多孔突径管沿程水头损失计算

根据多孔变径管的水力特性，本文导出了其沿程水头损失近似计算公式，利用这一公式，不仅能求出整个管段的水头损失值，而且能计算管道入口至某一点处水头损失，这一公式可用于喷灌和微灌工程的规划设计。     

微灌精确控制模式研究

对土壤湿度监测法和计算法在微灌控制中的应用进行了分析,提出一种综合上述2种方法、具有一定自学习功能的全新微灌控制模式。该模式提高了计算精度,解决了计算法的开环误差问题,排除了降雨和计划湿润层水分流失带来的计算困难,保证了作物系数的可求性,对于温室灌溉量计算还引入了温室状态系数的概念;尽管采用了土壤湿度传感器,但其分布密度可以很低,并防止了测量滞后性带来控制失败问题的出现。该模式具有大规模推广应用前景。     

多孔变径管沿程水头损失计算

根据多孔变径管的水力特性,本文导出了其沿程水头损失近似计算公式,利用这一公式,不仅能求出整个管段的水头损失值,而且能计算管道入口至某一点处水头损失,这一公式可用于喷灌和微灌工程的规划设计。     

基于信息化的工程总承包建设与运维

<正>为了推动工程总承包模式的广泛应用，近年来，住房和城乡建设部先后颁布了《工程总承包管理办法》《房屋建筑和市政基础设施项目工程总承包管理办法》等多份指导性文件。这些文件的出台，不仅体现了政府对工程总承包模式的重视，也为各类型工程项目采用工程总承包模式提供了有力的政策支持。随着工程总承包业务的迅速崛起，其业务量呈现出爆发式增长，项目的规模和复杂度也在持续攀升。为满足日益增长的业务需求，参与项目管理的团队人员数量也在逐年增加。同时，政府对工程总承包业务的监管变得更加严格，这也促使设计牵头的工程总承包单位必须加强对总承包业务的规范管理，确保成本预算得到有效控制，     

围岩支护可靠性分析

针对实际工程巷道支护可靠性问题，提出了围岩支护可靠性分析模式，建立了评价预测主项和修正项，利用这一模式模式与监控手段结合，进行了实例分析。     

黄土高原西北部集雨水利用的投资与效益分析

以黄土高原西北部为研究区,通过中国科学院皋兰生态农业试验站2000-2001年雨水集流试验与春小麦、西瓜、西兰花和黄瓜的补灌试验,对各种集流场的年产流率和集流费用、蓄水窖(池)的贮水费用、作物产量和水分利用效率、以及各作物集雨微灌的投资、产值与单方水产值进行了比较分析。结果表明:各集流面平均集流费用和各蓄水窖(池)的平均贮水费用都很高,分别为1.07元/m3和5.08元/m3,且贮水费用显著高于集流费用。净产值和单方水产值的大小顺序依次为日光温室黄瓜、大田西兰花、砂田西瓜和大田小麦。如把人工计算在内,大田小麦不进行补灌,其净产值为负值,进而补灌导致了净产值的大幅度减小。集雨水用于微灌砂田西瓜、西兰花和日光温室黄瓜都能产生很好的经济效益。并提出了日光温室集水-贮水-高效用水的"一池一窖"模式。     

岩土工程监理及其模式的探讨

简要介绍了目前岩土工程监理现状，监理对象和依据，详细论述了岩土工程监理的基本概念，基本特点，广泛的业务范围及监理的基本原则，体现了对岩土工程勘察，设计，施工，监测各环节全过程的投资，进度，质量进行全方位监控的思想，对岩土工程监理工作模式的建立及提高岩土工程综合效益有一定的指导意义。     

勘察设计企业工程总承包业务组织机构改革实践

<正>2017年2月，国务院办公厅印发《关于促进建筑业持续健康发展的意见》，提出要完善工程建设组织模式，加快推行工程总承包、培育全过程工程咨询。随后，国家发展改革委、住房城乡建设部等部门陆续联合发布相关指导性文件，拓展应用范围，开展应用试点，为工程总承包模式的推广应用注入了强劲动力。中船第九设计研究院工程有限公司（以下简称“中船九院”）成立于1953年5月，是一家多专业、综合技术强的大型工程公司，是从事工程咨询、工程设计、工程总承包的骨干单位，能承担多类大型项目的工程总承包业务，在中国创建世界第一造船大国中，承担着践行环渤海湾地区、长三角地区、     

