学習規范中泥沙測驗部分的一些体会

在規范中一开头我們就看到。“悬移質输沙率测驗的目的在于精确的測定测流断面的輸沙率,并据以計算断面平均含沙量”,这里提出了懸移質输沙率測驗的兩个目的,一个是为了測定通过測流断面的輸沙率,一个是为了計算断面平均含沙量。这里断面平均含沙量是从輸沙率測驗中得来的,过去我們的断面平均含沙量則是几个     

实测悬移质泥沙年输沙量改正方法

在悬移质泥沙测验中,由于无法测到近底层悬移质含沙量(简称近底悬沙),因此使实际测算的输沙率(主要是床沙质部分)与真实值不符,往往相差较大。从而使年输沙量的成果精度受到影响,必须予以改正。改正年输沙量的问题,实质上是如何改正床沙质输沙率的问题。对此,以往研究较多的是解析法。由于解析法理论上不够完善,在运用该法进行计算所引用的天然河道比降,又往往不易准确观测,计算所得输沙率改正值往往误差过大,该法很难实际应用。因此,我们曾对经验法,即根据本站较精密的资料来进行改正计算作了研究,但由于如何计算概化垂线上的测点流速、含沙量与颗粒级配才能使垂线平均与断面平均     

介绍一种泥沙采样历时速查图

在悬移质输沙率测验中,采用积时式采样器,进行全断面混合法取样,具有缩短测验时间,处理水样简便等优点。但在测验时一定要按当时水位,预先推估出断面平均流速,计算出取样总历时,然后根据各条取沙垂线所代表的部分面积权重,分配各取沙垂线的取样历时,才能保证断面平均含沙量的代表性。为了满足测验要求,同时又可以减少测验历时,下面介绍一种简化图解法——同轴相关图。     

用部分流量权重法推算断面平均含沙量方法的探讨

水文测验中输沙率测验工作是一项非常繁琐而费时的工作，针对不同类型的测验断面试图探讨一种利用部分流量权重法推算断面平均含沙量的方法．以便比较完整掌握断面平均含沙量变化过程，增加断沙测验次数，提高断沙测验精度。供生产和实际工作中应用。     

單位水样含沙量采样位置的选擇及与断面平均含沙量之关系

“水文测站暂行规范”规定输沙率测验的目的,在于精确测定通过测流断面的实际输沙率,并据以计算断面平均含沙量。單位水样含沙量取样目的在于掌握河流含沙量的变化过程,再根据它和断面平均含沙量的关系计算流经某一断面的     

不平衡输沙含沙量垂线分布研究

采用理论推导和数值计算的方法,进一步研究了不平衡输沙条件下的含沙量垂线分布,首次提出了非饱和泥沙通量的概念及其表达式,推导了不平衡输沙含沙量垂线分布的理论解,包括不平衡输沙含沙量垂线分布指数公式和幂函数公式,以及相应的底部含沙量确定方法。同时利用差分法求解剖面二维扩散方程,得到了不同参数的不平衡输沙含沙量垂线分布。其结果除少数误差稍大外,两种途径得出的含沙量垂线分布彼此符合良好。     

时段平均输沙率计算方法探讨

以流量和含沙量在时段内呈线性变化，而输沙率应是二次函数为出发点，用积分的方法推导出时段平均输沙率的计算公式，认为采用这套公式计算日平均输沙率和日平均小于某粒径沙重百分数是合理和实用的。可以提高成果的准确性。     

黄河下游不同河段分组悬沙输移对河床冲淤的影响

小浪底水库运行后, 坝下游分组悬沙输移特点发生改变, 不同河段冲淤过程有所差别。基于1999—2018年坝下游实测水沙资料及固定淤积断面地形数据, 分析汛期分组悬沙输移的沿程调整特点, 建立分组悬沙输移及河床边界条件双重影响下不同河段河床累计冲淤量的计算关系。分析结果表明: ①汛期各组沙输沙率远小于蓄水前, 且中沙输沙率降幅最大, 在各水文断面平均降幅为85%;沿程上细沙输沙率基本不恢复, 而中沙和粗沙恢复距离分别到利津及艾山。②坝下游河床持续冲刷, 各河段河床组成均发生不同程度的粗化; 在拦沙后期(2007—2018年), 游荡段和过渡段床沙中细沙和中沙占比不足5%, 对悬沙几乎无补给作用, 而弯曲段床沙对中沙仍有一定的补给能力。③下游各河段以冲刷下切为主, 但调整幅度不同, 故对水流的约束能力有所差异。建立了各河段累计冲淤量与前期河相系数及进口断面分组来沙系数的经验关系, 并采用2019年下游水沙数据对公式进行了初步验证, 公式能合理反映断面形态与分组悬沙输移对河床累计冲淤过程的影响。     

