即时合成Cu/Mg/Al层状双氢氧化物处理含Cu2+废水实验研究

在模拟含Cu2+废水中加入Mg2+和Al3+,以NaOH为沉淀剂,研究金属盐水解即时合成层状双氢氧化物去除Cu2+的可行性,同时考察了体系终点pH值、配料中Mg/Cu摩尔比值及反应温度和时间对Cu2+去除率的影响,探讨了Cu2+去除机理及层状双氢氧化物形成过程。结果表明,实验条件下体系终点pH值显著影响Cu2+去除率,在pH值8.0~11.0范围内去除效果较好,达99%以上。通过X射线衍射分析结合即时合成法特点,废水中Cu2+主要是在晶核生成阶段以Cu/Mg/Al三元层状双氢氧化物形式被去除;三元层状双氢氧化物的形成由反应体系中Al3+、Cu2+、Mg2+分步水解导致,最适pH值约为9.0。     

即时合成层状双氢氧化物处理酸性大红GR染料实验研究

印染废水是重要的工业污染源之一,研究新的印染废水脱色技术是水污染控制技术领域重要课题之一。以酸性大红GR为典型代表,初步研究了镁-铝盐水解共沉淀法即时合成层状双氢氧化物(LDH)处理阴离子型染料溶液的效果、影响因素和染料去除机理。结果表明,镁-铝盐水解共沉淀法即时合成LDH对酸性大红GR染料溶液有非常好的脱色效果,影响处理效果的主要因素是Mg/Al比和pH值。在pH值8.5~10.0,Mg/Al比2∶1~4∶1,都可以获得较好的净化效果,酸性大红GR染料浓度0.65 mmol/L时,染料去除率达99%。其净化机理是,当在染料溶液中投加Mg2 、Al2 溶解盐和NaOH时,Mg2 、Al3 水解共沉淀形成LDH的同时,染料阴离子以平衡LDH结构电荷的形式进入LDH结构层间,含有染料的LDH通过沉淀分离从溶液中去除。     

即时合成层状双氢氧化物处理高氟水的实验研究

提出了即时合成层状双氢氧化物去除F-的新方法,并初步揭示了反应的基本原理:首先由Mg2 、Al3 水解共沉淀形成LDH,然后F-嵌入LDH层间平衡结构电荷,从而使F-离子以LDH沉淀的形式被去除。研究结果表明,影响处理效果的因素包括Mg/Al比值、pH值、反应时间等。当Mg/Al为2∶1,pH值为9.5,反应时间为120 min时,F-去除率较高,Mg、Al利用比较充分,显示这种废水处理技术具有非常好的研究价值。     

焦磷酸根在即时合成阴离子粘土结构中的嵌入作用

污染物在矿物结构中的嵌入是固化、净化污染物的一种有前景的矿物学方法。焦磷酸根离子是工业废水中较难处理的工业磷污染源之一,研究新的除磷技术是水污染控制技术领域的重要课题之一。通过人工配制焦磷酸盐废水,初步研究镁一铝盐水解共沉淀法即时合成阴离子粘土去除焦磷酸根的效果、影响因素和焦磷酸根离子在阴离子粘土结构中的嵌入作用。研究结果表明,通过镁一铝盐水解共沉淀法即时合成阴离子粘土,焦磷酸根离子有效地嵌入阴离子粘土结构中,对焦磷酸根有非常好的去除效果。影响处理效果的主要因素是pH值和Mg／Al比值。pH值为9．0～10,Mg／Al比1：1～3：1时,都可以获得较好的去除效果。     

黄钾铁矾类矿物沉淀去除Cr(Ⅵ)的初步研究

为探讨黄钾铁矾类矿物沉淀对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除效果,利用黄钾铁矾类矿物沉淀对模拟含Cr(Ⅵ)废水进行了初步实验处理,结果表明,黄钾铁矾类矿物沉淀对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水有较好的去除效果,去除率都在70%以上,最高可达85%。黄钾铁矾与黄铵铁矾沉淀对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率差别不大;溶液酸碱度对去除率有明显影响,在pH值为2.5~3.2时,时间相同,较高的pH值比低pH值的去除率高。黄钾铁矾类矿物的沉淀过程可用来处理矿山及其他工业废水,去除S、Fe和Cr(Ⅵ)等有毒有害元素。     

