矿物法组合处理垃圾填埋场渗滤液的研究

垃圾填埋场渗滤液水质复杂,危害性大,对其无害化处理尚未得到很好解决。研究发现,垃圾渗滤液中有机污染物可标识划分为亲水性和疏水性两大类物质。实验针对性采用亲水的天然膨润土处理亲水性有机物,疏水的有机膨润土处理疏水性有机物,再结合鸟粪石结晶法去除氨氮,从而获得一套处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液的经济高效的矿物法组合处理技术。采用GC-MS技术鉴定经矿物法处理后的垃圾渗滤液,亲水性和疏水性有机污染物的种类和含量都明显降低。检测进水与出水的COD、氨氮及重金属浓度这三项关键指标,垃圾渗滤液原液COD为2566 mg/L,氨氮3859 mg/L,重金属Hg为0.305 mg/L。矿物法组合处理后出水的COD为245mg/L,氨氮48 mg/L,重金属Hg未检出。矿物组合法为垃圾渗滤液的无害化处理提供了一条新的思路。     

钾、钠离子对垃圾渗滤液RO浓缩液中鸟粪石结晶的影响

垃圾渗滤液RO浓缩液等高氨氮废水中钾钠离子浓度较高,而钾钠离子对鸟粪石结晶法回收氨的影响规律尚未了解。本文通过向人工配制不同钾钠浓度的模拟和实际RO浓缩液中投加镁盐、磷酸盐促使鸟粪石结晶,测定结晶前后溶液中氨氮、磷酸盐、钾钠离子浓度,并利用XRD、SEM分析结晶产物的结构和形貌,探讨钾钠离子对鸟粪石结晶及氨回收率的影响。结果表明,随着K~+浓度增加,氨氮回收率由96. 5%降至83. 0%,结晶产物中K~+质量分数由2. 4%升至6. 4%;鸟粪石特征衍射峰向高角度偏移,说明K~+进入鸟粪石晶格位置形成含钾鸟粪石;由于K~+与NH4+存在竞争,在相同镁、氨氮、磷配比条件下会降低氨的回收率,但K~+对鸟粪石粒径和形貌基本无影响。Na+对氨氮回收率影响不显著,但会影响鸟粪石晶体形貌。用实际垃圾渗滤液RO浓缩液实验表明,在鸟粪石结晶回收氨氮的水处理中考虑到K~+的竞争,提高镁盐、氨氮与磷酸盐的投加比例为1. 8∶1∶1. 5即可保证氨氮的回收率,同时还可部分回收其中的K~+成为缓释肥营养组分。     

褐铁矿和白云石对垃圾渗滤液厌氧消化增强作用的初步研究

垃圾渗滤液治理一直是城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场的难题。能否利用矿物-微生物交互作用提高垃圾渗滤液有机污染物厌氧转化的效率是值得研究的问题。本文设置4组厌氧生物反应器(分别为只添加褐铁矿或者白云石、同时添加褐铁矿和白云石以及不添加矿物的空白组),考察添加褐铁矿、白云石对垃圾渗滤液厌氧消化的影响。实验结果表明,厌氧生化反应12 d时,添加了褐铁矿和白云石的反应器中COD去除率均达到80%以上,而空白对照组COD去除率仅为50%;4组反应器中溶液pH值变化表明,矿物的存在提高了溶液的pH值0.5左右;4组反应器中氨氮含量变化不大,也没有表现出明显差异。研究认为褐铁矿或白云石矿物在垃圾渗滤液中有机物的厌氧消化过程中起到了重要促进作用。研究结果为提高垃圾渗滤液厌氧处理效率提供了一个可供参考的方法。     

赤泥吸附垃圾渗滤液中COD和氨氮的实验研究

在不同的环境条件下,以北京昌平小汤山的阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,以COD、氨氮为评价指标,进行了赤泥吸附垃圾渗滤液中有害物质的实验,研究了赤泥的COD、氨氮吸附效果与其用量、渗滤液pH、温度、振荡时间的关系.实验表明,赤泥对氨氮有一定的吸附能力.     

