基于非结构化网格的大地电磁2D自适应有限元正演模拟

有限元求解大地电磁正演问题时,对研究区域的剖分常规做法是采用规则化的网格。但规则化网格在剖分地形、断层、褶皱等复杂模型会产生较大的几何离散误差。针对上述情况,这里采用非结构化的四边形网格对二维地电模型进行网格剖分,并与自适应有限元相结合,由剖分的粗网格出发,利用每个频点下网格单元的后验误差估计值指导网格的局部加密,优化网格质量和数量,从而提高正演模拟的精度。通过一维K型地电模型利用本文方法算出数值解与解析解进行对比分析,验证了自适应有限元法在求解大地电磁二维正演模拟中的有效性。并通过对断层、褶皱模型的正演模拟,分析了其大地电磁正演响应特征。     

基于非结构化网格的瞬变电磁2．5维有限元正演模拟

利用Delaunay三角化这种网格非结构化方法。通过编程实现了二维模型的非结构化三角形网格剖分,并编写了中心回线法瞬变电磁2．5维有限元正演程序。与前人计算结果对比,在取得相同计算精度的情况下,与结构化网格相比,非结构化网格所需网格和节点数量大大减少,计算效率更高。通过将非结构化网格法引入到瞬变电磁2．5维正演模拟中,实现了对复杂二维地电模型的有限元数值模拟,提高了现有有限元算法的应用范围。     

电导率连续变化二维海洋大地电磁场自适应有限元正演研究

岩矿石在形成过程中受湿度、含水率、温度、压力等多种外界因素的影响,这些因素会导致岩矿石的电导率连续变化,于是电导率连续变化地电模型可能更符合实际地质情况。对电导率连续变化二维介质大地电磁场分布规律,进行了有限元正演数值模拟研究。基于自适应有限元模拟技术和非结构网格剖分技术,使得新的算法可以真实地模拟电导率连续变化的复杂二维地电模型,并能够提供高精度的数值解。算例表明,海底近地表垂向电导率发生变化能够对高频大地电磁场响应产生较大影响。     

频率域航空电磁法人机交互式二维正演研究

研究了频率域航空电磁法的电磁场理论、边界条件、有限元单元法求解等内容,重点介绍了网格剖分原理,实现了人机交互网格剖分软件以及二维有限单元数值模拟算法。通过二维数值模拟计算,了解了圆柱体模型的响应曲线特征,提高了频率域航空电磁数据的解释水平。     

复杂电性结构大地电磁二维响应特征

为了改进计算区域离散化问题,本文利用自适应非结构化网格有限单元法求解二维地电结构下大地电磁场满足的加权余量表达式。在有限元求解电磁场的过程中,网格剖分越精细、计算精度越高,计算量也会越大。此外,结构化网格难以适应任意地形以及复杂地质构造。而自适应非结构化网格在电性变化剧烈的区域会自动加密,在电性缓变的区域则生成粗疏的网格,从而优化网格质量与数量。因此,文中引入COMSOL Multiphysics软件,以实现若干地电模型的构建及非结构化自由四边形单元网格化。将网格数据信息导入本文算法,计算大地电磁场响应,并与解析解及数值解对比。结果表明,基于非结构化网格的正演模拟精度高、适应性强,为计算区域网格化提供了新的方法。     

网格尺寸及边界对大地电磁有限元正演精度的影响

大地电磁正演的精度对后续反演意义重大。决定大地电磁有限元正演精度的因素,主要有插值函数、方程组的求解误差,以及网格的剖分程度。而网格剖分的合适与否,为有限元的求解提供了先决条件。因此,从边界条件和横向网格以及纵向网格三方面,讨论了网格剖分对大地电磁正演精度的影响。经研究表明,对于一维和左右对称的二维介质,左右和下边界都无需放置在无穷远处,并且横向网格对精度影响不大。而由于纵向网格与近地表的最小趋肤深度密切相关,所以地表网格不得大于1/4个趋肤深度。     

各向异性介质中大地电磁场的异常特征

给出各向异性介质二维地电断面大地电磁场的边值问题以及等价的变分问题。对计算区域采用矩形网格中进一步三角细化的剖分方式并在三角单元内进行线性插值,解出有限单元法数值解。通过典型模型的正演模拟,得到大地电磁测深曲线,并与前人的研究工作对比,验证了该方法的有效性。     

海水层对海洋大地电磁勘探的影响研究

为了研究海水层对大地电磁测深的影响,建立了一维层状模型并进行计算。结果表明,海水层对电磁场的影响特征主要表现为高频段的影响大于低频段,磁场的影响大于电场,相位的影响大于振幅。针对海洋大地电磁测深中使用远参考道问题,设计了三种二维地电模型(取参考点位于陆地或海底,测点位于海底),并对三种模型的大地电磁响应进行了有限单元法数值模拟,通过异常对比研究表明,在海洋大地电磁测深中可以使用远参考道,获得海底深部介质的地电信息。     