物理化学条件对合成Mg／Al-LDH结晶度和结构的影响

采用共沉淀法在不同物理条件下合成了一系列镁铝层状双氢氧化物(LDH),用化学分析、XRD和红外光谱对产物的组成与结构进行了表征,并探讨了初始溶液Mg/Al比、平衡pH值、水热反应温度、干燥温度等因素对合成LDH产物的结晶度、Mg/Al比、结构以及镁铝水解率的影响。结果表明,在实验条件范围内,最佳的合成条件为:初始Mg/Al比为2∶1,pH值为10,合成温度50℃,在此条件下固体产物为单一LDH物相,合成LDH的Mg/Al比为2∶1,镁铝水解率分别为99.21%和98.97%,结晶度高,可以实现在较低的温度下水热合成LDH。由于在LDH结构中Al3 替代Mg2 的量不同,导致X衍射分析d值和晶胞参数呈规律性变化。     

酸性金黄染料在即时合成层状双氢氧化物结构中嵌入作用

工业染料废水是一类治理难度很大的有机废水,研究新的处理工业染料废水的方法是水污染控制技术领域的重要课题之一。本文研究即时合成层状双氢氧化物(LDH)处理酸性金黄溶液的效果以及影响因素,并利用XRD分析研究了酸性金黄染料在LDH结构中的嵌入方式和反应机理。结果表明,在酸性金黄溶液中同时加入镁盐和铝盐,在pH 7~11的范围内,酸性金黄都有很高的去除率。酸性金黄阴离子以补偿LDH层板电荷的形式嵌入到层间。嵌入到层间的酸性金黄阴离子以双层倾斜45°方式排列。     

Fe/Ag催化臭氧氧化降解苯酚的研究

为研究双金属催化剂去除有机污染物的效果,采用自制Fe/Ag催化剂对模拟苯酚废水进行了臭氧催化氧化处理。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、比表面积分析仪(BET)和X射线衍射(XRD)对催化剂进行表征,并考察了催化剂类型、催化剂投加量和溶液初始pH值对降解效果的影响规律。结果表明:与Fe相比,Fe/Ag比表面积减少了22.8%,在Fe/Ag/O₃与含苯酚废水的反应体系中,反应遵循臭氧直接作用和活性自由基(·OH、·O₂、H₂O₂)共同作用的机理;Fe/Ag在反应过程中体现出良好的协同作用;300 mg/L的苯酚模拟废水在pH=6.3、Fe/Ag投加量为1.00 g的最优反应条件下经60 min反应,苯酚与化学需氧量(COD)去除率比单独臭氧氧化分别提高了18.4%和29.4%。     

鸟粪石结晶法预处理垃圾渗滤液中高浓度氨氮的研究

利用鸟粪石结晶法预处理垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度氨氮,通过单因素实验和正交实验探讨了pH值、添加剂种类、添加剂比例、反应时间4个因素对氨氮去除率的影响,结合反应过程中的经济成本得出鸟粪石结晶法最佳工艺条件为:pH=9,添加剂为MgC12·6H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O,n(Mg2+):n(NH4+):n(PO43-)=1:1:1,反应时间15min,氨氮去除率达到90.13%,剩余氨氮在300mg/L以下。通过XRD和ESEM分析,沉淀产物为鸟粪石。实验表明鸟粪石结晶法可以有效去除垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度氨氮,为后续使用生物法处理提供条件,也可以弥补矿物吸附法去除氨氮的不足。可将其与生物法、矿物吸附法等方法组合使用,综合处理垃圾渗滤液。     

天然含铅黄铁矿试样处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的机理研究

天然黄铁矿对Cr (Ⅵ)具有较强的处理能力。本研究选取湖北十堰某天然含铅黄铁矿试样处理含Cr (Ⅵ)的废水,利用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱对样品进行结构与成分分析,考察了去除Cr(Ⅵ)反应的影响因素。结果表明,天然含铅黄铁矿样品对Cr (Ⅵ)具有较好的去除能力,其对浓度为50mg/L的含Cr(Ⅵ)废水去除率达95%~99%。并系统研究了黄铁矿颗粒粒度、反应时长、pH值对处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水性能的影响,发现Cr(Ⅵ)主要吸附在黄铁矿颗粒表面形成絮状物质,对反应后产物的SEM和XRD分析结果表明,反应形成的絮状沉淀物为含铬、铅元素的针状铬铅矿,这对生成次生矿物沉淀从而除铬的新方法具有进一步的研究意义。     

贵州水银洞卡林型金矿床首次发现大量次显微-显微可见自然金颗粒

在贵州水银洞卡林型金矿床原生富矿石的一条含砷黄铁矿细脉中发现有100余粒次显微-显微自然金颗粒(0.1~6μm),并具有清晰的显微岩相学结构。提出了该类型金矿次显微-显微可见自然金颗粒的形成过程可能与含Au热液-岩石相互作用过程中含Fe碳酸盐矿物溶解释放Fe的大量硫化物化而导致热液中Au的过饱和有关,含Fe碳酸盐赋矿围岩是形成高品位大型卡林型金矿床最重要的控制因素之一。     