片沸石、钙基膨润土去除垃圾渗滤液中有害物质的实验研究

以位于北京昌平小汤山的阿苏卫垃圾卫生填埋场渗滤液为研究对象,在不同的环境条件下:酸度(pH=5~9),温度(4℃~30℃),利用片沸石、钙基膨润土去除垃圾渗滤液中有害物质的实验,以化学耗氧量(COD)、氨氮为评价指标,分别探讨片沸石、钙基膨润土的COD、氨氮去除效果与其用量、渗滤液pH、温度、振荡时间的关系。研究表明,在实验条件下,片沸石对COD的最大去除量约为31×10-3,对氨氮的最大去除量约为27×10-3;去除COD、氨氮的最佳条件分别为:片沸石用量20 g/L、pH为5、温度4℃、振荡时间100 min。在实验条件下,钙基膨润土对COD的最大去除量约为63×10-3,对氨氮的最大去除量约为14×10-3;去除COD、氨氮的最佳条件分别为:钙基膨润土用量30 g/L、pH为5、温度4℃、振荡时间100 min。根据实验结果,对片沸石、钙基膨润土去除COD、氨氮的机理主要是氢键、静电作用及离子交换作用。     

不同条件对蒸发法处理垃圾渗滤液效果的影响

利用蒸发法对中老龄垃圾渗滤液进行处理,通过定时分批对蒸发后的渗滤液进行取样测定,研究在不同蒸发温度、不同风速条件下渗滤液在蒸发过程中pH 值、有机物及氨氮含量的变化规律。结果表明: 蒸发浓缩液中pH 值变化幅度不大; 渗滤液中有机污染物在不同的蒸发条件下总量在减少,但减少量不大; 在蒸发温度为25℃,风速为1. 5 m/s 的条件下氨氮的去除效率为37%。     

酸性矿山排水与垃圾渗滤液混合厌氧消化

酸性矿山排水一直是难以处理的矿山环境问题之一。课题组前期研究表明,硫酸盐矿物和铁氧化物矿物能够促进垃圾渗滤液中有机物的降解。而硫铁矿的酸性矿山排水中既含有大量的硫酸盐也还有较高浓度的铁离子,因此,我们进一步研究了将酸性矿山排水和垃圾渗滤液混合后进行厌氧处理的效果,并通过小瓶实验优化得到在m(COD)/m(SO2-4)为3的配比下,将酸性矿山排水与垃圾渗滤液进行混合调节后处理,调节废水中的COD、硫酸根以及其他金属离子都可以得到较好的去除效果。因此,本文采用工作体积为4 L的连续运行反应器,长期考察将酸性矿山排水和垃圾渗滤液混合后进行厌氧消化的效果。在连续运行实验中,参照小瓶实验结果,按照m(COD)/m(SO2-4)为3的配比,将酸性矿山排水与垃圾渗滤液混合,之后用NaO H溶液调节混合液的p H,得到p H为7.5左右的调节废水,调节废水中COD、硫酸盐浓度分别约为7 500 mg/L和2 500 mg/L。将调节废水加入反应器,鼓氩气,不接种其他微生物,维持厌氧运行,水力停留时间和温度分别为20 d和35℃。厌氧反应器稳定运行一年后,反应器出水中的COD和硫酸盐浓度分别约为800 mg/L和500 mg/L,调节废水中COD和硫酸根的去除率分别达到90%和80%,Fe、Mn、Ca、Zn等重金属离子的去除率均在80%~90%。微生物群落分析的结果表明,种群上占优势的微生物主要有硫酸盐还原菌、产酸菌、产甲烷菌与铁还原菌等厌氧微生物。硫酸盐还原菌是能够适应苛刻环境的微生物,在厌氧条件下,硫酸盐还原菌利用混合废水中的有机质还原硫酸盐生成单质硫和S2-,而生成的S2-可以用于还原三价铁离子,并同时与调节废水中的重金属离子生成金属硫化物沉淀,从而实现单质硫、硫离子和重金属离子的去除,亦解除了游离的S2-对微生物的毒性作用。此外,铁还原菌也能够将三价铁还原成Fe2+,Fe2+能提高硫酸盐还原菌、产酸菌等厌氧微生物的活性。本文的研究结果表明,将酸性矿山排水和垃圾渗滤液混合后进行厌氧消化,能够同时高效处理两种废水,达到以废治废目的,具有一定的实际应用价值。另一方面,由于垃圾渗滤液的可生化性较差,而本实验中调节废水的COD去除率高达90%,这说明垃圾渗滤液中的一些难降解物质也被分解转化,因此,酸性矿山排水与垃圾渗滤液混合厌氧消化过程中涉及的具体机制还需要进一步进行深入的研究。     

