东昆仑东段哈拉尕吐花岗岩基岩浆混合作用:来自岩石学和矿物学约束

哈拉尕吐花岗岩基位于东昆仑东段,其中花岗闪长岩岩浆混合作用明显,是研究岩浆混合作用的良好对象.从岩石学、岩相学和矿物化学等方面对哈拉尕吐花岗岩基进行了详细研究.电子探针结果显示:寄主岩斜长石的An值同相对应包体中斜长石捕掳晶近似;包体中基质斜长石大部分具核边结构,核部和边部An值存在间断;部分包体中浅色基质斜长石的An值与具核边结构斜长石的边部近似;辉长闪长岩中斜长石具较高的An值.寄主岩角闪石同相对应包体中角闪石捕掳晶的结晶温度、压力和氧逸度较为接近;包体中基质角闪石的结晶温度和压力低于寄主岩角闪石,氧逸度稍高于寄主岩角闪石;辉长闪长岩角闪石具有最高的结晶温度和压力及最低的氧逸度.哈图沟剖面和德福胜剖面寄主岩中的斜长石和角闪石的成分具有一定差别.岩浆不同期次侵入结晶和岩浆自身演化,使不同地点斜长石和角闪石的成分和物理化学特征具有一定变化.镁铁质岩浆位于地壳深部,氧逸度较低,使结晶的角闪石具有较高的形成压力和较低的氧逸度,斜长石具较高An值;随着镁铁质岩浆注入寄主岩,由于环境突变,使斜长石受到熔蚀;由于岩浆上侵以及两种岩浆物理化学性质差别较大,导致温度、压力和水饱和度降低,氧逸度升高,使包体中残留岩浆快速结晶,形成具核边结构、浅色均一的斜长石,以及结晶程度较差、较高氧逸度的角闪石.      

中澳洲Florence剪切带中角闪石晶体优选定向

中澳洲Ｆｌｏｒｅｎｃｅ剪切带糜棱岩中的角闪石经晶内滑移变形而显示出良好的晶体优选定向,通过对角闪岩石组图的综合分析,并结合前人的实验资料,认识到在高温变形条件下角闪石的滑移系为（１００）（００１）。该剪切带中角闪石岩组图具不对称型是与角闪石的单一滑移系和该滑移系的初始定向状态有关,是非共轴简单剪切变形的结果,这些不对称的岩组图可用于判断剪切带的运动方向。     

Metamorphism and deformation of mafic and felsic rocks in a magma transfer zone,Stewart Island,New Zealand

In the mingled mafic/felsic Halfmoon Pluton at The Neck, Stewart Island (part of the Median Batholith of New Zealand) some hornblende gabbros and diorites retain magmatic structures, whereas others show evidence of major changes in grain and inclusion shapes, and still others are amphibolite‐facies granofelses with few or no igneous relicts. These mafic to intermediate magmas crystallized in felsic magma relatively quickly, with the result that most deformation occurred at subsolidus conditions. It is suggested that mafic‐intermediate rocks with predominantly igneous microstructures spent less time in the magmatic system. The metamorphism of the mafic rocks appears to be ‘autometamorphic’, in the sense that elevated temperatures were maintained by magmatic heat during subsolidus cooling. Elevated temperatures were maintained because of repeated sheet injection and subconcordant dyke injection of hot basaltic and composite mafic‐felsic magmas, into a dominantly transtensional, km‐scale, outboard‐migrating, magmatic shear zone that operated semi‐continuously for between c. 140 and c. 130 Ma. Complete cooling occurred only when the system evolved to transpressional and the locus of magmatism migrated inboard (southward) between c. 130 and c. 120 Ma, associated with solid‐state mylonitic deformation. Intermingled granitic rocks escaped metamorphism, because they remained magmatic to lower temperatures, and experienced shorter and lower‐temperature subsolidus cooling intervals. However, the felsic rocks underwent relatively high‐temperature solid‐state deformation, as indicated by myrmekite replacing K‐feldspar and chess‐board subgrain patterns in quartz; locally they developed felsic mylonites. The felsic rocks were deformed in the solid state because of their high proportion of relatively weak minerals (quartz and biotite), whereas the mafic rocks mostly escaped subsolidus deformation, except in local high‐strain zones of hornblende‐plagioclase schist, because of their high proportion of relatively strong minerals (hornblende and plagioclase). We suggest that such contrasting microstructural features are diagnostic of long‐lived syntectonic magma transfer zones, and contrast with the more typical complex, batholith‐scale magma chambers of magmatic arcs.     

