正断层控制下冲积扇沉积过程与沉积构型模拟实验

正断层构造广泛发育于盆地内和造山带中,其对可容空间分配及沉积物分布具有明显的控制作用,从而影响了冲积扇形态。为进一步探究正断层构造对冲积扇沉积过程及其内部构型的控制作用,利用水槽实验对正断层构造发育背景下的冲积扇发育过程进行模拟再现。研究表明,携带大量沉积物的碎屑流优先在上盘近断层处泄载,后经牵引流的改造,形成沿断面垂向生长、尖端指向物源的三角形分水滩。水动力较强时碎屑流越过分水滩并在分水滩尾部发育越滩朵体,水动力较弱时碎屑流遇分水滩尖端分流后沿断面在分水滩两侧发育断面朵体。受控于断面及分水滩的阻挡,冲积扇表面不同位置的沉积物泄载过程差异较大,粒度差异明显,上盘扇体中分水滩沉积物偏粗,越滩朵体次之,断面朵体最细。冲积扇的发育过程依据分水滩砂体厚度和断距大小之间的差异,共分为3个阶段。断距大小还会影响冲积扇沉积构型,断距越大,上盘可容空间越大,分水滩发育时间越长,扇体内部砂体叠置样式越复杂。受控于正断层的冲积扇内部构型在垂直物源剖面上从近端至远端,分别发育纵向沙坝、分水滩及碎屑流朵体,在平行物源剖面上以复合水道主控、分水滩叠复体主控、多期朵体叠复体主控为主。     

冲积扇研究现状及沉积模拟实验--以碎屑流和辫状河共同控制的冲积扇为例

近年来,对冲积扇复杂沉积机制与沉积过程的研究受到关注,取得了较大进展。从冲积扇的分类及其沉积特点、冲积扇沉积储层构型表征方法及冲积扇沉积机制等方面对冲积扇研究现状进行了详细综述。之后,针对碎屑流与辫状河共同控制下冲积扇水道演化机制不明的情况,利用水槽沉积模拟对冲积扇过程进行了沉积实验模拟。研究表明,冲积扇具有多种分类方案,反映了冲积扇的多样性和复杂性;冲积扇表征技术主要有现代沉积、野外露头、地下密井网解剖和水槽沉积实验模拟等方法;控制冲积扇发育的异旋回因素主要有:构造差异活动、同生断层的组合样式及物源气候的变化等;自旋回因素控制下冲积扇存在多种沉积机制,其决定了冲积扇内部构型单元的分布。通过水槽沉积模拟实验研究发现,对碎屑流与辫状河共同控制下冲积扇沉积过程具有如下特点:①在扇体初始雏形形成后,水携沉积物具有向扇面低势部位堆积的趋势;②扇面辫状水道存在两种重要的迁移方式,单一主水道迁移和分叉式次水道迁移方式。单一主水道的迁移是导致扇体辐向前积增大的主要原因,而分叉式次水道迁移方式是扇体展宽的重要机制;③在构造条件相对稳定的情况下,多期扇体具有明显向源退积的特征。在前述研究基础上,探讨了下一步冲积扇的研究方向。     

逆断层正牵引构造对冲积扇沉积过程与沉积构型的控制作用:水槽沉积模拟实验研究

逆断层正牵引构造广泛发育于挤压盆地边缘,伴随逆断层的幕式活动而生成,并影响山前冲积扇沉积过程与沉积构型。为进一步认识这种特殊的凸起构造对冲积扇沉积过程及其内部构型的控制作用,利用水槽实验对正牵引构造发育背景下的冲积扇沉积过程进行模拟与观测。研究表明,携带大量沉积物的碎屑流冲出供水槽后很快受到正牵引构造的阻挡,大量的粗粒沉积物快速卸载在正牵引构造的迎水面,形成一个砂砾坝,同时水流被分成两股分支水流。由于较粗粒的沉积物快速在迎水面卸载,砂砾坝迎着水流逐步向物源方向生长,形成逆向(生长)砂砾坝。分支水流绕过正牵引构造后形成两个新的次级物源,在次级物源持续供给下,形成两个由多期碎屑流朵体复合而成的次级扇。受控于正牵引构造的阻挡,冲积扇表面不同位置的沉积物卸载过程差异较大,相较于正常冲积扇沉积体,砂砾坝沉积物偏粗、分选更差,而次级扇沉积物粒度偏细、分选更好;正牵引构造凸起幅度高低也会影响冲积扇沉积构型,凸起幅度越高,正牵引构造对水流的阻挡作用越强、越持久,逆向砂砾坝和次级扇的规模越大、空间结构也越复杂。正牵引构造完全被沉积物覆盖后,扇面沉积特征与一般冲积扇无异。受控于正牵引构造的冲积扇与一般冲积扇的内部构型存在较大差异,在顺物源剖面上前者依次发育碎屑流朵体、逆向砂砾坝及次级扇,而后者则整体以碎屑流朵体为主;在由近端至远端的切物源剖面上,前者依次以碎屑流朵体主控、逆向砂砾坝主控及次级扇主控,而后者则均以碎屑流朵体主控为主。     