热处理褐铁矿去除水中的Mn2+

本文利用褐铁矿中针铁矿经热脱水相变获得以纳米晶赤铁矿为主要物相的纳米-微米多级孔结构材料,并用于模拟净化富Mn~(2+)地下水。同时考察了热处理温度、初始pH值、初始Mn~(2+)浓度、吸附反应时间等对材料去除溶液中Mn~(2+)的影响。XRD、TEM、BET表征结果表明,300℃热处理产物中赤铁矿孔径最小为2.7 nm,比表面积最大达到107.4 m~2/g。吸附实验结果表明,在pH值5~10的范围内,p H值对煅烧褐铁矿颗粒对Mn~(2+)去除效果影响较小;材料在贫氧条件下对水中低浓度Mn~(2+)的最大吸附量为6.45 mg/g;吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型;褐铁矿热处理形成的纳米晶赤铁矿对Mn~(2+)具有吸附和催化氧化作用,其中的杂质锰氧化物对Mn~(2+)的吸附和催化氧化具有增强作用。     

硅藻土-无定形碳-氧化铁三元复合体系降解三硝基甲苯的研究

煤系共伴生非金属矿产开发及综合利用难度大。本文针对先锋褐煤共伴生硅藻土高有机质、高铁的特点,提出硅藻土原矿经提纯处理后,在N2作为保护气氛下,高温煅烧形成硅藻土-无定形碳-氧化铁三元复合材料,在类Fenton体系下,去除TNT污染物的开发利用技术路线。本文考察了硅藻土处理条件、反应时间、H2O2浓度、三元复合硅藻土投加量、pH值等因素对TNT降解效能的影响。研究表明三元复合硅藻土对TNT吸附降解的最佳工艺条件为:硅藻土用量为2 g/L,H2O2(30%)4 m L/L,pH值1,反应时间2.5 h。该工艺条件下,50 mg/L TNT去除率为98%。     

垃圾渗滤液与酸性矿山排水混合处理配比的优化

酸性矿山排水和垃圾渗滤液这两种废水均对环境污染严重,且对人类危害极大。垃圾渗滤液的突出特点是有机污染物种类多且浓度高、生物降解性差、氨氮浓度高。矿山酸性排水特点是水量大、p H较低(一般为2~3),硫酸盐和可溶性重金属离子的浓度高。生物法在对这两种废水处理中都有着广泛的应用,但目前对这两种废水都是采用单独处理方法,其工艺复杂且处理成本高。有国内学者以生活污水与酸性矿山排水进行混合厌氧处理的可行性探究,发现混合法处理比单独处理两种废水能实现污染物更好的去除。考虑到垃圾渗滤液中有机物含量高和氨氮浓度高等特点,理论上以垃圾渗滤液中有机物作为碳源,将垃圾渗滤液与酸性矿山排水混合后进行生物处理是可行的。因此本实验研究在不同m(COD)/m(SO2-4)配比下,即不同垃圾渗滤液和酸性矿山排水配比下,混合液中各种污染物的降解情况,主要是以硫酸盐和COD去除率为指标来优化两种废水的配比。本实验中所用垃圾渗滤液取自合肥市龙泉山垃圾填埋场渗滤液原液,酸性矿山排水取自马鞍山向山尾矿库的酸水坑。实验设计4组不同的配比,以只含垃圾渗滤液的实验组为对照组,其余3组将垃圾渗滤液和酸性矿山排水混合,使其m(COD)/m(SO2-4)比分别为0.5、1和3。实验以500 mL血清瓶作为反应器,每组做3个平行样以减少实验误差。两种废水混合后用1 mol/L的NaO H溶液调节p H至中性,鼓入氩气以置换瓶中的空气,使反应环境保持厌氧。所有实验组均置于35℃恒温培养箱培养,间隔一定时间进行产气情况及水质指标的测定,测试指标主要有CODCr、硫酸盐、氨氮和总氮等。实验结果表明,m(COD)/m(SO2-4)比显著影响混合液中硫酸盐的还原和有机物的厌氧消化效率。对比4个实验组的结果,发现所有实验组中的硫酸盐和COD都有所降解,但降解效果不同。只含垃圾渗滤液的对照组和m(COD)/m(SO2-4)分别为0.5、1、3的实验组中,硫酸盐去除率分别为和83.23%、12.62%、22.84%、60.31%,COD去除率分别为68.23%、43.35%、29.66%、66.04%。对照组中的硫酸盐去除率最大是因为垃圾渗滤液中硫酸盐含量低,硫酸盐还原生成的S2-相对也少,对体系的毒害作用就小,所以反应进行得相对彻底。m(COD)/m(SO2-4)值为3的实验组中硫酸盐去除率为60.31%,显著高于m(COD)/m(SO2-4)值为0.5和1的实验组。因此,确定在m(COD)/m(SO2-4)比为3的条件下,混合液中的硫酸盐和COD可以同时得到较好的去除。在本实验的厌氧消化体系中,存在多种厌氧微生物,如硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)和产甲烷菌(MPA)等。前人研究表明,在m(COD)/m(SO2-4)值大于2.7的情况下,MPA占优势,其受抑制作用小;m(COD)/m(SO2-4)值小于1.7的情况下,SRB占优势,而MPA受抑制作用大。m(COD)/m(SO2-4)值在1.7~2.7之间时,SRB与MPA之间存在着激烈的竞争,但相较而言,SRB比与MPA更具有竞争优势,因为:1)反应热力学有利于硫酸盐还原作用。硫酸盐还原反应比产甲烷过程更容易进行,因为硫酸盐还原作用所释放的能量比产甲烷反应所释放的能量要多;2)SRB对于产甲烷的前体H2和乙酸具有更高的亲和力,即较低的Km值;3)MPA反应过程中所要求的氧化还原电位比SRB更低。在本实验中,m(COD)/m(SO2-4)值为0.5和1的两个反应组,由于m(COD)/m(SO2-4)值小于1.7,因此SRB占优势,但硫酸盐还原率较低,可能的原因包括:1)SRB在与MPA的竞争中,虽有热力学优势,但它增殖速率缓慢,基质不足时需要较长时间才能成为优势菌种;2)发生SO2-4还原反应的理论m(COD)/m(SO2-4)值是0.67,该反应在SRB体内进行,但由于COD和SO2-4的渗透能力不同,使得在其体内要比体外的低,小于理论值0.67,所以SO2-4不能达到很高的还原率。3)反应体系中硫化物含量很高,对微生物有毒害作用。尤其以H2S对SRB的毒害作用最大,硫化物严重抑制了微生物在体系中的生长及作用。m(COD)/m(SO2-4)值为3的反应组,SO2-4去除效果较好,这说明在环境为SRB提供了充分基质的情况下,SRB也能在短时间内占优势。垃圾渗滤液与酸性矿山排水混合处理过程中的具体机制还需要进一步的深入研究。     

