准噶尔盆地车排子凸起东缘下切谷特征及其形成机制

下切谷是层序地层学研究的重要内容之一,同时也是寻找地层、岩性等圈闭的有利地区。综合利用钻测井、三维地震资料以及地震平面属性信息,在车排子凸起至红—车断裂带区域识别出下切谷沉积体系,对下切谷的发育特征以及形成机制进行分析,结果表明:地震振幅绝对值之和属性体显示研究区发育4条近东西流向的下切谷,主要表现为分支型和单一型的平面形态特征。在地震剖面上,几何形态以V形和U形为主,谷内沉积物充填样式有双向上超充填型和侧向加积充填型,同时具有加积、前积和上超等地震反射特征,属于“顺源堆积”与“溯源堆积”的交互沉积。结合准噶尔盆地车排子凸起中生代构造及气候演化特征分析认为,凸起东缘下切谷形成于晚侏罗世。该时期车排子凸起强烈隆升,相对湖平面急剧下降,河流侵蚀下伏地层导致下切谷形成。下切谷内沉积充填阶段发生在白垩纪。该时期车排子凸起剧烈下沉,相对湖平面上升,下切谷持续性的接受沉积充填。     

碳酸盐台地内下切谷的识别及其意义 ——以伊拉克H油田上白垩统Mishrif组为例

碳酸盐台地下切谷的研究多基于阿曼上白垩统露头。以中东地区伊拉克H油田上白垩统Mishrif组钻井岩心、测井和三维地震数据为基础,结合区域层序地层,从沉积旋回、岩相特征、测井响应、地震相平面分布与垂向演化等方面,对碳酸盐台地发育的下切谷这一重要沉积微相类型开展研究,并对其意义作了探讨。研究表明：(1)H油田MB2-1亚段发育碳酸盐台地内下切谷。下切谷内部以泥晶灰岩充填为主（与下伏颗粒灰岩明显不同）,颗粒向上变细再变粗;测井曲线具有箱形特点;地震剖面上呈平行—近平行短轴强振幅反射,边界清晰,平面上显示近似河道形态但更平直。(2)下切谷在SQ_3高位域晚期（MB2-1亚段沉积末期）侵蚀成谷,SQ_4海侵期快速充填,下切谷的底部代表了区域层序界面。(3)下切谷切割MB2-1亚段,而且岩性整体致密,可成为油藏的横向隔挡层。碳酸盐台地下切谷的发现,对于层序边界识别、油藏非均质性研究具有重要意义。     

北海盆地维京地堑新近纪下切谷发育主控因素及其内部充填特征*

下切谷是陆地上一种常见的侵蚀地貌,古今均十分发育,但是不同盆地、不同时代发育的下切谷,无论是在沉积充填特征还是平面展布形态等多个方面都大相径庭。为此,作者依据曼宁公式进行理论推导,再结合分析北海盆地维京地堑发育的典型下切谷实例以及前人进行的相关水槽实验结果总结认为: 地形坡度、基准面下降速率及幅度与下切谷所侵蚀地层的岩性是影响下切谷发育模式的最主要因素。这些因素共同控制了: (1)下切谷的弯度指数及宽深比,(2)下切谷平面上发育密度及其规模,(3)与下切谷伴生的陆棚三角洲、陆棚边缘三角洲沉积厚度及展布范围。海侵过程中下切谷的沉积充填类型及岩性,受平均基准面上升速率及沉积物供应量的共同控制,根据沉积充填类型及岩性的不同可将其划分为富砂型陆棚三角洲充填及富泥型河口湾充填两类。     