CSAMT 2.5维有限元数值模拟

对三维场源二维地电模型的正演计算称为2.5维数值模拟。这里从麦克斯韦方程组出发,1分别求解电磁场的一次场和二次场,将三维场源降为二维;2利用傅氏变换将空间域方程转化为波数域,应用有限元求解波数域电磁场方程,引入无限元解决无穷远边界的收敛问题;3根据电磁场值实虚部的曲线特征,按对数等间隔选取21个波数。编写代码计算均匀半空间与解析解结果对比,电阻率的均方相对误差均小于0.5%,证明其有效性。计算了三种地电模型的电磁场响应,对单一高、低阻体和高低阻组合体的模拟效果真实,异常中心位置基本吻合。结果证明,这里的CSAMT2.5-D正演算法可以模拟较为复杂的地电模型,并取得良好的效果。     

电偶源频率电磁测深三维地电模型有限元正演

在有源变频测深(包括可控源音频大地电磁测深CSAMT)的三维有限元正演中,应用了吸收边界条件和边元有限元算法,计算精度为3%左右,基本上可满足电偶极源三维地电模型情况下频率电磁测深响应特征的分析。同时由于广义变分概念的引入,可使泛函的变分原理应用于有耗媒质电磁场问题。      

非定常边界多年冻土活动层温度的积分渐近计算

对微分形式的热传导方程进行积分变换,将其转变成等价的积分形式的热传导方程式,然后应用渐近序列方法于非定常边界条件下存在相变的多年冻土活动层的温度计算中,提出新的多年冻土活动层温度解析近似计算公式.尽管渐近序列不是收敛的级数,但当级数变量趋向某个值时,只需取渐近序列前几项既可以获得某种极限条件下具有相当精度的近似解.计算模式采用随时间变化函数的非定常边界条件,改进了定常边值条件的冻土相变温度计算的Stefan公式,退化到定值条件下渐近解和Stefan公式有相同的计算结果.     

A local artificial boundary for transient seepage problems with unsteady boundary conditions in unbounded domains

Numerical analysis of transient seepage in unbounded domains with unsteady boundary conditions requires a more sophisticated artificial boundary approach to deal with the infinite character of the domain. To that end, a local artificial boundary is established by simplifying a global artificial boundary. The global artificial boundary conditions (ABCs) at the truncated boundary are derived from analytical solutions for one‐dimensional axisymmetric diffusion problems. By applying Laplace transforms and introducing some specially defined auxiliary variables, the global ABCs are simplified to local ABCs to significantly enhance the computational efficiency. The proposed local ABCs are implemented in a finite element computer program so that the solutions to various seepage problems can be calculated. The proposed approach is first verified by the computation of a one‐dimensional radial flow problem and then tentatively applied to more general two‐dimensional cylindrical problems and planar problems. The solutions obtained using the local ABCs are compared with those obtained using a large element mesh and using a previously proposed local boundary. This comparison demonstrates the satisfactory performance and obvious superiority of the newly established boundary to the other local boundary. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical modelling of seismic slope failure using MPM

The Finite Element Method (FEM) is widely used in the simulation of geotechnical applications. Owing to the limitations of FEM to model problems involving large deformations, many efforts have been made to develop methods free of mesh entanglement. One of these methods is the Material Point Method (MPM) which models the material as Lagrangian particles capable of moving through a background computational mesh in Eulerian manner. Although MPM represents the continuum by material points, solution is performed on the computational mesh. Thus, imposing boundary conditions is not aligned with the material representation. In this paper, a non-zero kinematic condition is introduced where an additional set of particles is incorporated to track the moving boundary. This approach is then applied to simulate the seismic motion resulting in failure of slopes. To validate this simulation procedure, two geotechnical applications are modelled using MPM. The first is to reproduce a shaking table experiment where the results of another numerical method are available. After validating the present numerical scheme for relatively large deformation problem, it is applied to simulate progression of a large-scale landslide during the Chi-Chi earthquake of Taiwan in which excessive material deformation and transportation is taking place.     