考虑温度电动淋洗法去除污染软土中铬试验研究

针对铬污染软土,自行设计了电动淋洗试验装置,开展了铬污染软土室内土柱淋洗试验,分析了试验过程中电流、电解质溶液pH的变化以及淋洗液种类、外加电压、温度对重金属铬去除特性的影响。结果表明:电动淋洗试验可以有效去除土壤中的重金属铬;相对于单一淋洗试验,用10 V电压强化淋洗试验显著提高了重金属铬去除效果,淋洗液为十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDS）时Cr（VI）和Cr（总）去除效率是单一淋洗法的2.79,3.12倍。当电压为10 V,温度升高至45 ℃时,淋洗液为柠檬酸（CA）和草酸（OA）的各组试验表明Cr（Ⅵ）与Cr（总）去除率均相应提高;而淋洗液为十二烷基苯磺酸钠时的试验组中Cr（VI）去除率提高了5.84%,Cr（总）去除率降低了4.25%,表明升高温度使部分Cr（VI）还原成不易迁移的Cr（III）;淋洗液为草酸的试验组中升高温度时Cr（Ⅵ）与Cr（总）去除率最高,分别达到了82.08%、77.57%,分别相应提高了27.65%、26.01%。电动淋洗试验后,铬污染软土土粒结构变得更紧密,土粒之间的孔隙减小且被填充的更加密实。     

煤系硬质高岭土的漂白处理

煤系硬质高岭土因有机质、铁、钛等有害成分的影响,原矿白度较低,应用范围受到限制。通过超细粉碎—除有机质—还原除铁—焙烧等工艺深加工处理后,可得到白度＞８０％、粒度＜１μｍ大于９０％的高岭土精粉,产品档次大为提高。     

Nitrogen and phosphorus distribution and utilization bySpartina alterniflora in a Louisiana gulf coast marsh