北海盆地维京地堑新近纪下切谷发育主控因素及其内部充填特征

下切谷是陆地上一种常见的侵蚀地貌,古今均十分发育,但是不同盆地、不同时代发育的下切谷,无论是在沉积充填特征还是平面展布形态等多个方面都大相径庭。为此,作者依据曼宁公式进行理论推导,再结合分析北海盆地维京地堑发育的典型下切谷实例以及前人进行的相关水槽实验结果总结认为:地形坡度、基准面下降速率及幅度与下切谷所侵蚀地层的岩性是影响下切谷发育模式的最主要因素。这些因素共同控制了:(1)下切谷的弯度指数及宽深比,(2)下切谷平面上发育密度及其规模,(3)与下切谷伴生的陆棚三角洲、陆棚边缘三角洲沉积厚度及展布范围。海侵过程中下切谷的沉积充填类型及岩性,受平均基准面上升速率及沉积物供应量的共同控制,根据沉积充填类型及岩性的不同可将其划分为富砂型陆棚三角洲充填及富泥型河口湾充填两类。     

冲积-河流相层序地层模式--以济阳坳陷新近系为例

从层序边界分析人手，对层序类型体系域类型等进行了研究，认为冲积-河流相地层体系域划分具4分性，即发育有低位体系域、扩张体系域、高位体系域，当基准面缓慢下降时，还可发育收缩体系域．同时，根据济阳坳陷新近系沉积特征，指出各体系域对应的沉积体系及相类型，认为低位体系域以侵蚀下切、冲积扇．辫状河沉积为主；扩张体系域由辫状河向曲流河过渡；高位体系域时期以曲流河为主．其次，根据构造演化、古气候变化、古地形等研究认为，尽管新近纪济阳坳陷进入坳陷发育时期，断裂活动明显减弱，但是构造运动对层序发育仍有一定影响；根据古气候分析认为，新近纪经历了北亚热带温湿气候，中亚热带温湿气候，北亚热带干旱气候等阶段．这种气候变化导致了馆陶组沉积早、中期河流纵横交错，辫状河道发育，馆陶组沉积后期逐渐向曲流河过渡；明化镇组沉积期河道相对不发育．由古地形及物源供给分析，认为古地形差异的变化与物源供给对济阳坳陷新近系层序发育、层序样式等有一定程度影响．     

南海海盆盆西峡谷的形态与结构及形成演化

盆西峡谷是南海中建南盆地中东部的一条大型峡谷,整体呈NW向,水深介于2 850~4 300 m,全长约188 km,宽为1.5~14.5 km,起始于中建南盆地,延伸到西南次海盆,对其进行形态、结构和形成演化的研究,为后续西南次海盆浊积扇的研究奠定了基础,对深入了解浊流沉积物的搬运模式提供科学依据.利用高分辨率多波束测深、单道和多道地震的最新资料,研究盆西峡谷的形态特征和结构及形成演化,结果表明盆西峡谷具有"分段性"特征,剖面形态从WN向ES依次表现为上段U型、中上段V型、中下段下V上U型和下段U型4段形态;上段以沉积作用为主,发育多期下切河道充填沉积,厚度可达1 200 m;中上段以侵蚀-沉积过渡作用为主,发育浊积水道砂体;中下段以冲刷作用为主,发育内堤岸和块体流沉积;下段发育块体流和滑塌体沉积.研究表明,盆西峡谷的形成受古地貌条件、侵蚀-沉积作用、海平面变化、构造运动和岩浆活动等多方面的影响,其中侵蚀-沉积作用、断裂活动和海平面变化为主控因素.揭示出盆西峡谷沉积演化可分为3个演化阶段:中中新世的峡谷蕴育阶段、晚中新世的峡谷侵蚀-充填阶段和上新世-第四纪的峡谷"回春"阶段.      