Disposal of wastewater containing Congo Red by synthesizing layer double hydroxide in-situ

Based on the principle of synthesis, a new method was put forward to dispose Congo Red anion-containing dyestuff from wastewater and its feasibility was also examined. The principle of the method is described as follows： Mg^2＋ and Al^3＋ are hydrolyzed to form Mg/Al-LDH by adding Mg^2＋, Al^3＋ and NaOH in wastewater containing anion dyestuff, which is selectively intercalated with the interlayer of LDH in order to balance positive structural charge. While Mg^2＋ and Al^3＋ are co-precipitated to form LDH, the anion dyestuff in wastewater will be removed by LDH synthesized in-situ, as is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of settlings and chemical analysis of aqueous samples. In this work, we studied the influence of Mg/Al mole ratio, pH value, time and temperature of reaction on the removal of anion dyestuff and the use of Mg and Al. The experimental results showed the maximum removal efficiency of anion dyestuff could be attained when pH value was 9.0, and Mg/Al mol ratio was 2 ： 1, reaction duration was 2 hours, and the effect of temperature was not remarkable, and the removal efficiency could reach 100%. Meanwhile, the Mg and Al added could be made good use of. This technology has the advantage of extraordinary efficiency of wastewater disposal.     

Disposal of wastewater containing Congo Red by synthesizing layer double hydroxide in-situ

Based on the principle of synthesis, a new method was put forward to dispose Congo Red anion-containing dyestuff from wastewater and its feasibility was also examined. The principle of the method is described as follows: Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ are hydrolyzed to form Mg/Al-LDH by adding Mg²⁺, Al³⁺ and NaOH in wastewater containing anion dyestuff, which is selectively intercalated with the interlayer of LDH in order to balance positive structural charge. While Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ are co-precipitated to form LDH, the anion dyestuff in wastewater will be removed by LDH synthesized in-situ, as is confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of settlings and chemical analysis of aqueous samples. In this work, we studied the influence of Mg/Al mole ratio, pH value, time and temperature of reaction on the removal of anion dyestuff and the use of Mg and Al. The experimental results showed the maximum removal efficiency of anion dyestuff could be attained when pH value was 9.0, and Mg/Al mol ratio was 2: 1, reaction duration was 2 hours, and the effect of temperature was not remarkable, and the removal efficiency could reach 100%. Meanwhile, the Mg and Al added could be made good use of. This technology has the advantage of extraordinary efficiency of wastewater disposal. Foundation item: Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40472026).     

Effectiveness of Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide for heavy metal removal from mine wastewater and sludge volume reduction

Health hazards from heavy metal pollution in water systems are a global environmental problem. Of similar concern is sludge that results from wastewater treatment due to unsatisfactory sludge management technology. Therefore, the effectiveness of using Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide in the removal of heavy metals from mine wastewater was tested and compared with that of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)₂], which is a common treatment method for heavy metal removal. Initially, the mine wastewater contained cations of the heavy metals iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). The Mg–Al-layered double hydroxides were able to remove 371, 7.2, 121, and 0.4 mg/L of these pollutants, respectively, using the co-precipitation method. The removal of these metals is most effective using 0.5 g Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide (Mg/Al molar ratio 4) and 20 min of shaking. Zn was removed by the formation of Zn(NO₃)(OH)·H₂O and Zn₅(NO₃)₂(OH)₈ when LDH, Mg/Al molar ratios of 4 and 2, respectively, were used. Similarly, Fe, Cu, and Pb were removed by the formation of Fe–Al-layered double hydroxide, Cu₂(OH)₃·NO₃ and Pb₄(OH)₄(NO₃)₄, respectively. While Ca(OH)₂ is also capable of reducing the heavy metal concentrations below the Japanese recommended values, this analysis shows that using 0.5 g Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide is a better treatment condition for mine wastewater, because it generates lower sludge volumes than 0.1 g of Ca(OH)₂. The measured sludge volume was 1.5 mL for Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide and 2.5 mL for Ca(OH)₂, a nearly twofold further reduction.     

水滑石对水溶性染料活性深蓝ST-2GLN脱色性能研究

研究了水滑石(LDH)及其焙烧产物(LDO)吸附脱除水溶液中活性深蓝ST-2GLN的性能。考察了pH值、吸附剂投加量、时间等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明:LDH及LDO对活性深蓝ST-2GLN染料具有良好的脱除效果,室温下,1 g/L的LDH和0.5 g/L的LDO对浓度为100 mg/L的染料的脱色率分别达到96.11%和98.58%。pH值是影响吸附能力的关键因素,吸附剂对溶液pH值有一定缓冲作用。LDH及LDO对活性深蓝ST-2GLN吸附结果均符合Langmuir吸附等温式。饱和吸附后的LDH用高温热解法再生,再生产物吸附性能良好,随再生次数增多,脱色率下降。     