水库测验中垂线输沙率的计算方法

我们分析整理刘家峡水库异重流测验资料时,发现按水文测验规范中的方法计算垂线输沙率和平均含沙量,随着垂线流速和含沙量分布不同,其结果与实际有不同程度的误差。在某些情况下,会出现计算成果与实际相差一倍以上这类的错误。为此提出一种较精确的方法。该方法原理如下:沿水深方向分成 n 个计算单元,如图1所示。假定在一个计算单元内流速和含沙量为直线变化,则     

喀什地区水文测站单断沙关系分析

基于喀什地区某水文悬移质泥沙测验数据,对该测站断面平均含沙量与单位含沙量之间的相关关系进行分析。结果表明:该站点单断沙比例系数为0. 975,符合《河流悬移质泥沙测验规范》精度要求。在单断沙关系系数分析基础上,可在日后泥沙测验中,对不同水位下的单样含沙量进行测定,并间接推求对应的断面平均含沙量,从而降低悬移质输沙率的测验工作量,提高含沙量整编的精度。研究可为实现该站点悬移质泥沙间测提供重要的参考依据。     

Flow,stress and sediment resuspension in a shallow tidal channel

In October of 2004, a 3-d observational program to measure flow and sediment resuspension within a coastal intertidal salt marsh was conducted in the North Inlet/Winyah Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve located near Georgetown, South Carolina. Current and acoustic backscatter profiles were obtained from a moored acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) deployed in a shallow tidal channel during the spring phase of the tidal cycle under high discharge conditions. The channel serves as a conduit between Winyah Bay, a large brackish estuary, and North Inlet, a saline intertidal coastal salt marsh with little freshwater input. Salinity measurements indicate that the water column is vertically well mixed during flood, but becomes vertically stratified during early ebb. The stratification results from brackish (15 psu) Winyah Bay water entering North Inlet via the tidal channel, suggesting an exchange mechanism that permits North Inlet to receive a fraction of the poor water quality and high discharge flow from upland rivers. Although maximum flood currents exceed maximum ebb currents by 0.2 m s⁻¹, suspended sediment concentrations are highest during the latter ebb phase and persist for a longer fraction of the ebb cycle. Even though the channel is flood-dominated, the higher concentrations occurring over a longer fraction of the ebb phase indicate net particulate transport from Winyah Bay to North Inlet during spring tide accompanied by high discharge. Our evidence suggests that the higher concentrations during ebb result from increased bed friction caused by flow asymmetries and variations in water depth in which the highest stresses occur near the end of ebb near low water despite stronger maximum currents during flood.     

Mapping small-scale along-front structure using ADCP acoustic backscatter range-bin data

A quasi-three-dimensional view of a scallop-shaped river plume front is derived using acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) backscatter measurements recorded in individual range bins. The data show that the scallops consist of broad troughs of plume water separated by narrow cusps of ambient water and have an along-front wavelength of about 13 m. Having this view across such an inhomogeneous region is helpful in interpreting the corresponding ADCP velocity measurements, so that an examination of just those ADCP profiles made in the ambient water shows the expected strong sinking motion, which reaches about 25 cm s^?1 at 1–2-m depth.     