糜棱岩化作用中角闪石变形结构的透射电子显微镜研究

石英的显微结构是判别含石英石变形程度的重要标志，为了认识角闪石在岩石变形过程中的特征，笔者对糜棱岩化闪长岩中普通角闪石的变形显微结构进行了光学和透射电子显微镜研究。研究的角闪石都在石英共生，因而以石英的变形结构作为角闪石变形研究的参照系。笔者发现，当石英呈明显波状消光时，普通角闪石未显示变形结构；当石英变形达到亚颗粒化和重结晶阶段时，普通角闪石的变形显微结构主要表现为单一方向的位错，其伯格斯矢量ｂ     

东秦岭松树沟超镁铁岩侵位机制及其构造演化

东秦岭松树沟蛇绿岩主要由镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石组成。镁铁质岩类的Sm-Nd全岩等时年龄为1030±46(2δ)Ma,ε_Nd(t)=+5.7±0.2,代表了蛇绿岩的形成时代。超镁铁质岩石由不同成因的橄榄质糜棱岩和中粗粒橄榄岩组成,橄榄质糜棱岩是地幔橄榄岩经历复杂变形并多次部分熔融的残余体,具LREE亏损特征,其中发育橄榄石高温位错构造和高温组构以及低温位错构造和低温组构。中粗粒橄榄岩具LREE略富集的分布特征,是地幔橄榄岩残余体再次部分熔融熔体分离结晶的产物。野外地质、地球化学、构造变形特征均表明超镁铁岩块是因洋壳俯冲而底辟侵位于上覆玄武岩中的地幔橄榄岩残余体。综合分析认为,松树沟蛇绿岩经历了古陆块裂解或洋脊扩张(1271-1440Ma)-洋壳形成(1030-1271Ma)-洋壳俯冲消减-橄榄岩块底辟侵位(983Ma)-蛇绿岩构造侵位及其后构造变形叠加改造的复杂演化过程。     

Chromite-bearing spessartites from Kasuga-mura,Japan, and their bearing on possible mantle origin andesite

An unusual association of chromite and hornblende was found in the spessartites of andesite composition, occurring as a dike swarm associated with a Cretaceous granite batholith. The spessartites are largely porphyritic with phenocrysts of either hornblende or augite. One dike, comprising a finegrained spessartite, exhibits distinct chilled selvages of aphanitic facies. The chromites in the fine-grained and augite-spessartites are significantly higher in Cr/ (Cr+Al) than those occurring rarely as inclusions in the phenocrystic hornblendes in the hornblende spessartite, although both are similar in Mg/ (Mg+Fe), Fe₂O₃, and TiO₂. The phenocrystic hornblendes are titaniferous pargasite with high Mg/ (Mg+Fe), and differ in their higher octahedral Al from the groundmass hornblendes including those in the fine-grained spessartite. The crystallization sequence in the phenocrystic hornblende-bearing spessartites is Al-rich chromite, phenocrystic hornblende, and plagioclase without pyroxene, suggesting a high water content in the magma and the start of the crystallization at relatively high pressures. The finegrained spessartite from which the porphyritic spessartites have been derived by fractionation of dominant mafic minerals, has the high Mg-value and Cr content equivalent to those in primitive, undifferentiated basalts, although still andesitic in SiO₂ content. Chemically similar magnesian andesites, although uncommon, found in some orogenic calc-alkalic suites may represent a magma composition in equilibrium with mantle peridotite under the condition of high water pressures.     

Coarsening kinetics of the exsolution microstructure in alkali feldspar

Actinolite, hornblende and biotite coexisting in greenschist mafic metagreywackes have been analysed with the electron microprobe to obtain information on their chemical relationship during metamorphism. As in some other parts of the world, the two calcic amphiboles coexist in the greenschist facies because of a miscibility gap between them which is observed under conditions of low-pressure regional metamorphism; it is thought that the two amphiboles are in equilibrium, or at least that the actinolite participated in hornblendeforming reactions. Contact metamorphism by granitic intrusives of these metagreywackes has converted them to hornblende hornfelses with the assemblage hornblende, andesine, quartz, biotite±cummingtonite; the hornblendes of the hornfelses are found to have compositions between actinolite and hornblende of the greenschists, and frequently show fine exsolution lamellae of cummingtonite as a result of oversaturation in this component. The distribution of Fe-Mg between hornblende and biotite changes from the greenschist to the hornblende hornfels facies, and the K _D is probably dependent on Al^VI in the hornblende.     