松辽盆地盆西斜坡白垩系姚家组下切谷充填结构

白垩纪青山口组沉积末期至姚家组沉积初期,松辽盆地发生了湖平面大幅度下降,湖区大规模萎缩,形成了SSQq-qn和SSQy-n之间的二级层序界面.这一时期,西部斜坡普遍暴露,缺失了三级层序SQqn4和SQy1地层,并在齐齐哈尔古水系的作用下在西部斜坡的北部形成了下切谷.下切谷长约70km,宽约20km,呈NW-SE延伸.在SQy23层序水进域,下切谷逐渐被充填.下切谷发育区SQy23水进域的地层厚度明显高于相邻区域,在沉积走向上的高地层厚度梯度带反映了下切谷的边界.下切谷充填序列具有多期旋回性特征,一个完整的短期充填旋回的底界为侵蚀面,侵蚀面之上依次发育泥砾岩、具交错层理含陆源砾石和泥砾中-细粒砂岩、具波纹层理粉砂质泥岩和泥岩.充填下切谷的不同短期旋回的砂体在空间上具有叠瓦状结构.在倾向剖面上,砂体沿下切谷底界面逐层叠置超覆,向盆地方向分叉并尖灭在泥岩中,反映了河-湖共同作用.在横剖面上,砂体呈透镜状错叠.早期的砂体主要发育于相对深谷部位,相对高部位以泥质充填为主,后期的砂体不受原始深谷限制.在SQy23最大湖泛期,下切谷内以泥质充填为主.      

典型箕状断陷湖盆层序划分及层序结构样式:以霸县凹陷古近系为例

不整合界面被认为是一个具有等时意义的界面,在陆相断陷盆地中这些规模大小不一的不整合界面通常对应着不同级别的层序边界.本次以霸县凹陷古近系为研究目标,基于2 552 km2三维地震,结合工区内800余口探井钻/测井、岩心及前人研究成果等资料.以构造-层序分析为主线,由盆地结构入手分析构造演化和不整合面特征,分构造层系梳理不整合面及相对应的整合面与层序界面之间的对应关系,明确不同物源和古构造背景下的层序结构样式和沉积体系充填响应模式.将古近系划分为1个一级层序,3个二级层序和14个三级层序,结合断陷盆地构造演化过程在霸县凹陷识别4类9种层序充填样式.认为陆相断陷湖盆幕式构造演化过程中层序的充填过程同样具有旋回性和分段性特征.断陷湖盆层序充填具有多样性,层序旋回结构具有不对称性,体系域发育具有不完整性等特征.通过建立典型断陷盆地层序结构和沉积体系发育特征响应模型,为同类型盆地中的岩性油气勘探提供必要的理论方法和技术支持.      

刚果扇盆地上中新世深水水道充填结构及演化特征

深水水道作为深水油气勘探的主力储层,其内部结构及演化特征的研究对于深水油气田勘探和开发都具有非常重要的意义.基于钻井及3D地震资料,对刚果扇盆地上中新世深水水道的内部充填期次、结构和演化特征进行了分析.从层序地层学的角度出发,将研究区内的水道划分为多个不同级别层序格架内形成的水道单体和水道复合体,从而对切谷内部的水道期次和组成特征进行精细表述.研究表明,研究区内水道单体自下而上发育底部滞留、滑塌充填、侵蚀水道、加积水道、天然堤和废弃水道6种沉积微相类型,整体表现为流体能量逐步降低的过程;三级水道复合体形成于复杂的多期侵蚀-充填过程,受到海平面变化、坡度及重力流流变学特征的影响,纵向演化可划分为初始侵蚀、初始充填、加积充填、后期充填和水道废弃5个阶段,各阶段切谷内充填结构和水道平面展布特征呈现有规律的变化.      

辽东湾地区辽西凹陷中南部古近系构造-层序地层格架与古地理分析

辽西凹陷位于辽东湾地区西部，是一箕状凹陷，辽西凹陷中南部总体勘探程度偏低。辽西凹陷中南部古近系横向上隆、坳地形分异明显，存在一个继承性发育的凹间孤岛，呈链状分布（简称“凹间链状岛”），该岛将辽西凹陷中南部分为东西两次凹，岛两侧沉积相差异明显，轴向上构造格架比横向上复杂，具有明显的构造分割。在构造格架分析的基础上，依据钻井和地震资料，在辽西凹陷中南部古近系识别出六个层序界面和五个层序，并详细阐述了每个层序界面的成因、地震特征、测井响应特征以及每个层序的体系域与沉积体系的构成特征。在构造－层序地层格架内，分析本区不同层序沉积相古地理，发现各个时期的古地理均呈有规律的分布，即凹陷西部为冲洪积相、辫状河相、三角洲平原相；向东为三角洲前缘和湖相。辽西凹陷中南部沉积相古地理演化受控于层序界面的转换、走滑构造、古地貌、古气候等因素的影响，并且四个因素对湖盆沉积作用的制约不是孤立的，是相互关联、制约的综合效应，不同演化阶段控制因素有主、次之别，其中古气候周期性变化决定湖扩与湖缩，构造是控制充填物有效可容空间的关键，沉积基准面和侵蚀基准面以及湖水面不仅决定碎屑物供给率，也是湖盆沉积速率的关键。     