国内外河口悬沙通量研究进展

系统地介绍了国内外河口悬沙通量研究的进展,目前对于河口悬沙通量主要采用模型研究、水文学方法、机制分解、仪器直接测量等方法从理论和实际相结合的角度来进行研究。目前物理模型的研究成果比较直观,但受到模型尺度和精度等的限制,数学模型研究具有快、准的优点,可以给出令人满意的定性结果,但未能达到定量预报的程度;传统的水文学方法可以用来研究河口地区悬移质泥沙在不同动力因子作用下的输移情况;机制分解法是比较成熟和可靠的方法,但该方法与河口动力机制和泥沙输移过程结合不够;使用先进仪器进行直接测量则受到仪器精度和取样点的布设等条件的限制。因此,关于河口悬沙通量的研究还有待于深入和细化。     

声学多普勒剖面仪对悬浮沉积物浓度的测量研究

为探讨声学多普勒剖面仪(PCADP)测量悬浮沉积物浓度(SSC)的可行性,将PCADP测量输出的声学后散射强度经衰减修正后,通过光学浊度计(OBS)标定转变为SSC.结果表明,SSC与后散射强度之间具有较好的相关性(R=0.74),用后散射强度测得的SSC平均相对误差为22.4%.为排除粒径变化对声学测量误差的影响,又对粒径变化不是很大的时段进行了分析,结果相关性有了较大提高(R=0.81),平均相对误差减小为18.9%.由此可见,PCADP能够达到专业SSC测量仪器的精度(20%~50%),满足沉积动力学研究的需要.     

Sediment dynamics of turbidity maximum in Changjiang River mouth in dry season

High-resolution current velocity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) data were collected by using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) at two anchor stations and a cross-section in the South Channel of the Changjiang River mouth during meso and neap tides on Nov. 16, 2003. In addition, tidal cycle (13-hour) observation at two stations was carried out with traditional methods during the spring tide. Results indicated that resuspension occurred not only at the flood and ebb maximum, but also in the early phase of ebb in the meso and neap tide. When tidal current transited from high to ebb phase, current speed accelerated. Subsequently, fine-grained sediment with low critical threshold was resuspended and increased concentration. The river mouth area remained in siltation in the meso and neap tidal phase during the observation season, with calculated resuspension flux in the order of magnitude of 10⁻⁴–10⁻⁷ kg·m−2/s. Suspended sediment transport in the South Channel was dominated by freshwater discharge, but the Storks drift, vertical circulation and vertical shear effect due to tidal oscillation also played an important role in resuspension and associated sediment transport. In contrast, resuspension sediment flux in the spring tide was larger than that in meso and neap tide, especially at the ebb maximum and flood maximum. The present study revealed that intensive resuspension corresponded well with the larger current velocity during winter. In addition, the ‘tidal pumping’ effect and tidal gravity circulation were also vital for forming the turbidity maximum in the Changjiang River estuary.     

Sediment suspension under waves and currents: time scales and vertical structure

Field measurements of the vertical structure of near-bed suspended sediment concentrations were obtained from arrays of fast response optical backscatter suspended solids sensors to examine the time-dependent response of sediment resuspension to waves and currents and the constraints imposed by bedforms. Data were recorded from both a nonbarred, marine shoreface and a barred lacustrine shoreface, under both shoaling and breaking waves (significant heights of 0·25–1·50m; peak periods of 3 and 8 s) and in water depths of 0·5–5·0 m. Sediment concentrations are positively correlated with increasing elevation above the bed, but lagged in time. The time lag varies directly with separation distance between measurement locations and inversely with the horizontal component of the near-bed oscillatory velocity. Both the presence of wave groups and the settling velocities of the sediment particules in suspension influence the temporal changes in concentration at a given elevation. Sediment concentrations appear to respond more slowly to the incident wind-wave forcing with distance away from the bed as a result of two factors: (1) the sequential increase in concentration induced by a succession of large waves in a group; and (ii) the relative increase in finer sediments with smaller settling velocities. Bedforms interact with the near-bed horizontal currents to impose a distinct constraint upon the timing of suspension events relative to the phase of the fluid motion, and, therefore, the vertical structure of the suspended sediment concentration at a range of time scales. The near-bed concentrations appear to be strongly dependent upon the vertical convection of sediment associated with the ejection from the wave boundary layer of separation vortices generated in the lee of ripple crests. Concentration gradients in the presence of vortex ripples are large, as are the correlation between concentrations measured at different elevations within the fluid.     