AGE OF THE ALTYN TAGH STRIKE—SLIP FAULT

AGE OF THE ALTYN TAGH STRIKE—SLIP FAULT     

辽南小黑山地区太古宙构造变形序列

采用地质调查和显微镜下观察方法,研究了辽南小黑山区太古宙岩石组成和构造变形特征。小黑山区太古宙岩石包括上壳岩、古老片麻岩和变基性岩脉,它们在小黑山变质岩体中呈包体出现。上壳岩由黑云变粒岩、条带状闪石磁铁石英岩组成;古老片麻岩为条带状角闪黑云斜长片麻岩、条带状角闪斜长片麻岩,原岩为英云闪长岩;变基性岩脉为斜长角闪岩和角闪石岩。上壳岩堆积之后有英云闪长岩侵位,基性脉侵位于上壳岩和英云闪长岩（古老片麻岩）。小黑山区太古宙岩石经历了2幕变形：D₁幕变形主要表现为褶皱构造（DF₁）、与褶皱轴面平行的面理（DS₁）、矿物线理（DL₁）;D₂幕变形在叠加褶皱作用下形成斜歪倾伏褶皱（DF₂）,面理和线理不发育。小黑山区太古宙变质岩中发育的变形序列、构造特征、变形特征、变质条件表明,这2幕构造形迹群属于中部构造相。D1幕变形形成逆冲推覆构造,D₂幕变形形成第Ⅲ型叠加褶皱,它们都是在同方向的水平挤压应力作用下的产物。     

东秦岭松树沟超镁铁岩侵位机制及其构造演化

 东秦岭松树沟蛇绿岩主要由镁铁质-超镁铁质岩石组成。镁铁质岩类的Sm-Nd全岩等时年龄为1030±46(2δ)Ma,ε_Nd(t)=+5.7±0.2,代表了蛇绿岩的形成时代。超镁铁质岩石由不同成因的橄榄质糜棱岩和中粗粒橄榄岩组成,橄榄质糜棱岩是地幔橄榄岩经历复杂变形并多次部分熔融的残余体,具LREE亏损特征,其中发育橄榄石高温位错构造和高温组构以及低温位错构造和低温组构。中粗粒橄榄岩具LREE略富集的分布特征,是地幔橄榄岩残余体再次部分熔融熔体分离结晶的产物。野外地质、地球化学、构造变形特征均表明超镁铁岩块是因洋壳俯冲而底辟侵位于上覆玄武岩中的地幔橄榄岩残余体。综合分析认为,松树沟蛇绿岩经历了古陆块裂解或洋脊扩张(1271-1440Ma)-洋壳形成(1030-1271Ma)-洋壳俯冲消减-橄榄岩块底辟侵位(983Ma)-蛇绿岩构造侵位及其后构造变形叠加改造的复杂演化过程。     

Fluid-assisted fracturing,cataclasis, and resulting plastic flow in mylonites from the Moresby Seamount detachment,Woodlark Basin

The Moresby Seamount detachment (MSD) in the Woodlark Basin (offshore Papua New Guinea) is a large active low-angle detachment excellently exposed at the seafloor, and cutting through mafic metamorphic rocks. Hydrothermal infiltration of quartz followed by that of calcite occurred during cataclastic deformation. Subsequent deformation of these a priori softer minerals leads to mylonite formation in the MSD. This study aims at a better understanding of the deformation mechanism switch from cataclastic to plastic flow. Deformation fabrics of the fault rocks were analyzed by light-optical microscopy. Rheologically critical phases were mapped to determine distributions and area proportions, and EBSD was used to measure crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). Strong calcite CPOs indicate dominant dislocation creep. Quartz CPOs, however, are weak and more difficult to interpret, suggesting at least some strain accommodation by diffusion creep mechanisms. When quartz aggregates are intermixed with the polymineralic mylonite matrix diffusion creep grain boundary sliding may be dominant. The syntectonic conversion from mafic cataclasites to more siliceous and carbonaceous mylonites induced by hydrothermal processes is a critical weakening mechanism enabling the MSD to at least intermittently plastic flow at low shear stresses. This is probably a crucial process for the operation of low-angle detachments in hydrated and dominantly mafic crust.     

Compositional relations among hornblende and pyroxenes in basic granulites and an application to the origin of garnets

Three new sets of mineral and rock chemical data on basic granulites confirm the trends in compositional relationships, with respect to magnesium and iron, among hornblende, orthopyroxene and calcic pyroxene advanced by Sen (1970) and Ray and Sen (1970). Analysing the interrelationships among magnesium-iron distribution coefficients between hornblende-orthopyroxene and hornblende-calcic pyroxene, tetrahedral aluminium contents of hornblendes, and temperature of equilibration, it can be shown that equilibrium temperatures are higher with the Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratios of hornblendes increasing. An application of these relations to ferromagnesian phases of some garnet-bearing basic granulites points to formation of garnets in response to decreasing temperature.     