砾质辫状河型冲积扇沉积微相及沉积模式:以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例*

冲积扇砂砾岩储集层具有相变快、连续性差等特点,显示冲积扇内部沉积环境的复杂性。本次研究以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例,在丰富的野外露头资料基础上,结合区域水文资料以及冲积扇文献资料,对白杨河冲积扇沉积演化特征及沉积模式进行探讨。按其沉积机制,白杨河冲积扇属于辫状河型冲积扇,具有规模大(扇体总面积约327.6km²)、坡度平缓(约4‰~7‰)、沉积粒度粗和漫洪细粒沉积物不发育的典型特征。在白杨河冲积扇内共可识别出16种岩相类型,并根据岩相形成的流体动力差异划归为5类成因,即重力流成因、高流态牵引流成因、低流态牵引流成因、静水沉积成因以及风成沉积成因。白杨河冲积扇扇体建造过程可划分为洪水期和间洪期2个时期,洪水期以沉积作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根补给水道沉积、扇根片流沉积、扇中片流沉积、扇中辫状水道沉积、扇缘径流水道沉积和扇缘湿地沉积6种沉积微相类型;间洪期以改造作用为主,从扇根至扇缘依次发育扇根主槽沉积、扇中辫状沟槽沉积和扇缘湿地沉积3种沉积微相类型。最后,依据白杨河冲积扇建立了砾质辫状河型冲积扇洪水期和间洪期的沉积模式。     

准噶尔盆地西北缘三叠系干旱型冲积扇储层内部构型特征

以克拉玛依油田一中区为例,综合现代沉积、岩芯、露头、密井网等资料,应用层次分析法深入解剖干旱型冲积扇内部构型。以冲积扇相带划分为基础,构建7~9级构型要素分级体系,明确构型要素的成因、规模及样式,建立精细的干旱型冲积扇构型模式。研究表明:①根据岩性组合、沉积构造等特征将冲积扇依次划分为槽流、片流、辫流及径流4个相带;②槽流带主体为宽带状槽流沉积体,由多期槽流砾石体垂向叠置而成,单期槽流砾石体顶部在间洪期受到小股牵引流侵蚀改造,发育网状的流沟系统;③片流带主体为扇状片流砂砾体,由多期片流朵体侧向—垂向复合而成,朵体顶部披覆的泥质夹层是稳定的渗流屏障;④辫流带主体为宽带状辫流水道,由洪水水道和间洪水道两种单一水道侧向复合而成,洪水水道规模较大、侧向迁移频繁、切割叠置关系复杂、物性较好,在油田注水开发过程中极易形成水窜通道,而间洪水道规模较小,侧向切叠程度较低、物性也较差;⑤径流带主体为漫流细粒沉积,在漫流细粒沉积的背景上发育径流水道,其水道规模小、物性差且易尖灭。     

冲积扇沉积构型研究进展*

冲积扇是发育于盆地边缘的一种重要的沉积相类型。近20年来,在冲积扇分布的控制作用、内部构型及储集层特征研究等方面取得了很大的进展:(1)深化了断层活动、物源岩性条件及不同级次基准面旋回对冲积扇沉积构型的控制作用机理;(2)建立了碎屑流主控、碎屑流与河流主控、河流主控的冲积扇以及末端扇的沉积构型模式;(3)分析了冲积扇沉积机制及沉积构型对储集层质量的控制作用。今后有必要充分应用水槽模拟实验、沉积数值模拟和探地雷达等先进技术,对冲积扇沉积过程、内部构型及储集层非均质性进行更为深入的研究。     

