鲁东南莒南地区深层次构造岩的变形相及变形的温压条件分析

鲁东南莒南地区深层次构造岩可分为两个变形相。（１）在钾长石变形相中，石英、钾长石、黑云母皆发生强烈的塑性变形；当斜长石不发生变质反应时具脆性变形，当发生变质反应时具塑性变形，随变质反应的增强塑性变形增强。（２）在斜长石变形相中，除石英、钾长石、黑云母外，斜长石也发生强烈的塑性变形。普通角闪石表现为脆性及脆韧性变形。根据构造岩中主要矿物的变形特征和同构造新晶推测二者变形时的温压条件分别为４５０℃～５００℃，０．８２～０．９７ＧＰａ和５００℃～６５０℃，０．７６～１．１７ＧＰａ。     

基性岩流变的复杂性与成分对岩石流变影响的实验研究

在采用天然基性岩样品进行的流变实验中,存在因实验温度低而样品处于半脆性变形域与因实验温度高而样品颗粒边界出现熔体的矛盾。文献中给出的流变参数中,应力指数n的可靠性高,具有良好的重复性,激活能Q在一定范围内具有重复性,而系数A重复性差。采用6种样品进行流变实验。结果表明,矿物成分对岩石流变的影响比根据端员组分确定的双组分和多组分岩石流变物理模型要复杂得多。由斜长石、单斜辉石和角闪石组成的样品中,当斜长石和单斜辉石含量接近,而角闪石含量低于10%,斜长石和单斜辉石控制了岩石的流变;如果样品中有超过10%的角闪石参与流变,角闪石在变形中所起作用非常显著。由斜长石、石英和角闪石组成的样品,当石英含量小于10%而斜长石和角闪石含量接近时,斜长石和角闪石控制了岩石的流变;当斜长石含量达到70%时,样品变形更接近长石特性;如果石英含量超过20%时,石英在变形中起到主要作用。选择与基性麻粒岩中主要矿物成分接近的天然辉长岩(辉绿岩),或者从天然基性麻粒岩中挑选出主要矿物,通过热压合成人工样品,进行高温流变实验是研究基性麻粒岩流变的最有效途径。     

蚀变普通角闪石微结构研究

澳大利亚驼峰山岩体中普通角闪石的高分辨电子显微象，显示了一系列水热蚀变产生的云辉闪石系的显微结构，这些结构体在角闪石晶体沿（０１０）方向生长，无序分布，链体的宽度各不一致，最常见的链体宽度是３，４，５，６链体，更宽的链体较少见，大量观测结果表明，这些云辉闪石结构体多产生在角闪石颗粒边缘，晶体破裂面和解理面周围，不同当链结构体置换时，没有位锚或其他形式的破裂产生，非协调式置换为链结构体转换时伴随着角     

内蒙古中部太古代麻粒岩递增变质成因

由早元古代造山运动早期自北西向南东推覆作用引起并使之得以保存的太古代变质作用强度逆转的剖面出露在内蒙古中部的固阳－武川地区。变质镁铁质岩石中矿物组合的变化在低级区为阳起石＋绿帘石＋绿泥石→普通角闪石＋钠长石→普通角闪石＋斜长石→石榴石（或透辉石）＋普通角闪石＋斜长石→无色角闪岩＋钠长石；在高级区为普通角闪石＋斜长石→紫苏辉石＋透辉石＋斜长石→石榴石＋透辉石（２）＋石英。这些变化已被用来恢复太古代时期从低绿片岩相到麻粒岩相的递增变质序列及尔后经历的近等压冷却的退变质作用过程。高级区变质表壳岩与低级区绿岩带的岩石组合、岩石化学、岩石地球化学和变质作用演化序列的对比研究结果表明，两者属于太古代同一火山－沉积单位。其变质程度的不同起因于在经受区域性递增变质作用时，两者处在地壳的不同位置     