强制海退体系域识别特征及其油气意义

利用地震沉积学、层序地层学的相关理论和方法,结合钻测井数据、地震反射结构特征、均方根振幅属性和滨线迁移轨迹特征等资料,对珠江口盆地白云凹陷北坡21 Ma强制海退体系域的识别特征、演化模式和油气意义进行了探讨,指出该体系域在平行物源方向具有高角度斜交型前积反射,其前端靠近盆地中心发育具丘状反射的盆底扇,滨线迁移轨迹呈向盆地方向逐级下降的趋势。结果表明:强制海退体系域在垂直物源方向发育"U"型的下切谷,内部为平行的地震反射充填结构;测井曲线为漏斗形和箱型的组合特征,表现为多个四级相对海平面变化控制的准层序组,且每个准层序组都具有向上水体变浅和顶部突然变深的特征;强制海退体系域之下为前期层序高位体系域的前三角洲或陆架泥岩,其上沉积了海侵体系域和高位体系域的半深海暗色泥岩,同时受陆架坡折带地层尖灭和断裂沟通深部油源的控制,可形成有利的生、储、盖组合,是寻找岩性油气藏的有利场所。     

Evolution of an incised valley system in the southern Adriatic Sea (Apulian margin): an onshore–offshore correlation

Seismic surveys with sub‐bottom profiler were carried out in the Manfredonia Gulf in the southern Adriatic Sea. Here, a buried surface was recognized on which three valleys, located about 80 km from the shelf edge, were deeply incised. Beneath this surface, a pre‐upper Würm seismic unit (PW) was identified. Above, two seismic units were recognized: the transgressive system tract (TST) and highstand system tract (g₂)_. On the basis of regional correlation with onshore and offshore data, these units and their boundaries were dated and correlated with phases of the last glacial–interglacial cycle. The incised valley system was attributed to the Marine Isotopic Stage (MIS) 2. The TST and g₂ units fill the valleys and were attributed to the post‐glacial sea‐level rise and highstand. The incised valleys are anomalous with respect to published models; despite having many characteristics that would have limited the fluvial incision (the lowstand shoreline that remained on the shelf, the low gradient of the shelf, the subsidence that affected the study area since MIS 5), the valleys appear to be deeply incised on the shelf, with valley flanks that can exceed 40 m in height. The model to explain the formation of the valleys comprises enhanced river discharge as the key factor in increasing river energy and promoting erosion across the low gradient shelf. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Signatures of climate vs. sea-level change within incised valley-fill successions: Quaternary examples from the Texas GULF Coast

The passive margin Texas Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain consists of coalescing late Pleistocene to Holocene alluvial–deltaic plains constructed by a series of medium to large fluvial systems. Alluvial–deltaic plains consist of the Pleistocene Beaumont Formation, and post-Beaumont coastal plain incised valleys. A variety of mapping, outcrop, core, and geochronological data from the extrabasinal Colorado River and the basin-fringe Trinity River show that Beaumont and post-Beaumont strata consist of a series of coastal plain incised valley fills that represent 100 kyr climatic and glacio-eustatic cycles.