Nitrogen and phosphorus content ofSpartina alterniflora Loisel and soil nitrogen were measured along a transect perpendicular to a stream in a Louisiana salt marsh in order to provide information on differences between the so-called streamside and inland regions. Total plant nitrogen and phosphorus levels in June and September tended to be greater at streamside than inland sites. Total soil nitrogen on a dry soil weight basis increased with distance inland from a natural stream toward an interdistributary basin in the marsh. Soil extractable ammonium-nitrogen levels measured in June were very low in vegetated streamside and inland areas, but they were much higher in inland areas devoid of plants. Nitrogen and phosphorus utilization byS. alterniflora was also investigated at an inland location in the salt marsh. Labelled ammonium-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus were added in May at a rate of 200 kg/ha to the soil of replicated plots. Added nitrogen significantly increased total above-ground plant biomass and plant height by 28 and 25%, respectively, 4 months after application. The ratio of belowground macro-organic matter to total aboveground biomass was decreased from 5.7 to 4.7 by the additional nitrogen. Added phosphorus did not significantly affect plant height and biomass. The use of¹⁵N-depleted nitrogen tracers showed that about half of the nitrogen in the aboveground portion ofS. alterniflora from 1 to 4 months after the nitrogen addition was derived from the added ammonium-nitrogen. After 4 months, 28 and 29% of the added labelled nitrogen was recovered in the aboverground and belowground biomass ofS. alterniflora, respectively. Recovery of added nitrogen was overestimated with a non-tracer method based on the difference in total nitrogen uptake between nitrogen-amended plots and untreated plots. Soil organic nitrogen comprised the majority of the nitrogen in the salt marsh. Nitrogen in the standing crop biomass ofS. alterniflora represented only about 2% of the total nitrogen in the plantsoil system of an inland marsh to a 20 cm soil depth.     

基于DRAINMOD的农田地表径流氮素流失动态模拟

为了解水旱农田地表径流氮素流失机理及过程,于2008年6～9月在湖北省漳河灌区开展了田间试验,并利用DRAINMOD模型对其进行模拟。研究结果表明:水田地表径流铵态氮和硝态氮的流失率均高于旱地,水田地表径流以铵态氮为主,而旱地以硝态氮为主。水旱农田地表径流氮素流失模拟值与实测值都非常接近,水田地表径流硝态氮和铵态氮模拟的相对误差分别为8.35%和10.99%,旱地分别为5.45%和14.11%;水田硝态氮和铵态氮模拟的效率系数分别为0.961和0.974,旱地的分别为0.993和0.938,效果都很好。因此,利用DRAINMOD模型进行该地区农田氮素流失动态模拟是可行而有效的。     

Chlorate reduction by dithionite/UV advanced reduction process

Chlorate is one of the disinfection byproducts that are formed when chlorine/chlorine dioxide is used as a primary disinfectant. This study investigated the removal of chlorate by photochemical degradation using an advanced reduction process, which is a treatment method that combines a reducing agent with an activating method to generate reducing radicals. The effectiveness of combinations of reducing agents and three UV light sources having a peak output at 254, 365, and 312 nm were evaluated for chlorate removal. Dithionite irradiated by broad-band UVB lamp having the peak energy at 312 nm showed the highest chlorate removal. In pursuit of finding the optimum advanced reduction process conditions, the environmental process variables including pH, reducing agent dose, and light intensity were investigated. Dithionite/UV-B advanced reduction process was effective in weakly acidic conditions (pH < 5), and chlorate removal occurred in two steps. The first was an initial rapid decrease in chlorate concentration that occurred before initiating UV irradiation and was attributed to reaction with dithionite decomposition products. The second step was a slow decrease during UV irradiation that is caused by radicals produced by photolysis of the products of dithionite decomposition. The major product of chlorate destruction was chloride, with negligible amounts of chlorite produced.     

Holocene carbonate sedimentation in Lake Manitoba, Canada

The carbonate mineral suite of the modern offshore bottom sediment of the South Basin of Lake Manitoba consists mainly of high magnesian calcite and dolomite with minor amounts of low-Mg calcite and aragonite. The high-Mg calcite is derived from inorganic precipitation within the water column in response to supersaturation brought about by high levels of organic productivity in the basin. Both dolomite and pure calcite are detrital in origin, derived from erosion of the surrounding carbonate-rich glacial deposits. Aragonite, present only in trace amounts in the offshore sediments, is bioclastic in origin. The upward increase in the amount of magnesian calcite in the post-glacial sediment record is attributed to increasing photosynthetic utilization of CO₂ in the lake. Stratigraphic variation in the amount of magnesium incorporated into the calcite lattice is interpreted as reflecting a variable magnesium input to the lake from ground water and surface runoff, and possibly variable calcium removal in the precipitating lake water. The effects of long-term chemical weathering at the source and size segregation explain the changes in dolomite content throughout the section.     