大别山晓天—磨子潭韧性剪切带主要造岩矿物的变形与应变分析

大别山北缘的晓天—磨子潭韧性剪切带主体发育在北大别片麻岩之上,具有近水平左行剪切的运动学特征;剪切带自中心向外围依次发育超糜棱岩、糜棱岩、初糜棱岩、变形片麻岩(片岩)、围岩,发生变形的主要造岩矿物包括石英、长石、角闪石、云母等。岩石有限应变测量和矿物颗粒形态学优选方位统计显示,随着糜棱岩化程度的加强,主要造岩矿物平均粒径均呈递减变化;矿物长短轴所反映的应变均呈加强的趋势,矿物长轴与X的锐夹角皆逐渐变小;以90°为一个区间统计的矿物长轴定向显示,变形矿物的长轴在钝角区间(顺剪切方向)有优选,以15°为一个区间统计的矿物长轴定向显示,矿物定向存在一定对称性,即在锐夹角区的优选区间和钝夹角区的优选区间互为补角区间。此外,云母矿物的应变在不同样品中均显示最大,其次为石英、角闪石、长石;随着构造岩类型的不同,应变的变化趋势最明显的也是云母,其次为石英,角闪石和长石变化不明显;矿物长轴与X轴夹角的统计表明,云母、角闪石长轴与X轴锐夹角比石英、长石均偏小。矿物的变形还表明,指示剪切带剪切方式最明显的是云母类矿物,尤其是云母鱼构造,是判定运动方向的可靠标志,其次是角闪石,较之斜长石更易形成不对称残斑构造;综合矿物在剪切带中的含量和分布,结构特点,以及对剪切带应变反映的"灵敏性"等方面的因素,石英矿物最能表现剪切带的整体应变状态,是较为理想的应变标志矿物。上述结果表明不同矿物随变形环境的渐变,在粒径、应变、形态学优选等方面具有较统一的变化,即不同变形矿物在反映剪切带的剪切作用方式、应力—应变等特征时是较为一致的;同时不同矿物在上述变化中又表现出区别于其他矿物的各自特点,这反映了矿物自身的晶体结构、结晶形态、力学性质、变形习性等特性。所以,对于研究韧性剪切带而言,针对不同研究内容,要综合不同矿物的变形情况来选取合适的变形矿物及其变形组构来研究,才能得到更准确的结果和更合理的解释。     

矿物反应与变形关系研究——以糜棱岩高温高压实验为例

矿物反应和变形局部化在中下地壳普遍存在,两者相互影响和促进。实验研究表明,矿物反应与变形关系非常复杂。本文在糜棱岩高温高压流变实验的基础上,分析了实验变形样品中的矿物反应分布特征以及矿物反应引起的化学成分变化,讨论了矿物反应与变形的相互影响。微观结构分析表明,实验变形后的糜棱岩样品在温度800~890℃时,角闪石和黑云母出现脱水反应,生成微晶角闪石和黑云母,并伴有局部熔融。受应变局部化控制,脱水反应产物主要出现在黑云母、角闪石条带边缘。微晶和熔体的成分分析表明,不仅脱水反应形成的微晶与熔体的SiO 2含量非常低,而且黑云母周围的反应产物和熔体主要来自于黑云母的脱水,角闪石边缘的反应产物和熔体主要来自于角闪石脱水,石英、钾长石和斜长石没有参与反应与熔融。本研究中的脱水反应产物中,没有发现辉石和石榴石,这种脱水反应与文献中报道的无局部化的均匀样品在静高压和高熔融比例条件的脱水反应产物和熔体的成分有很大差别。黑云母和角闪石的局部化分布和脱水程度低,可能是造成脱水反应产物有差别的巨大原因。在本实验结果中,脱水反应对变形的影响主要体现为,脱水反应产生了细粒混合矿物相,使得在局部化的剪切带内变形机制从位错蠕变转变为扩散蠕变,导致样品出现应变弱化。另外脱水反应还引起了局部脆性破裂。变形引起晶体塑性变形,增加了位错密度和矿物细粒化,促进了晶体内部成核和黑云母与角闪石的脱水分解;差应力作用增加了局部的正应力和平均应力,增加了黑云母和角闪石能够稳定存在的压力范围,这可能是反应产物以微晶黑云母和角闪石为主,而没有转化为辉石的原因。     