Primary minerals of Zn-Pb mining and metallurgical dumps and their environmental behavior at Plombières,Belgium

The primary phases and minerals of the Plombières dumps include typical smelting furnace products such as metallic Fe, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe-Zn alloys, carbides, phosphides, sulfides of Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn (alabandite), and FeAs. Spinels, mainly of Fe and Al, are common constituents of the primary assemblage; substitution by Zn, V, Cr, Ti, Mg, and Ca occurs. Primary phases also include the most common Zn-rich fayalite, Zn-rich Ca-Fe silicates, melilite, corundum, and apatite. Most of the Zn is incorporated in iron silicates, ZnO and ZnS. Lead occurs mainly as PbS, metallic lead, and is also present in coal residues. Cadmium is found mainly in metallic zinc and its alloys and in ZnO. The dumps also contain mining wastes composed of pyrite, melnikovite, and iron oxides produced by natural weathering of Zn-Pb ores. Melnikovite and iron oxides are rich in As, Pb, and Zn and possess an increased content of Tl. Leaching tests carried out on the surfaces of polished sections indicate that acid rain (solutions I and II) will mobilize mainly Zn and Cd and, to a much smaller extent, Pb and Sb. Leaching of metals by sulfate-chloride fluids present in the pore network of dumps (solutions III, IV, and V) depends on the pH, which in the dumps is controlled by the proportion of carbonates to sulfides. The more acid fluids leach both sulfides and silicates.     

Removal of lead from aqueous solution using low cost abundantly available adsorbents

The removal of poisonous Pb (II) from wastewater by different low-cost abundant adsorbents was investigated. Rice husks, maize cobs and sawdust, were used at different adsorbent/metal ion ratios. The influence of pH, contact time, metal concentration, adsorbent concentration on the selectivity and sensitivity of the removal process was investigated. The adsorption efficiencies were found to be pH dependent, increasing by increasing the solution pH in the range from 2.5 to 6.5. The equilibrium time was attained after 120 min and the maximum removal percentage was achieved at an adsorbent loading weight of 1.5 gm. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of adsorbents used for lead were measured and extrapolated using linear Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherms and the experimental data were found to fit the Temkin isotherm model.     

Biotite dissolution and Cr(VI) reduction at elevated pH and ionic strength

The effects of elevated pH, ionic strength, and temperature on sediments in the vadose zone are of primary importance in modeling contaminant transport and understanding the environmental impact of tank leakage at nuclear waste storage facilities like those of the Hanford site. This study was designed to investigate biotite dissolution under simulated high level waste (HLW) conditions and its impact on Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization. Biotite dissolution increased with NaOH concentrations in the range of 0.1 to 2 mol L^-1. There was a corresponding release of K, Fe, Si, and Al to solution, with Si and Al showing a complex pattern due to the formation of secondary zeolite minerals. Dissolved Fe concentrations were an order of magnitude lower than the other elements, possibly due to the formation of green rust and Fe(OH)₂. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) also increased with increased NaOH concentration. A homogeneous reduction of chromate by Fe(II)_aq released through biotite dissolution was probably the primary pathway responsible for this reaction. Greater ionic strengths increased biotite dissolution and consequently increased Fe(II)_aq release and Cr(VI) removal. The results indicated that HLW would cause phyllosilicate dissolution and the formation of secondary precipitates that would have a major impact on radionuclide and contaminant transport in the vadose zone at the Hanford site.     

Effective removal of zinc from an aqueous solution using Turkish leonardite–clinoptilolite mixture as a sorbent

In this study, the feasibility of using a low-cost adsorbent mixture composed of leonardite (L) and clinoptilolite (C) was evaluated by batch adsorption method using different parameters such as mixing ratio, contact time, pH, temperature, and adsorbent amount for the removal of Zn (II) ions from an aqueous solution. The adsorbents were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Additionally, leonardite–clinoptilolite mixture was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray. The Zn (II) adsorption along with an unprecedented adsorption capacity of 454.55 mg g^?1 for unmodified natural sorbents was obtained by mixing leonardite and clinoptilolite (LC) without any pretreatment at a ratio of 3:1, using 0.1 g of sorbent at a pH 6, for 2 h of contact time. The experimental data showed a good fit for the Langmuir isotherm model. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the present adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic in nature (25–50 °C). The kinetic results of the adsorption showed that the Zn (II) adsorption onto the LC follows pseudo-second-order model. The resultant LC mixture has an excellent adsorption capacity of a Zn (II) aqueous solution, and data obtained may form the basis for utilization of LC as an unpretreated low-cost adsorbent for treatment of metalliferous industrial wastewater.