海底扇规模优质储集体的分布模式与成因分析——以上新世—更新世孟加拉扇为例

利用高品质3D地震资料搜索刻画深水水道—朵叶复合体的沉积构成并揭示油气储集体的分布模式对于深水油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。利用PaleoScan全三维智能解释手段和三色(RGB)混相分频技术识别解剖了孟加拉扇上新统—更新统深水水道—天然堤体系6种富砂沉积单元,包括补给水道、分支水道、似点坝、决口扇、漫溢扇和末端朵叶。研究认为:补给水道、决口扇、末端朵叶是潜在的规模且优质深水油气储集体类型;而漫溢扇、分支水道和似点坝分别是潜在的规模非优质、非优质非规模以及优质非规模深水油气储层类型。补给水道主要分布在水道—朵叶复合体的上游和中游;决口扇、漫溢扇、分支水道和似点坝主要发育在水道—朵叶复合体的中游;而分支水道和末端朵叶主要分布在水道—朵叶复合体的下游。漫溢扇向供源水道一侧楔状增厚,形成“砂盖泥”的格局;而决口扇向供源水道一侧楔状减薄直至尖灭形成“泥包砂”的格局,相应形成海底扇岩性圈闭。     

干旱型分支河流体系沉积特征与演化过程

在干旱气候背景下,盆地边缘可形成一种发育于盆地边缘并顺源延伸至湖盆边缘终止的大型沉积体系,即分支河流体系,其主体往往被称为冲积扇。分支河流体系规模较大,沉积过程复杂,其沉积物可形成大规模的油气、水储层。为了明确干旱型分支河流体系沉积演化过程及其不同时期沉积特征的差异,通过水槽沉积实验模拟再现其沉积过程,并采用三维激光扫描、延时拍摄等技术手段精确监测。研究结果表明:1）分支河流体系的半径、边缘糙度与模拟期次（沉积物供给）呈对数相关关系,同时其增生规律呈现明显的阶段性差异,据此可将沉积演化过程划分为早期、中期及后期三个阶段。2）各阶段沉积特征存在较大差异,初期阶段以片流为主,片流单元在分支河流体系表面呈连片状多期次迁移叠置,中期阶段非限制性河道的侧向迁移及与其远端相连的限制性河道的形成与废弃共同主导了沉积过程,后期阶段非限制性河道发育程度大大降低而限制性河道发育程度大大增加并主导沉积过程。3）分支河流体系的三阶段演化导致其本身由三个沉积特征差异较大、空间结构迥异的沉积层构成,包括底层片流朵体复合体、中层非限制性河道与限制性河道切割叠覆体、顶层限制性河道切叠沉积体。     

阵发性洪水条件下辫状河型冲积扇构型研究:以准噶尔盆地西北缘现代白杨河冲积扇为例*

白杨河冲积扇是由阵发性洪水期的碎屑流沉积物与间洪期辫状河沉积物组成的复合型冲积扇,其构型与碎屑流扇的构型和河流型扇的构型有很大的不同。本研究选取准噶尔盆地西北缘干旱气候下发育的现代白杨河冲积扇作为解剖实例,对103个天然剖面和9个人工大型探槽进行了详细测量,在沉积微相及不同级别的沉积构型的观测和分析的基础上,分析了阵发性洪水条件下间歇性辫状河型冲积扇体的地貌单元的演化过程和沉积构型特征,研究不同流态的阵发性洪水条件下各种建造和改造机制,明确受阵发性洪水控制的间歇性辫状河型冲积扇的沉积特征,建立了其沉积构型模式。认为: 在洪水期,阵发性洪流(碎屑流)形成席状化的片流(或片洪)沉积,在洪退期,随着洪水强度的减弱,又转变为辫流沉积,而在间洪期,仍有持续的辫状流体(牵引流)在限制性的水道中流动,并对洪水期的碎屑流沉积物进行改造,形成了限制性的(条带状的)辫状河道沉积,2个时期的沉积物在时空上频繁叠置,形成了一种更加复杂的沉积构型。该模式对油田地下冲积扇砂砾储集层的成因识别、预测及对比具有一定的参考价值。     

新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型*

应用研究区丰富的密井网和邻近露头资料,探讨了新疆克拉玛依油田三叠系克下组冲积扇内部构型单元的层次划分系统,并建立相应的沉积构型模式。在冲积扇的扇根、扇中和扇缘各亚相带,进一步划分了3个级次的构型要素以表达其内的沉积复杂性。扇根亚相主要由主槽、片流带和漫洪带组成,其中,在主槽内主要发育槽流砾石（岩）体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）与泥石流沉积,在片流带内主要发育片流砂砾体（可细分为砾石坝和流沟）,在漫洪带主要发育漫洪砂体和漫洪细粒沉积,总体构型样式以广泛分布的砾石坝夹含流沟和漫洪沉积的“泛连通体”为特征;扇中亚相主要由辫流带和漫流带组成,其中,辫流带的主体构型要素为辫流水道（可细分为砂坝和沟道）,总体构型样式为复合宽带状辫流水道砂体与漫流细粒沉积侧向相间、垂向互层为特征;扇缘亚相主要由径流带和漫流带组成,其中,径流带的主体构型要素为径流水道,总体构型样式以窄带状径流水道和漫流砂体镶嵌于漫流—湿地泥岩之中为特征。     