利用多波束回波强度进行中太平洋潜鱼海山底质分类

中、西太平洋海山区是富钴结壳的重要富集区,钙质远洋沉积、碳酸盐岩沉积及重力作用引起的滑塌沉积是海山山顶和斜坡的主要沉积类型,它们的空间分布规律对于富钴结壳的分布至关重要.在国内首次利用EM122多波束回波强度资料对中太平洋潜鱼海山进行了底质类型研究,对回波强度资料进行处理和统计分类,并与浅地层剖面和地质取样结果对比,分析得出了4种底质类型,即富钴结壳、钙质远洋沉积、碳酸盐岩基底及碎屑流沉积.这几种底质类型具有不同的回波强度特征,其中富钴结壳区表现为均一的回波强度高值特征;钙质远洋沉积区表现为均一的回波强度低值特征,二者回波强度值相差约20 dB.结果显示潜鱼海山山顶仅局部发育钙质远洋沉积,大部分为碳酸盐岩基底出露区,山顶边缘及侧翼山脊处为主要的富钴结壳分布区.此外,该海山存在3处较大规模的重力滑塌沉积区,主要为碎屑流沉积.      

三峡水库入库泥沙实时监测试验研究

入库泥沙实时监测是三峡水库科学调度的重要基础。长江委水文局以比浊法浊度仪为主要研究对象,对三峡入库悬移质泥沙进行了1 500余次比测试验。并考虑不同水力和泥沙因子对含沙量的影响,提出了浊度与含沙量非线性回归模型及精度指标。研究表明,比浊法浊度仪施测浊度具有时效性强、性能稳定、自动化程度高等特点,计算含沙量过程与传统方法得到的含沙量变化过程一致,沙峰含沙量、次洪输沙量推算误差均能满足三峡水库科学调度的需要,可为三峡水库科学调度提供技术支撑。     

The changes in the lower Drava River water level, discharge and suspended sediment regime

Massive construction on the Drava River basin and on the river itself during the last centuries, as well as recent climate change and/or variability, has caused many different and possibly dangerous changes to its hydrological and ecological regime. Since 1975, numerous hydrotechnical works have been carried out on the 60-km long section of the Drava River from the Slovenian–Croatian border to the River Mura mouth. Three hydrotechnical power plants with three reservoirs and three long inlet and outlet canals have been built. Changes in water level, discharge and suspended sediment yield along the Drava River measured in Croatia, downstream of the three Croatian reservoirs, during the last 30–130 years are presented. The investigation focuses on changes that have occurred during the last thirty-odd years, caused by the anthropogenic influences on the Drava River watercourse and its catchment in Croatia and Hungary, and probably by climate change or variability. Methods of rescaled adjusted partial sums, statistical tests, as well as regression and correlation analyses are used to explain changes in water level, discharge and suspended sediment yield. There is evidence in the time series of decreases in the minimum, mean and maximum annual water levels, and minimum and mean discharges on the lower part of the Drava River. One of the main objectives of this study was to examine the effect of dams and reservoirs operation on the changes in the downstream suspended sediment regime. The amount of suspended sediment has been greatly reduced, which can cause serious consequences.     

Overbank sediment: a representative sample medium for regional geochemical mapping

In Scandinavia, most fluvial erosion takes place in the Quaternary glacial overburden at a restricted number of small source areas along individual drainage channels. As a consequence, a sample of active stream sediment is representative of only a very limited portion of the drainage area. This restriction makes stream sediment less reliable for regional exploration than generally expected. Overbank (levee or river-plain) sediment produced during large floods is an alternate more representative sampling medium. The sediment suspended during a flood has a much more widespread origin, and when the load is deposited upon the flood plain, nearly horizontal strata are formed and preserved at levels above the ordinary stream channel. A composite sample through a vertical section of such strata represents a great number of sediment sources that have been active at different times and forms an integrated sample of the entire catchment area. Because young sediments overlay older, the uppermost layers will be contaminated by pollutants in industrialized regions, but those at depth may remain pristine and will to a greater extent reflect the natural pre-industrial environment. In regional geochemical mapping, overbank sediment can be sampled at widely spaced sites, keeping costs per unit area low. Examples from Norway (1 sample station per 500 km²) show that overbank sediment produces broad geochemical patterns with high contrasts reflecting the bedrock geochemistry. Some patterns agree with known geological units and metallogenic provinces, but hitherto unknown major structures have also been indicated. A large Mo-deposit missed by a traditional stream survey is readily detected in the overbank sediment. It is concluded that overbank sediment is a promising alternate sample medium that should be tested in other physiographic regions.