吉林省水资源生态问题初步探索

吉林省水资源总量不足且分布不均，使草原“三化”加剧，湿地缩减、湖沼萎缩。对吉林省主要河流的采样监测发现，除源头区外，河流均受到不同程度的污染，加剧了我省水资源不足的矛盾。需要强化工业污染源的防治措施、推广清洁生产，提高工业用水的重复利用率和重复利用次数，鼓励农民采用喷灌、滴灌和微灌等方式灌溉农田，以提高农业用水效率，使我省水资源发挥最大的环境、经济和社会效益。     

华北型煤田底板灰岩含水层超前区域治理模式与选择准则

为建立系统的超前区域水害探查治理技术体系，分析概括我国石炭-二叠纪煤田煤层赋存及水文地质条件，从水害治理工程的系统性出发，围绕我国煤层底板水害超前区域治理工程施工过程中钻孔施工条件、层位选取、钻进工艺3个主要因素，概化形成适用于我国华北型煤田地质及水文地质条件的底板含水层注浆改造模式。综合考虑煤层埋深、煤层底板承受水压、底板岩层结构组合等判识指标，确定了各类治理模式的选择准则；结合钻孔布设、注浆材料2项指标，进一步划分出超前区域治理亚类模式。以淮北矿区、韩城矿区2个典型超前区域治理工程实践为例，分析了各区域治理模式的选取原则及工程应用效果。研究成果对指导我国煤层底板含水层超前区域治理工程模式选择与底板注浆工程实施具有重要理论指导作用。      

Predictive models for pot-hole depth in underground coal mining—some Indian experiences

Ground subsidence induced by extraction of coal seam belowground brings about changes in territorial environment. This occurs in two forms, namely, trough and pot-hole subsidence. Pot-hole subsidence is extremely hazardous as it does not give any prior indication before its occurrence. Several pot-holes have occurred in the recent past in the coal mines of South Eastern Coalfields Limited and called for a specific study to develop an in-depth understanding of various parameters influencing the pot-hole occurrence for formulating the basis of different predictive models. These critical parameters have been compiled and analysed for seven mines located in different areas of SECL, a subsidiary of Coal India Limited. Multiple regression and artificial neural network (ANN) techniques were used for the preparation of the predictive models to calculate pot-hole depth under different conditions. Different conditions considered in the study are development and depillaring, presence and absence of faults and water bodies. This paper presents the results of the studies carried out in Indian mines representing different geo-mining conditions along with the pot-hole depth prediction models developed. The developed models were validated for a few new cases with the model results matching (within 10 % error in the case of ANN model) with the actual pot-hole depth measured. More varied data sets can fine tune the developed models further.     

Von Karman 型自相关函数模拟随机介质

利用Von Karman型自相关函数建立了随机介质模型,对自相关长度、谱指数两个参量分别讨论了模型的特征,分析了不同扰动标准差下模型 中速度的分布和变化情况。结果显示：改变自相关长度及横纵向谱指数,都可以产生横向和纵向上非均匀体尺度改变的随机介质模型;扰动标准差 不同,得到的随机扰动的范围就不同,从而引起模型中速度围绕背景速度上下波动。从模拟结果图显示,随机介质模型能灵活地描述实际介质。     

The influence of model structure on groundwater recharge rates in climate-change impact studies

Numerous modeling approaches are available to provide insight into the relationship between climate change and groundwater recharge. However, several aspects of how hydrological model choice and structure affect recharge predictions have not been fully explored, unlike the well-established variability of climate model chains—combination of global climate models (GCM) and regional climate models (RCM). Furthermore, the influence on predictions related to subsoil parameterization and the variability of observation data employed during calibration remain unclear. This paper compares and quantifies these different sources of uncertainty in a systematic way. The described numerical experiment is based on a heterogeneous two-dimensional reference model. Four simpler models were calibrated against the output of the reference model, and recharge predictions of both reference and simpler models were compared to evaluate the effect of model structure on climate-change impact studies. The results highlight that model simplification leads to different recharge rates under climate change, especially under extreme conditions, although the different models performed similarly under historical climate conditions. Extreme weather conditions lead to model bias in the predictions and therefore must be considered. Consequently, the chosen calibration strategy is important and, if possible, the calibration data set should include climatic extremes in order to minimise model bias introduced by the calibration. The results strongly suggest that ensembles of climate projections should be coupled with ensembles of hydrogeological models to produce credible predictions of future recharge and with the associated uncertainties.     