卡姆斯特蛇绿混杂岩的岩石学研究及其地质意义

东准噶尔卡姆斯特蛇绿岩剖面由玄武岩、变辉长岩、辉石岩、蛇纹石片岩、硅质岩和火山碎屑岩等组成。辉石不发育出溶结构,说明地幔岩侵位过程相对缓慢(从上地幔到下地壳迁移过程中没有发生突然抬升或者 PT 条件的巨大改变)。辉石岩中存在三类角闪石:具有出溶结构的角闪石(Amp Ⅰ,镁绿钙闪石),与 Amp Ⅰ共生的均匀角闪石(Amp Ⅱ,镁质普通角闪石),以及交代单斜辉石边部的角闪石(Amp Ⅲ,钙镁闪石质普通角闪石)。基于对辉石岩和变辉长岩中角闪石的化学组成及其结构的仔细研究,获得该蛇绿岩侵位的基本演化特征如下:地幔岩在中下地壳环境被快速抬升,导致辉石岩中的角闪石分解而形成铬磁铁矿出溶结构,当蛇绿岩侵位到中地壳环境后,岩石经受角闪岩相退变质改造,继续上升到上地壳环境后,岩石发生绿片岩相的退变质。     

高温高压条件下实验变形石英闪长岩微观结构与熔体特征研究

本文以高温高压条件下石英闪长岩流变实验样品为研究对象,利用偏光显微镜进行微观结构观察,研究了样品在实验温度压力条件下的变形机制与斜长石结构对流变强度的影响;通过透射电镜能谱与电子探针,分析了熔体分布和成分特征,讨论了角闪石脱水熔融的影响因素与脱水熔融对岩石流变的影响。结果表明,随着温度升高,岩石从脆塑性过渡域逐渐向高温位错攀移和动态重结晶为主的塑性域转化。在高温条件下,角闪石出现了脱水与部分熔融,脱水熔融的熔体分布和成分体现出非均匀与非平衡熔融的特点,空间分布上,熔体主要出现在角闪石和黑云母矿物颗粒的边缘以及角闪石和长石颗粒之间的区域内;成分分布上,熔体的成分与参与熔融的矿物成分密切相关。角闪石边缘的熔体和黑云母边缘的熔体具有低硅铝、高铁镁特征,斜长石边缘的熔体具有高硅铝、低铁镁的特征,处于角闪石和斜长石颗粒中间的熔体,其成分间于斜长石与角闪石成分之间。实验中出现的非平衡非均匀部分熔融可以解释混合岩中的浅色体与暗色体的成因,富硅熔体可以形成富硅铝的花岗质岩石,而贫硅富铁镁的熔体可以形成基性岩。角闪石的脱水熔融程度依赖于样品的封闭条件,处于封闭环境的样品,角闪石不易脱水熔融,而处于开放环境时,角闪石脱水熔融显著。拆离断层带及其附近具备这样的开放环境,有利于角闪石发生脱水熔融。实验力学数据和微观结构显示,随机分布的斜长石对岩石强度影响并不明显,但斜长石的长轴方向与最大主应力方向呈大角度相交(近90°)会显著强化岩石的强度,这意味着岩石组构与主应力方向大角度相交或呈垂直方向时,不利于岩石变形和拆离断层的形成,反之,均匀岩石或岩石组构与最大主应力方向小角度相交,有利于岩石的变形,容易发育拆离断层。     

