10种火成岩进行微波加热试验,发现岩石的升温速率主要与岩石所含矿物的种类、含量,及岩石中的Fe元素含量有关。岩石所含矿物越敏感、含量越多,岩石中的Fe元素含量越大时,其升温速率越高。整体而言,火成岩中基性岩的升温速率最高、中性岩次之、酸性岩最低,该现象与火成岩的矿物和元素组成规律有关。在试验研究的基础上,文章提出了岩石升温预测模型。该模型除考虑了矿物种类和含量的影响外,还考虑了与升温有关的比例修正系数和结构修正系数。在升温预测模型中,敏感矿物升温的比例修正系数大于1,且随含量的增加而降低,最终趋向于1;非敏感矿物升温的比例修正系数小于1,且随含量的增加而增加,最终也趋向于1。同等条件下,块体的升温速率是粉末的2~3倍,且基性岩升温的结构修正系数大于中性岩和酸性岩。     

Genesis of green sandstone/mudstone from Middle Jurassic Zhiluo Formation in the Dongsheng Uranium Orefield,Ordos Basin and its enlightenment for uranium mineralization

The middle Jurassic Zhiluo Formation in the Dongsheng is comprised of a big set of green sandstone/mudstone with most of uranium orebodies occurring in close proximity to its footwall. By synthesizing field observations, region analysis, data collected from previous coal and uranium borehole, a regional north-south geological profile across the entire orefield is conducted. Experiments on sandstone/mudstone including rock mineral identification, clastic micromorphology and element geochemistry were carried out. Information from the geological profile indicates that green sandstone/mudstone is widely present in a stable horizon with clear boundaries to the country rock. Microscopic observations and geochemical data on sandstone/mudstone exhibit similar mineral composition with almost identical slightly flat, minor Eu enriched, Ce depleted chondrite-normalized REE patterns. Furthermore, the green clay membrane of the clasts has a complex composition containing chlorite/smectite, green smectite, chlorite, and green kaolinite, with elements including Fe, Mg, Si, and Al. These above results indicate that the green sandstone/mudstone underwent resemble sedimentary diagenetic processes as the country rock without transformation by large-scale regional fluid, while the existence of Fe²⁺-rich membrane is the main factor to the green sandstone/mudstone. Further concentration of the pre-enrichment uranium during diagenetic process led to the final formation for uranium deposits. The above studies are conducive to enrich the metallogenic mechanism of sandstone type uranium deposits and could provide certain reference for uranium exploration and deployment.