MT有限元模拟中截断边界的影响

利用有限元方法进行大地电磁正演数值模拟时,由于是在有限网格区域上的数值计算,模拟计算时的网格边界为截断边界,而有限元数值模拟时的大地电磁场边界条件需要在足够远处才能够满足,所以截断边界的存在可能会使大地电磁正演模拟的边界条件无法满足,致使对计算结果和计算精度产生影响。利用有限元二维正演程序,在网格边界处加载一维情况下的大地电磁场,然后固定研究区域的网格剖分,并对一维地电模型和二维地电模型在改变有限元网格边界大小的情况下进行计算。在对一维模型进行模拟计算时,截断边界对边界条件没有影响,边界条件自然满足。而对二维模型进行模拟计算时,截断边界的存在对计算结果有较大影响。利用趋肤深度作为有限元网格边界变化的量度,通过改变网格边界大小,对不同的二维地电模型进行计算比较,总结出适合大地电磁有限元正演模拟的参考网格边界。     

Surrogate modeling of time-dependent metocean conditions during hurricanes

Metocean conditions during hurricanes are defined by multiple parameters (e.g., significant wave height and surge height) that vary in time with significant auto- and cross-correlation. In many cases, the nature of the variation of these characteristics in time is important to design and assess the risk to offshore structures, but a persistent problem is that measurements are sparse and time history simulations using metocean models are computationally onerous. Surrogate modeling is an appealing approach to ease the computational burden of metocean modeling; however, modeling the time-dependency of metocean conditions using surrogate models is challenging because the conditions at one time instant are dependent on not only the conditions at that instant but also on the conditions at previous time instances. In this paper, time-dependent surrogate modeling of significant wave height, peak wave period, peak wave direction, and storm surge is explored using a database of metocean conditions at an offshore site. Three types of surrogate models, including Kriging, multilayer perceptron (MLP), and recurrent neural network with gated recurrent unit (RNN-GRU), are evaluated, with two different time-dependent structures considered for the Kriging model and two training set sizes for the MLP model, resulting in a total of five models evaluated in this paper. The performance of the models is compared in terms of accuracy and sensitivity toward hyperparameters, and the MLP and RNN-GRU models are demonstrated to have extraordinary prediction performance in this context.

     

我国连山关与澳大利亚东阿利盖特河铀成矿条件对比

笔者对我国连山关和澳大利亚东阿利盖特河地区老地层中的铀成矿条件进行了对比,发现它们的一些基本地质条件是不同的,它们有着各自的铀矿化特征及不同的成矿模式,矿床类型也不尽相同。     

不同环境因子联接和预测模型的滑坡易发性建模不确定性

拟深入探讨滑坡与其环境因子间的非线性联接计算以及不同数据驱动模型等因素,对滑坡易发性预测建模不确定性的影响规律.以江西省瑞金市为例共获取370处滑坡和10种环境因子,通过概率统计（probability statistics,PS）、频率比（frequency ratio,FR）、信息量（information value,Ⅳ）、熵指数（index of entropy,IOE）和证据权（weight of evidence,WOE）等5种联接方法分别耦合逻辑回归（logistic regression,LR）、BP神经网络（BP neural networks,BPNN）、支持向量机（support vector machines,SVM）和随机森林（random forest,RF）模型共构建出20种耦合模型,同时构建无联接方法直接将原始数据作为输入变量的4种单独LR、BPNN、SVM和RF模型,预测出总计24种工况下的滑坡易发性;最后分别使用ROC曲线、均值、标准差和差异显著性等指标分析上述24种工况下易发性结果的不确定性.结果表明:（1）基于WOE的耦合模型预测滑坡易发性的平均精度最高且不确定性较低,基于PS的耦合模型预测精度最低且不确定性最高,基于FR、Ⅳ和IOE的耦合模型介于两者之间;（2）单独数据驱动模型易发性预测精度略低于耦合模型,且未能计算出环境因子各子区间对滑坡发育的影响规律,但其建模效率高于耦合模型;（3）RF模型预测精度最高且不确定性较低,其次分别为SVM、BPNN和LR模型.总之WOE是更优秀的联接法且RF模型预测性能最优,WOE-RF模型预测的滑坡易发性不确定性较低且更符合实际滑坡概率分布特征.      