西秦岭金厂石英闪长岩的岩浆混合成因：岩相学和锆石U-Pb年代学证据及其构造意义

位于西秦岭南部的金厂石英闪长岩岩体内含有大量镁铁质暗色微粒包体,包体大多呈浑圆状和水滴状,部分呈不规则拉长状,与寄主岩的接触界线截然或呈渐变过渡关系。石英闪长岩中的磷灰石呈短柱状,而包体中的磷灰石则呈细长针状,反映基性岩浆的快速冷凝结晶。石英闪长岩中的斜长石发育振荡环带,核部的斜长石An低,而边部斜长石An先急剧上升,复又下降;核部与边部之间存在明显的间断,同时斜长石边部包裹有暗色矿物,指示其形成时可能有更基性的岩浆注入。寄主岩中的角闪石大多为普通角闪石和镁普通角闪石,属SiO2饱和型,而包体中角闪石一部分为镁普通角闪石,属SiO2饱和型,一部分为韭闪石、韭闪石质普通角闪石,属SiO2不饱和类型。包体中的角闪石自核部到边部,Al2O3与TiO2含量急剧下降,说明核部和幔部相对于边部形成于更高温的环境。寄主岩中黑云母部分为铁质黑云母,部分为镁质黑云母,而包体中黑云母均为镁质黑云母,在∑FeO/(∑FeO+MgO)对MgO图解上寄主岩与包体中黑云母均落入壳-幔混源区。寄主岩和包体中的锆石均为典型的岩浆锆石,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明它们的形成年龄分别为212±2Ma及215±1Ma(2σ),在误差范围内基本一致,证明二者同时形成。综合以上岩相学和年代学证据认为,金厂石英闪长岩和镁铁质暗色微粒包体是幔源基性岩浆和壳源酸性岩浆混合作用的产物,形成于秦岭造山带中三叠世造山后伸展环境。结合区域上的研究结果认为,中—晚三叠世时期的幔源岩浆底侵和下地壳部分熔融在西秦岭广泛存在。     

龙口湾表层沉积物碎屑矿物分布特征及影响因素

为探究龙口湾表层沉积物碎屑矿物的来源及其影响因素,对2013年采自龙口湾的表层沉积物样品的碎屑矿物进行了研究。结果表明,龙口湾表层沉积物中重矿物质量分数较低,平均为0.58%,重矿物以普通角闪石、绿帘石为主,云母类片状矿物较多,稳定矿物含量较低,其中普通角闪石的平均百分含量高达41.85%。轻矿物以石英、长石为主,且斜长石与钾长石的含量相近,其中石英的平均百分含量高达47.33%。碎屑矿物的分布特征表明,尽管龙口湾的表层沉积物仍以沿岸河流输沙、风沙、岛岸侵蚀和黄河的影响为主,但沿岸大规模人工岛建设已对其组合特征产生重要影响。表现为普通角闪石的含量剧增,绿帘石的含量减少,斜长石的含量剧减,而钾长石的含量变化不大。     

THE DEFORMATION BEHAVIOUR OF HORNBLENDE IN THE FLORENCE SHEAR ZONE,CENTRAL AUSTRALIA

角闪石在低温变形中通常显示脆性变形行为,通过对中澳洲Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｃｅ剪切带的铁镁质糜棱岩的观察研究表明,角闪石在这些高温变形环境形成的糜棱岩中显示出显著的塑性变形行为,表现在角闪石遭强应变后,无碎裂出现,而具明显的晶内塑性应变现象和强烈的晶体优选定向,角闪石的细粒化是由边界重结晶迁移所致。本文探讨了引起角闪石塑性变形的一些因素,认为岩石发生糜棱岩化时的高温环境增强了角闪石的韧性,几何软化对角闪的塑性变形行为也起到一定的作用。     

Dislocation substructure of experimentally deformed olivine

Dunite, experimentally deformed at 800° C, exhibits predominantly pure screw dislocations parallel to [001] and dense, tangled zones of dislocations subparallel to the plane (001). Olivine single crystals experimentally deformed at 900° C, are characterized by pure screw dislocations parallel to [001] and [100], and dislocations of undetermined character with Burgers vectors [001]. All observations are consistent with deformation mechanisms deduced from optically visible features.     