The influence of nitrogen level,form, and application method on the growth response ofSpartina alterniflora in North Carolina

The influence of nitrogen level, form, and application method on the growth response of short and tallSpartina alterniflora was determined in a North Carolina salt marsh. The application of various nitrogen levels increased the aerial standing crop of shortSpartina as much as 172%, but had no significant effect on that of the tall form. Band application produced a significantly greater yield response than broadcast application in both height forms. The yield of shortSpartina increased significantly more from ammonium fertilization than from nitrate, while there was no significant effect of nitrogen form on tallSpartina. Band application of ammonium-nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the yield of shortSpartina more than band application of nitrate-nitrogen and broadcast application of either nitrogen form.     

Constraining magnesium cycling in marine sediments using magnesium isotopes

Magnesium concentrations in deep-sea sediment pore-fluids typically decrease down core due to net precipitation of dolomite or clay minerals in the sediments or underlying crust. To better characterize and differentiate these processes, we have measured magnesium isotopes in pore-fluids and sediment samples from Ocean Drilling Program sites (1082, 1086, 1012, 984, 1219, and 925) that span a range of oceanographic settings. At all sites, magnesium concentrations decrease with depth. At sites where diagenetic reactions are dominated by the respiration of organic carbon, pore-fluid δ²⁶Mg values increase with depth by as much as 2‰. Because carbonates preferentially incorporate ²⁴Mg (low δ²⁶Mg), the increase in pore-fluid δ²⁶Mg values at these sites is consistent with the removal of magnesium in Mg-carbonate (dolomite). In contrast, at sites where the respiration of organic carbon is not important and/or weatherable minerals are abundant, pore-fluid δ²⁶Mg values decrease with depth by up to 2‰. The decline in pore-fluid δ²⁶Mg at these sites is consistent with a magnesium sink that is isotopically enriched relative to the pore-fluid. The identity of this enriched magnesium sink is likely clay minerals. Using a simple 1D diffusion-advection-reaction model of pore-fluid magnesium, we estimate rates of net magnesium uptake/removal and associated net magnesium isotope fractionation factors for sources and sinks at all sites. Independent estimates of magnesium isotope fractionation during dolomite precipitation from measured δ²⁶Mg values of dolomite samples from sites 1082 and 1012 are very similar to modeled net fractionation factors at these sites, suggesting that local exchange of magnesium between sediment and pore-fluid at these sites can be neglected. Our results indicate that the magnesium incorporated in dolomite is 2.0-2.7‰ depleted in δ²⁶Mg relative to the precipitating fluid. Assuming local exchange of magnesium is minor at the rest of the studied sites, our results suggest that magnesium incorporated into clay minerals is enriched in δ²⁶Mg by 0‰ to +1.25‰ relative to the precipitating fluid. This work demonstrates the utility of magnesium isotopes as a tracer for magnesium sources/sinks in low-temperature aqueous systems.     

一种重金属废水处理剂处理工业含铅废水的研究

用滚动成型的方法将改性天然磷灰石粉末制备成颗粒状水处理剂,并对工业含铅废水进行了静态和动态处理研究.静态实验中该水处理剂去除铅离子的能力可达到661.10 mg/g;动态实验结果表明该水处理剂每1 kg可以处理Pb2 浓度为58.3 mg/L的废水3 m3,出水达到排放标准.对使用过的水处理剂进行高温固化或者添加到粘土中制砖,可避免二次污染.经济分析显示该水处理剂具有很好的应用潜力和开发价值.     

Removal of chromate from drinking water using powder carbon steel

This paper presents the possible alternative removal options for the development of safe drinking water supplies in areas affected by hexavalent chromium. Chromate is a matter of great environmental concern due to its extensive contamination and carcinogenic toxicity. In this study, the conventional adsorption with various types of adsorbent method were used for chromate removal, but only powder carbon steel was compatible with household water treatment and can be designated based on high removal efficiency and affordable cost. Home powder carbon steel with granular activated carbon (PCS–GAC) treatment systems are quite simple. Water needing treatment passes through the cartridge or filter candles contacting PCS–GAC on its way to the faucet. This method is based on the use of powder carbon steel, ML 90 Bombril S.A, as a cleaning agent. Granular activated carbon filters have been employed in home water purification systems essentially for the removal of taste, odor, and color. The effect of pH, redox potential, time, and adsorbate concentration on the uptake carbon steel were observed. The lack of desorption suggests that anion chromium is irreversibly sorbed by the powder carbon steel.