Valley fills contain a complex alluvial architecture. Falling stage to lowstand systems tracts consist of multiple laterally amalgamated sandy channelbelts that reflect deposition within a valley that was incised below highstand alluvial plains, and extended across a subaerially-exposed shelf. The lower boundary to falling stage and lowstand units comprises a composite valley fill unconformity that is time-transgressive in both cross- and down-valley directions. Coastal plain incised valleys began to fill with transgression and highstand, and landward translation of the shoreline: paleosols that define the top of falling stage and lowstand channelbelts were progressively onlapped and buried by heterolithic sandy channelbelt, sandy and silty crevasse channel and splay, and muddy floodbasin strata. Transgressive to highstand facies-scale architecture reflects changes through time in dominant styles of avulsion, and follows a predictable succession through different stages of valley filling. Complete valley filling promoted avulsion and the large-scale relocation of valley axes before the next sea-level fall, such that successive 100 kyr valley fills show a distributary pattern.

Basic elements within coastal plain valleys can be correlated with the record offshore, where cross-shelf valleys have been described from seismic data. Falling stage to lowstand channelbelts within coastal plain valleys were feeder systems for shelf-phase and shelf-margin deltas, respectively, and demonstrate that falling stage fluvial deposits are important valley fill components. Signatures of both upstream climate change vs. downstream sea-level controls are therefore interpreted to be present within incised valley fills. Signatures of climate change consist of the downstream continuity of major stratigraphic units and component facies, which extends from the mixed bedrock–alluvial valley of the eroding continental interior to the distal reaches, wherever that may be at the time. This continuity suggests the development of stratigraphic units and facies is strongly coupled to upstream controls on sediment supply and climate conditions within hinterland source regions. Signatures of sea-level change are critical as well: sea-level fall below the elevation of highstand depositional shoreline breaks results in channel incision and extension across the newly emergent shelf, which in turn results in partitioning of the 100 kyr coastal plain valleys. Moreover, deposits and key surfaces can be traced from continental interiors to the coastal plain, but there are downstream changes in geometric relations that correspond to the transition between the mixed bedrock–alluvial valley and the coastal plain incised valley. Channel incision and extension during sea-level fall and lowstand, with channel shortening and delta backstepping during transgression, controls the architecture of coastal plain and cross-shelf incised valley fills.     

Seismic stratigraphy as indicator of late Pleistocene and Holocene sea level changes on the NE Brazilian continental shelf

The late Pleistocene Holocene stratigraphic architecture on the northeastern Brazilian continental shelf off the Parnaíba Delta has been explored by high-resolution seismic profiles. The seismic surveys reveal the widespread distribution of incised valleys of different size in offshore continuation of the present-day Parnaiba delta. According to morphology two channel types can be distinguished: U-shaped channels in the eastern part and V-shaped channels in the western part. The stratigraphic successions were grouped into four seismic units separated by different seismic boundaries. The characteristics of the seismic boundaries and internal reflectors of the seismic units were used to distinguish between marine and riverine deposits. The incised-valleys architectural elements were used to link sedimentation processes and variations in base level from late Pleistocene channel avulsion and channel infill in the lowermost course of the paleo-Parnaíba River to marine sediments of the present-day inner shelf. The change of the depositional environments in relation to deglacial sea-level rise is compared to incised valley infills of the Mekong River and Red River systems in Southeast Asia.     

孤北地区断阶式坡折沉积层序特征与隐蔽圈闭预测

根据地质、钻井及地震等资料的综合分析,将下第三系划分为1个一级层序、4个二级层序、10个层序组、17个三级层序和54个体系域,建立了层序地层格架,并以体系域为单位恢复了古环境和沉积体系。研究表明,可容纳空间的变化可与裂陷作用、盆地底板沉降作用、基准面变化、海洋与大陆气候影响作用、局部褶皱、断裂、底辟、火山活动等、多物源沉积物充填及古环境变迁等相联系。在孤北地区通常具有3阶坡折,沉积物具有逐阶搬运、扩散的特征:首先在靠近盆地的三阶坡折附近形成低水位扇,在靠近孤岛凸起的一阶坡折之下形成特殊的低水位期冲积扇或辫状河道沉积或沉积物呈过路作用;接着在二阶坡折和三阶坡折之间形成低水位楔;最后在一阶坡折之下和二阶坡折附近发生下切河谷充填作用。低水位期形成的低水位扇、低水位楔、辫状水道及下切谷充填砂都可能构成有效储层,成为非构造圈闭赋存的重要位置。     