实际野外条件下的污染场地土壤和地下水污染限值计算(英文)

加拿大联邦及Alberta省级环境导则为石油烃污染场地提供了多级环境标准及评价方法。其中二级环境标准评价,准许根据污染场地的实际条件计算土壤和地下水污染限值。环境导则限定了计算污染限值的模型和方法。这些模型大都是基于十分简化的野外条件的解析解模型,并根据导则规定的方法使用,以简化应用与审批程序。这些模型的用途和方法与一般通用地下水和土壤污染物运移模型有所不同,在实际运用时这些差别常常被忽略。同时,在复杂野外条件下运用这些模型时,经常遇到确定模型输入参数的困难。介绍了加拿大环境导则中计算污染场地土壤和地下水污染限值以保护地表水环境的模型方法,强调这些模型方法只适用于计算污染限值的特殊目的,不适用于预测污染物运移或套用一般模型拟和调参方法。结合具体计算实例,探索运用Monte Carlo方法评价与表示模型输入参数带来的不确定性。这种方法用参数变化区间(或概率分布)来表示输入参数的变化或不确定性,以求得具有统计意义的保险污染限值。这种方法简单易行,却将二级环境标准评价方法推广到较为复杂(更真实)的野外条件。     

Mortar coupling and upscaling of pore-scale models

Pore-scale models are becoming increasingly useful as predictive tools for modeling flow and transport in porous media. These models can accurately represent the 3D pore-structure of real media. Currently first-principles modeling methods are being employed for obtaining qualitative and quantitative behavior. Generally, artificial, simple boundary conditions are imposed on a model that is used as a stand-alone tool for extracting macroscopic parameters. However, realistic boundary conditions, reflecting flow and transport in surrounding media, may be necessary for behavior that occurs over larger length scales or including pore-scale models in a multiscale setting. Here, pore-scale network models are coupled to adjacent media (additional pore-scale or continuum-scale models) using mortars. Mortars are 2D finite-element spaces employed to couple independent subdomains by enforcing continuity of pressure and flux at shared boundary interfaces. While mortars have been used in the past to couple subdomains of different models, physics, and meshes, they are extended here for the first time to pore-scale models. The approach is demonstrated by modeling single-phase flow in coupled pore-scale models, but the methodology can be utilized to model dynamic processes and perform multiscale modeling in 3D continuum simulators for flow and transport.     

How many subductions in the Variscan orogeny? Insights from numerical models

We developed a 2D numerical model to simulate the evolution of two superposed ocean-continent-ocean subduction cycles with opposite vergence, both followed by continental collision, aiming to better understand the evolution of the Variscan belt. Three models with different velocities of the first oceanic subduction have been implemented. Striking differences in the thermo-mechanical evolution between the first subduction, which activates in an unperturbed system, and the second subduction, characterised by an opposite vergence, have been enlighten, in particular regarding the temperature in the mantle wedge and in the interior of the slab. Pressure and temperature (P-T) conditions predicted by one cycle and two cycles models have been compared with natural P-T estimates of the Variscan metamorphism from the Alps and from the French Massif Central (FMC). The comparative analysis supports that a slow and hot subduction well reproduces the P-T conditions compatible with data from the FMC, while P-T conditions compatible with data of Variscan metamorphism from the Alps can be reproduced by either a cold or hot oceanic subduction models. Analysing the agreement of both double and single subduction models with natural P-T estimates, we observed that polycyclic models better describe the evolution of the Variscan orogeny.