高温高压条件下实验变形石英闪长岩微观结构与熔体特征研究

本文以高温高压条件下石英闪长岩流变实验样品为研究对象,利用偏光显微镜进行微观结构观察,研究了样品在实验温度压力条件下的变形机制与斜长石结构对流变强度的影响;通过透射电镜能谱与电子探针,分析了熔体分布和成分特征,讨论了角闪石脱水熔融的影响因素与脱水熔融对岩石流变的影响。结果表明,随着温度升高,岩石从脆塑性过渡域逐渐向高温位错攀移和动态重结晶为主的塑性域转化。在高温条件下,角闪石出现了脱水与部分熔融,脱水熔融的熔体分布和成分体现出非均匀与非平衡熔融的特点,空间分布上,熔体主要出现在角闪石和黑云母矿物颗粒的边缘以及角闪石和长石颗粒之间的区域内;成分分布上,熔体的成分与参与熔融的矿物成分密切相关。角闪石边缘的熔体和黑云母边缘的熔体具有低硅铝、高铁镁特征,斜长石边缘的熔体具有高硅铝、低铁镁的特征,处于角闪石和斜长石颗粒中间的熔体,其成分间于斜长石与角闪石成分之间。实验中出现的非平衡非均匀部分熔融可以解释混合岩中的浅色体与暗色体的成因,富硅熔体可以形成富硅铝的花岗质岩石,而贫硅富铁镁的熔体可以形成基性岩。角闪石的脱水熔融程度依赖于样品的封闭条件,处于封闭环境的样品,角闪石不易脱水熔融,而处于开放环境时,角闪石脱水熔融显著。拆离断层带及其附近具备这样的开放环境,有利于角闪石发生脱水熔融。实验力学数据和微观结构显示,随机分布的斜长石对岩石强度影响并不明显,但斜长石的长轴方向与最大主应力方向呈大角度相交(近90°)会显著强化岩石的强度,这意味着岩石组构与主应力方向大角度相交或呈垂直方向时,不利于岩石变形和拆离断层的形成,反之,均匀岩石或岩石组构与最大主应力方向小角度相交,有利于岩石的变形,容易发育拆离断层。     

Ar/Ar Single Grain Dating and Mineral Chemistry of Hornblendes South of the Red River Shear Zone (Vietnam): New Evidence for Early Proterozoic Tectonothermal Event

The pre-Mesozoic metamorphic belt runs parallel to the Day Nui Con Voi - Red River shear zone in Vietnam to the south. The belt is mainly composed of hornblende gneisses, amphibolite lenses and mica-schists. Five hornblendes from a gneiss and an amphibolite were analyzed chemically and chronologically by Electron Probe Micro Analysis (EPMA) and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar methods. EPMA analyses show that hornblendes in the gneiss and the amphibolite have significant amount of edenite component and similar average composition. However, the recalculated Fe³⁺ content is significantly heterogeneous in a thin section while total Fe is nearly the same among the analyses. The rim of each crystal is higher in Fe³⁺/(Fe³⁺ + Fe²⁺) than the core. These chemical and petrological features suggest that the hornblendes have suffered significant oxidation, in particular, largely in the gneiss.

⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar analyses showed that the gneiss has a significant variation of plateau ages (2089±14, 1977±19 and 1873±13 Ma) among three hornblende grains, whereas the amphibolite gives the same plateau ages (2056±14 and 2044±21 Ma) for two grains. All grains of both samples have excess ages in the first few fractions at low temperatures and partial-loss ages between the excess and plateau spectra. The Ca/K ratios indicate some disturbed phases for the lower temperature spectra but the partial-loss ages are also derived from hornblende phase. These facts suggest that hornblende in the gneiss has experienced partial argon loss by oxidation and/or thermally activated argon diffusion process. However, the gneiss and the associated amphibolite have preserved the early Proterozoic tectono-metamorphic event in the hornblende crystals except for their rims, giving new evidence for the early Proterozoic event within the pre-Mesozoic metamorphic belt (northern Vietnam) south of the Red River shear zone in Indochina.     