A moving‐mesh finite‐volume method to solve free‐surface seepage problem in arbitrary geometries

The main objective of this work is to develop a novel moving‐mesh finite‐volume method capable of solving the seepage problem in domains with arbitrary geometries. One major difficulty in analysing the seepage problem is the position of phreatic boundary which is unknown at the beginning of solution. In the current algorithm, we first choose an arbitrary solution domain with a hypothetical phreatic boundary and distribute the finite volumes therein. Then, we derive the conservative statement on a curvilinear co‐ordinate system for each cell and implement the known boundary conditions all over the solution domain. Defining a consistency factor, the inconsistency between the hypothesis boundary and the known boundary conditions is measured at the phreatic boundary. Subsequently, the preceding mesh is suitably deformed so that its upper boundary matches the new location of the phreatic surface. This tactic results in a moving‐mesh procedure which is continued until the nonlinear boundary conditions are fully satisfied at the phreatic boundary. To validate the developed algorithm, a number of seepage models, which have been previously targeted by the other investigators, are solved. Comparisons between the current results and those of other numerical methods as well as the experimental data show that the current moving‐grid finite‐volume method is highly robust and it provides sufficient accuracy and reliability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High-precision acoustic modeling with second-order staggered difference

Since the precision of spatial derivative of wavefield calculated by staggered difference is superior to that by central difference, the formula of second-order staggered differential coefficient with 2N-order precision is constructed via mathematical deduction on combination of first-order differential coefficient on each grid point, and its validity is verified by numerical simulation in constant velocity media. With the staggered mesh, the maximum peak frequency of Ricker wavelet which does not generate numerical dispersion may be increased by 10–15 Hz, thus the vertical resolution of simulated seismograms may be enhanced. In order to eliminate the boundary reflection which is characterized as high frequency, the absorbing boundary condition of perfectly matched layer with staggered mesh is utilized in numerical simulation of scalar-wave equation, and the suppression effect is superior to that of the central difference. The precision of simulated records may be improved when staggered mesh is adopted in calculation of the second-order spatial derivative, and the ringing phenomena appeared before the first break may be avoided. The computational cost of second-order staggered difference increased by only 25% on 3.60 GHz Intel Core i7–4790 processor when the precision of simulated records is same as that simulated by second-order central difference.     

三维地电断面激发极化法有限元数值模拟

用有限单元法求解三维地电断面激发极化法正演模拟算法.首先给出了三维构造中点源电场异常电位的边值问题与变分问题, 简化无穷远边界上的边界条件以提高计算速度及计算精度.以此为基础计算视电阻率对模型电阻率的偏导数矩阵, 并进行三维地电断面激发极化法正演模拟, 与等效电阻率法相比节约了计算时间.对几例较典型的地电模型进行计算, 结果表明本方法是正确可行的.      

边界单元法在电法勘探中的应用

本文用加权剩余法导出点源二维地电断面的边界单元法积分方程。通过付氏反变换,可获得三维空间的电位。若干模型上正演计算结果与解析解完全一致。对实测的ρ_s曲线进行了地形攻正及选择法反演拟合,解释结果与实际地质断面符合得很好。     

Finite element modeling of wave propagation problems in multilayered soils resting on a rigid base

A new finite element scheme is proposed, in this paper, for solving two-dimensional wave propagation problems in multilayered soils resting on a rigid base. The multilayered soils are treated as multiple horizontal layers of lateral infinite extension in geometry. Since these horizontal layers can be truncated by two artificially truncated vertical boundaries, two high-order artificial boundary conditions are applied for propagating the incoming waves from the interior domain into the far field of the system. Both the semi-analytical method and the truncated boundary migration procedure are used to derive the high-order artificial boundary conditions, which are comprised of a physically meaningful dashpot and a generalized energy absorber. The main advantage of using the proposed finite element scheme is that the derived artificial boundary condition can be straightforwardly implemented in the finite element analysis, without violating the band/sparse structure of the conventional finite element equation. The related numerical examples have demonstrated that the proposed finite element scheme is of high accuracy in dealing with wave propagation problems in multiple horizontal layers.     

One-dimensional consolidation of soil under multistage load based on continuous drainage boundary

In engineering practice, a rapid loading rate can result in ground failure when the strength of soft soils is relatively low, and a multistage loading scheme is always utilized to deal with this situation. Firstly, under a multistage load and the continuous drainage boundary, an analytical solution of excess pore-water pressure and consolidation degree is obtained by virtue of the superposition formula of excess pore-water pressure, and a more general continuous drainage boundary under arbitrary time-dependent load is developed. Then, a comparison with existing analytical solutions is conducted to verify the present solution. A preliminary attempt on applying the continuous drainage boundary into the finite element model is made, and the feasibility of the numerical model for the one-dimensional consolidation under the continuous drainage boundary is verified by comparing the results calculated by FEM with that from present analytical solution. Finally, the consolidation behavior of soil is investigated in detail for different int erface parameters or loading scheme. The results show that, in land reclamation projects, a horizontal drain should be placed close to the boundary with a smaller interface parameter to improve the consolidation efficiency. The degree of consolidation is also related to the applied time-dependent load and interface parameters.