Chemical etching of deformation sub-structures in quartz

Chemical etching of dislocations has been studied in natural and synthetic quartz single crystals, in deformed synthetic quartz and in naturally and experimentally deformed quartzites. The ability of different etchants to produce polished or preferentially etched surfaces on quartz is described. Dislocation etching was achieved on all crystal planes examined by using a saturated solution of ammonium bifluoride as the etchant. Appropriate etching times were determined for etching quartzites for grain size, subgrain boundaries, deformation lamellae, dislocations and twins. Growth and polished surfaces of synthetic single crystal quartz were similarly etched and dislocation etch pits, characteristic of various orientations were found. The use of ammonium bifluoride proved to be expecially advantageous for the basal plane, producing a polished surface with etch pits, suitable for dislocation etch pit counting. “Double” etch pits have been found on Dauphiné twin boundaries on the basal plane and the first order prism, using this etchant. Slip lines and deformation bands were suitably etched on deformed synthetic crystal surfaces for identification of the slip planes. Other acidic etchants have been explored and their application to the study of deformation structures in quartz crystals is discussed.     

Analysis of dislocations in some naturally deformed plagioclase feldspars

Dislocations in intermediate plagioclase feldspars, which were deformed under granulite facies conditions, have been analysed. The study reveals extensive ductile deformation by intracrystalline slip and by twinning. Six out of the seven possible Burgers vectors were identified: \(b = \left[ {001} \right],\tfrac{1}{2}\left[ {110} \right],\tfrac{1}{2}\left[ {1\bar 10} \right],\left[ {101} \right],\tfrac{1}{2}\left[ {112} \right]and\tfrac{1}{2}\left[ {1\bar 12} \right]\) . Most, perhaps all, dislocations are dissociated by up to 200 Å. The microstructure is dominated by [001] screw dislocations, most of which appear to be dissociated in (010). The dominant slip system appears to be (010) [001]. Large grain-to-grain variations in the density of free dislocations indicate that the plastic strain in individual grains depended upon the Schmid factor for (010) [001]. The microstructure suggests that the rate-controlling step for high-temperature creep of plagioclase is cross-slip of extended [001] screw dislocations. The rheological contrast between feldspar and quartz is partly due to a difference in stacking fault energy.     

Transmission electron microscopy investigation of the defect microstructure of four natural orthopyroxenes

The defect structure of crustally deformed orthopyroxenes from a dunite, a peridotite, and a pyroxenite are characterized and their defect structures are compared with that of an orthopyroxene of a lherzolite from a volcanic xenolith. The microstructures contained isolated unit dislocations, isolated stacking faults, and Ca-rich, clinopyroxene lamellae. The isolated dislocations have Burgers vectors, b, which were predominantly [001]. The stacking faults have a displacement vector R =1/4[001]. A lamellae consisted of a 1/4 wide Ca-rich region bounded by complex dislocation arrays. These lamellae are usually 100 or more in length and are nearly parallel to the (100) in the matrix. The dislocations in the boundary regions are spaced about 500 Å apart. The lherzolite orthopyroxenes were nearly free of isolated defects, in comparison to the other samples. Annealing at 1390° C for 1 hr produced no detectable recovery of the isolated defects in the orthopyroxene substructure.     

天山东段推覆构造研究

本文概括性总结了天山东段大型推覆构造的基本特征。根据地质证据和同位素年龄,东天山存在早古生代末,晚古生代晚期和新生代三期推覆构造;根据推覆构造分布规律及构造背景,在平面上划分为五大推覆带、9个大型韧剪带;根据出露岩石的矿物变形相将东天山推覆构造划分为深、中深和浅三个深度层次;通过韧剪变形组构的观察分析,确定了多期韧性变形性质与运动方向。糜棱岩中超微构造、古应力及小构造变形缩短率测量统计,证明东天山推覆变形具有显著的地壳缩短增厚作用。新生代板块碰撞导致本区中新生代盆地基底向造山带A型俯冲,造山带向盆地推覆,其结果就构成了今日看到的镶嵌状盆地-山脉构造地貌景观。     