A sequence stratigraphic framework for a narrow,current-swept continental shelf: The Durban Bight,central KwaZulu-Natal,South Africa

High resolution seismic lines from the inner and mid-shelf of the Durban Bight reveal an unprecedented view of the seismic stratigraphy of the central KwaZulu-Natal uppermost continental margin. Seven units are recognised from the shelf on the basis of their stratal architecture and bounding unconformities. These comprise four incompletely preserved sequences consisting of deposits of the highstand systems tract (Unit B), falling stage systems tracts (Unit C), the transgressive systems tract (Units A, D and G) and lowstand systems tracts (early fill of the incised valleys and strike diachronous prograding reflectors of Unit A). Seismic facies recognised as incised valley fills correspond to the lowstand and transgressive systems tracts. When integrated with published accounts of onshore and offshore lithostratigraphy and local sea level curves, we recognise an Early Santonian transgression (Unit A to Unit B), superimposed by uplift-induced pulses of forced regression. A Late Campanian relative sea level fall (Unit C) followed. Sediments of the Tertiary period are not evident on the Durban Bight shelf except for isolated incised valley fills of Unit D lying within incised valleys of Late Pliocene age. Overlying these are two stages of Pleistocene shoreline deposits of indeterminate age. Erosion concurrent with relative sea level fall towards the last glacial maximum shoreline carved a third set of incised valleys within which sediments of the Late Pleistocene/Holocene have infilled.     

Quaternary incised valleys in southern Brazil coastal zone

High-resolution seismic records obtained in the Rio Grande do Sul coastal zone, southern Brazil, revealed that prominent valleys and channels developed in the area before the installation of actual coastal plain. Landwards, the paleoincisions can be linked with the present courses of the main river dissecting the area. Oceanwards, they can be linked with related features previously recognized in the continental shelf and slope by means of seismic and morphostructural studies. Based mainly on seismic, core data and geologic reasoning, it can be inferred that the coastal valleys were incised during forced regression events into the coastal prism deposited during previous sea level highstand events of the Quaternary. Seismic data has revealed paleovalleys up to 10 km wide and, in some places, infilled with up to 40 m thick of sediments. The results indicated two distinct periods of cut-and-fill events in the Patos Lagoon area. The filling of the younger incision system is mainly Holocene and its onset is related to the last main regressive event of the Pleistocene, when the sea level fell about 130 m below the actual position. The older incision and filling event is related to the previous regressive–transgressive events of the Middle and Late Pleistocene. The fluvial discharge fed delta systems on the shelf edge during the sea level lowstands. The subsequent transgressions drowned the incised drainage, infilling it and closing the inlets formerly connecting the coastal river to the ocean. The incised features may have played a significant role on the basin-margin architecture, facies distribution and accommodation space during the multitude of up and down sea level events of the Quaternary.     

台湾海峡西部海域沉积体系、地层架构与油气勘探前景

基于台湾海峡西部新采集的高分辨率二维地震资料及钻井数据,结合区域地质资料和前人研究成果,建立台湾海峡西部高精度等时地层格架,在此基础上厘定了地质年代属性和沉积相特征分析。研究表明第四纪地层识别出6个三级层序界面,对应地划分为5个三级层序。研究区地震相主要有席状平行—亚平行地震相、前积地震相、下切谷充填地震相、充填状低连续地震相和充填状杂乱地震相等,不同的地震相及其组合代表特定的沉积体系。通过以上分析可知研究区新生代主要发育于海陆过渡地带,主要发育冲积/洪积平原相和滨岸平原相,在此基础上分析沉积演化特征,为台湾海峡西部海域进行精细勘探提供地质依据,这对将来的油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。