Architectures and evolution of arid alluvial fans: Insights from a flume experiment

Using time-lapse cameras and a 3D laser scanner,74 groups of geomorphic data of alluvial fans were obtained through flume experiments. Then a detailed sedimentary analysis based on these data was performed by using a quantitative software to reveal the sedimentary evolution process of the arid alluvial fan and its depositional architecture. Results suggest that there are obvious differences in hydrodynamics,water flow patterns and growth pattern during the evolution of arid alluvial fans. Based on these differences,the experiment is divided into three stages,including an early,middle,and late stage. In the early stage,the fan surface hydrodynamics was relatively strong,and the sheet flow dominated the deposition. According to the distribution of sheet flow deposits,it can be divided into wide-spread sheet flow deposition and local sheet flow deposition. In the middle period of the experiment,the hydrodynamic strength and expansion rate at the middle-distal part of the fan body reduced. The non-confined channel which is close to the source dominated the deposition,and terminal lobe was mainly deposited on the edge of the river channel. In the late stage of the experiment,the hydrodynamic further reduced causing by the large fan surface and confined channels were the main deposits. Through the flume experiment,an arid alluvial fan depositional architecture model with a three-layer structure has been established. The bottom layer is of a sheet flow lobe complex,the middle layer is characterized by unconfined channels and terminal lobes,and the top layer is constituted by stacked confined channels and small terminal lobes.     

Simulation experiment of sedimentary process and sedimentary architecture of alluvial fan under the control of normal faults

Normal fault structures are widely developed in basins and orogenic belts,which control the accommodation space and the distribution of sediments and thus affecting the morphology of alluvial fans. A flume tank experiment was carried to simulate and clarify the control of normal faults on the sedimentary process and internal architecture of alluvial fans.The results show that the large amount of sediments carried by debris flow tend to be unloaded near the hanging wall of faults and are subsequently reworked by traction current,which result in a triangular distributary gravel bar grows vertically on fault plane with the tip pointing to the source area. When the hydrodynamic force is strong,debris flow goes across distributary gravel bar and forms over-bar lobe at the tail of the distributary gravel bar. When the hydrodynamic force is weak,debris flow forms fault plane-dominated lobe along fault plane and is located on both sides of the distributary gravel bar. Under the control of normal faults and the barrier of distributary gravel bar,the unloading process of sediments varies greatly at different positions on the surface of alluvial fan. The particle size varies greatly among different facies,with coarsest grains developed on the fans of hanging wall,finer grained on over-bar lobe and finest sediments on fault plane-dominated lobe. The development process of alluvial fan can be divided into three stages,according to the sandbody thickness and fault throw of distributary gravel bar. The fault throw also affects the sedimentary architecture of alluvial fan,with larger the fault throw generating larger the accommodation space of hanging wall,longer development time of distributary gravel bar and more complex of the superposition pattern of the sand bodies inside the fan. The internal architecture of alluvial fan that is controlled by normal faults includes longitudinal sandbar,distributary gravel bar and debris flow lobe in the profile vertical perpendicular to the sediment source direction from the proximal to the distal end. Along sediment longitudinal section,composite channel,superimposed distributary gravel bar complex and superimposed bodies of multi-phased lobes are dominant facies.     

新汶凹陷官庄组沉积演化特征

通过对研究区沉积构造等相标志的研究,以层序地层学和沉积学原理为指导,结合室内岩石薄片、粒度分析,识别出冲积扇、辩状河和湖泊3种沉积相类型.并对官庄组的沉积相垂向演化和平面展布有了系统的认识.研究结果表明:新汶凹陷官庄组自下而上发育冲积扇-辩状河-湖泊和冲积扇两大沉积体系.沉积演化经历了早期凹陷掀斜下沉时的冲积扇、辩状河沉积,中期凹陷扩张阶段的湖泊相沉积,晚期凹陷收缩时的冲积扇进积沉积.     