Zr contents of glaucophane-bearing meta-basalts of Western Crete,Greece

Chemical analyses of hornblendes from different regional metamorphic terrains and from rocks of different metamorphic grade have been compared. Hornblendes of lowpressure type are distinguished from hornblendes of high-pressure type by their Al^VI and Si contents. The Ti content of hornblende is shown to increase with metamorphic temperature from the greenschist-amphibolite transition facies to the hornblende-granulite facies.     

上部地壳岩石变形与方解石质岩石的低温流动

系统总结了上部地壳环境中方解石质岩石的浅成流动机制与低温糜棱岩成因研究的几个重要方面：（１）地壳岩石脆－韧性转变域与岩石变形机制;（２）变形作用过程中流体相的物理与化学意义;（３）方解石质岩石的流动机制、变形特点与蠕变规律。同时讨论了对于地壳浅部层次方解石质石流主变学研究中存在的主要问题以及解决这些问题的基本思路与科学意义。     

郯庐断裂带南段桴槎山韧性剪切带糜棱岩的变形条件和组分迁移系

本文对郯庐断裂带南段主干断裂典型的韧性剪切带进行了系统的剖析。从糜棱岩塑性变形的亚颗粒化、动态重结晶和矿物成分特征及岩石组分迁移变化等入手进行系统的研究工作，计算了岩石形成的温度、压力和流动应力和流变速率参数；模拟计算了岩石在剪切变形作用下的体积亏损及组分迁移的量值，探讨了变形－变质及流体的相关关系     

K---Ar hornblende dating of late Pan-African metamorphism in the furua granulite complex of Southern Tanzania

K---Ar analyses are reported for six hornblendes from the Furua granulitic complex in southern Tanzania. The M1 granulite-facies metamorphism has locally been followed by an M2 amphibolite-facies retrogradation to varying degrees. Three of the hornblendes (olive-green and orange—brown) come from granulites not showing any M2 retrogradation. They were produced as a stable phase during M1 and are concordant at approximately 630 Ma. Of the other hornblendes (Bluish-green), two come from completely M2 retrograded rocks and one from a post-M1 metadiorite. Two of them, one M2 hornblende and the metadiorite hornblende, are concordant with the M1 hornblendes, the third is somewhat older. The age of approximately 630 Ma is related to the closure of the K---Ar hornblende systems following the termination of the M2 amphibolite-facies conditions. Taking also into account an earlier U-Pb zircon investigation and U-Pb zircon data reported from the Wami River granulite complex to the northeast, the M1 granulite-facies metamorphism is dated at approximately 715 Ma and the termination of the M2 amphibolite-facies retrogradation at approximately 650 Ma. It is argued that a prolonged period of high crustal temperature prevailed after M1, with a slow cooling rate from approximately 800–825°C during M1 approximately 715 Ma ago to 490–550°C approximately 630 Ma ago, shortly after M2. This thermal regime may be related to a continent—continent collision model for the evolution of the Mozambique belt.     

河南西峡寨根地区韧性剪切带中斜长角闪岩角闪石组构特征的探讨

本文通过对秦岭造山带核部,河南西峡寨根地区角闪岩中角闪石组构及其与韧性剪切带关系的研究,得出几点认识:（1）角闪石的优选方位受控于韧性剪切带,随着韧性剪切作用的加强,L构造岩愈趋典型;（2）分析角闪石中光率体轴Ng与结晶C轴的关系,Ng轴偏于一个方向,表明受剪应力所致;（3）通过角闪石C轴与剪切带边界关系的研究,确定剪切带为左旋剪切性质;（4）据角闪石组构及韧性剪切带与其它构造相互关系,恢复秦岭造山带的历史,至少经历了区域动热变质变形阶段、韧性再造阶段和脆性改造阶段。     

新疆西准噶尔地区阿尔卑斯型超基性岩的成因及其演化

本地区阿尔卑斯型超基性岩在温度约800—1200℃、压力约0.9—1.68GPa、差异应力0.2—0.35GPa和比较干的条件下发生了塑性变形作用,形成一套以残碎斑结构为主并有糜棱结构的超基性岩质糜棱岩。在残碎斑状矿物和造矿的铬尖晶石中的原生全结晶化硅酸盐熔体包裹体和熔流体包裹体的发现和研究,证明该类岩石是在温度约1200—1300℃、压力约1.1-1.38 GPa,大致相当40-50 km深处,庄物理化学条件相对恒定的环境中,经硅酸盐熔浆液态分异形成的岩浆岩。在重结晶次生橄榄石和辉石中未发现任何包裹体,说明超基性岩塑性变形作用是在岩浆成岩之后。