河南西峡寨根地区韧性剪切带中斜长角闪岩角闪石组构特征的探讨

本文通过对秦岭造山带核部,河南西峡寨根地区角闪岩中角闪石组构及其与韧性剪切带关系的研究,得出几点认识:（1）角闪石的优选方位受控于韧性剪切带,随着韧性剪切作用的加强,L构造岩愈趋典型;（2）分析角闪石中光率体轴Ng与结晶C轴的关系,Ng轴偏于一个方向,表明受剪应力所致;（3）通过角闪石C轴与剪切带边界关系的研究,确定剪切带为左旋剪切性质;（4）据角闪石组构及韧性剪切带与其它构造相互关系,恢复秦岭造山带的历史,至少经历了区域动热变质变形阶段、韧性再造阶段和脆性改造阶段。     

大别山南缘月山岩体构造变形特征及其地质意义

锆石U-Pb年龄表明鄂东月山岩体是一个古老花岗岩经后期重熔并于燕山中期(139Ma)侵入的花岗岩体,角闪石压力计得出侵位深度达24.5km.宏观构造、应变测量和石英C轴组构分析得出,月山岩体在深层侵位过程中受到NW-SE伸展和垂向挤压的区域应力作用.在南大别山分布众多类似岩体,从而表明在燕山中期,由NW-SE向的区域伸展体制控制南大别山的构造发展.      

Electron microscope study of peridotite xenoliths in kimberlites

Dislocation structures in naturally deformed olivine from garnet peridotite xenoliths from South African kimberlites have been studied by electron microscopy. The substructure consists mainly of straight subboundaries of dislocations with Burgers vectors [001]. Most of the dislocations have both edge and screw components, and the slip planes are mainly (100). The dislocation density between the subboundaries is low.The slip planes in olivine are discussed in relation to the olivine structure. The observed dislocation structures seem to indicate that the large difference in strain rate between natural and experimental deformation will produce a difference in the slip mechanisms.The nature of the deformation lamellae visible in optical microscope is discussed.     

Interpretation of the Shape of Mineral Grains in Metamorphic Rocks

Grain boundary angles at junctions of three scapolite grainsin a scapolite-pyroxene-sphene rock measure 120 degrees witha standard deviation of 7.5 degrees. These data are comparableto those obtained from annealed metals, and indicate a closeapproach to static equilibrium of interfacial tensions. An examination of hornblende-hornblende and biotite-biotiteinterfaces in gneisses has shown that for certain angles ofmisorientation, the interface lies parallel to a plane of lowindices in one of the adjacent grains. These interfaces areconsidered to possess lower free energy than those of differentorientations. An examination of inclusions of quartz in grains of hornblende,biotite, and garnet has revealed a tendency for hornblende toimpose its {110} form, biotite its {001} form, and garnet its{110} form on the inclusions, regardless of the crystallographicorientation of the inclusions relative to the host. The facesof these forms, when in contact with quartz, are consideredto be interface of relatively low specific interfacial freeenergy, and the particular forms are considered to be presentin the equilibrium shapes of the corresponding minerals. The shape and dimensions of phlogopite and pyroxene grains inmarble have been examined and measured. Although ratios of dimensionsare not constant, as demanded by the Wulff theorem, the presenceof a degree of regularity in the shape of the phlogopite andpyroxene grains is taken to indicate that interfacial energyis relatively low. Consideration is given to the forms displayed by various metamorphicminerals, when grains of these are embedded in a quartz-feldspargrain aggregate. An attempt is made to assess the effect oftemperature, adsorption, and composition on interfacial energyin metamorphic rocks. The Becke crystalloblastic series of mineralscan be refined by application of the principles of interfacialenergy. It is concluded that several aspects of the shape of mineralgrains in metamorphic rocks can be attributed to a local reductionor minimization of interfacial free energy.