辽西义县盆地义县组底部沉积相与沉积环境分析

辽西义县盆地下白垩统义县组底部发育有马神庙、老公沟两个沉积层。马神庙沉积层从下至上可以划分出6个沉积亚层,其下部复成分砾岩沉积层为干旱气候条件下形成的洪（冲）积扇底部沉积相、洪（冲）积扇上的山洪冲槽充填相;中部为复成分砾岩夹凝灰质沉积层;顶部被中基性的火山岩覆盖。老公沟沉积层下部是以泥质粉砂岩为主的滨浅湖相、洪（冲）积扇向湖盆过渡的季节性河流作用形成的粗砂岩—含砾粗砂岩沉积相;顶部为一套滨浅湖相的膨润土化粉砂岩—膨润土—碳酸盐岩沉积岩石组合。义县盆地演化初期气候干旱,盆地边缘地势起伏较大,盆地边缘形成洪（冲）积扇、扇面上发育洪槽充填沉积作用,洪（冲）积扇向湖盆过渡区存在季节性河流;老公沟顶部湖泊相沉积指示受区域季节性变化的半干旱、频繁火山作用影响下,湖盆水深频繁波动的古地理、古气候的沉积特征。义县组底部沉积相表现了该盆地边缘向中心横向上的洪（冲）扇、季节性河流和湖泊沉积的三相发育的古地理特征。     

Facies and depositional model of alluvial fan dominated by episodic flood events in arid conditions: An example from the Quaternary Poplar Fan,north-western China

Alluvial fans are usually constructed through episodic flood events. Despite the significance of these ephemeral floods on the morphodynamics of alluvial fans, depositional responses to the variations in flood conditions are still poorly documented. This greatly limits the ability to interpret ancient sedimentary successions of fans and the associated flood hydrodynamics. The Quaternary Poplar Fan from endorheic Heshituoluogai Basin provides an optimal case for addressing this issue. Based on the variations in facies associations and flood conditions, three depositional stages – namely; lobe building stage, channel building stage and the abandonment stage – are identified. During the lobe building stage the Poplar Fan is predominately constructed through incised channel flood, sheetflood and unconfined streamflood, with coeval development of distal surficial ephemeral ponds. The channel building stage is characterized by the development of gravelly braided rivers. However, only scour pool fill deposits are preferentially preserved in the Poplar Fan. During the abandonment stage, erosional lags and aeolian sands randomly occur throughout the fan, while gully deposits can only be found in the distal fan. The distinctive facies architecture of the Poplar Fan is likely to be the result of periodicity of climate fluctuations between wetter and drier conditions during the Late Pleistocene to Holocene. The ephemeral floods formed under wetter conditions usually show high discharge and sediment concentrations which facilitate the lobe building processes. During the drier periods, only gravelly braided rivers can be developed through ephemeral floods as the intensity and frequency in precipitation, discharge and sediment concentrations of the flood flows significantly decrease. The abandonment stage of the fan may occur between recurring flood episodes or during the driest periods. Furthermore, the long-term (10⁵ to 10⁶ year) geomorphic evolution of the Poplar Fan shows the influence of tectonic activities. The ongoing thrust uplift tectonic activities have caused destruction of the fan but can also facilitate the fan-head trench/incision of the fan, which in turn facilitate the progradation of the fan. This study proposes a new depositional model for alluvial fans constructed through episodic flood events, which shows the character of both sheet-flood dominated and stream-flow dominated end members of alluvial fans. These findings supplement the understanding of the variability of the alluvial fans and provide means to characterize rock record of alluvial fans and their associated flood and climate conditions.     

Pre-vegetation alluvial fan facies and processes: an example from the Cambro-Ordovician Rozel Conglomerate Formation, Jersey, Channel Islands

Prior to the Silurian a lack of land vegetation is expected to have influenced the processes of sedimentation on alluvial fans, principally by causing increased rates of run-off and erosion in the fan catchments. In the Cambro-Ordovician Rozel Conglomerate Formation, this effect was central to the generation of alluvial fan deposits that are unusually deficient in sand and clay, despite being sourced from a catchment dominated by sandstone and mudstone. Seven facies are identified, interpreted as representing the deposits of: (i) shallow stream and sheetfloods, (ii) channelized, non-cohesive debrisflows, (iii) sub-aerial mud-rich debrisflows, (iv) sub-aqueous mud-rich debrisflows, (v) low energy streams that reworked abandoned fan sectors, (vi) a sandflat-playa lake system and (vii) talus slopes. The first two facies are both clast-supported conglomerate, comprise 98% of the deposit, and represent deposition on active depositional lobes and in the fan head trench. The remaining facies are the products of infrequent sedimentary processes, fan abandonment processes and marginal sub-environments. The facies assemblage in many ways mimics that of a modern-day, water-lain, arid region fan. However, the palaeolatitude of these fans was high and the climate is inferred to have been cool and wet. The near absence of sandstone and mudstone beds with few mudflows is ascribed to rapid hinterland uplift and high rates of erosion resulting in minimal chemical breakdown of source rocks in the catchments. Such high rates of erosion are in turn ascribed to a combination of frequent rainstorms and an absence of vegetation cover.