汶川震区文家沟泥石流治理工程效果分析

汶川地震使文家沟内产生大型滑坡并解体成碎屑流堆积在沟道内,成为一条高频泥石流沟,在后期降雨作用下发生了多次泥石流灾害。根据文家沟泥石流的特点,采取了"水沙分离、固护拦停、监测维护"的治理措施进行综合治理,使泥石流起动方式由碎屑堆积体冲刷侵蚀转变为支沟沟床起动。治理后文家沟4个雨季内共发生了3次泥石流,治理工程有效减小了泥石流的规模和危害,但引水截流的实施也伴随了上游清淤等长期性的问题,需进一步重视。通过获得的降雨参数建立了文家沟泥石流临界雨量阈值模型,实施治理工程后泥石流临界雨量有明显提高,并逐年缓慢增长。     

汶川震区文家沟泥石流成灾机理与特征

文家沟位于绵竹市清平乡,属于5·12汶川Ms8.0级地震极重灾区.地震发生后的3个汛期内,文家沟曾先后发生5次典型泥石流灾害,其中以2010年8月13日泥石流灾害最为严重,规模与灾情巨大,社会影响深远.在对文家沟泥石流跟踪调查的基础上,探讨了泥石流的成灾机理和特征.研究表明:(1)文家沟泥石流是地震和强降雨共同作用的结...     

汶川县太平驿沟泥石流的形成机制及危险性分析

2010年8月14日强降雨过程导致汶川震区太平驿沟泥石流沟暴发泥石流,造成较大经济损失,且近几年雨季多次爆发规模不等的泥石流。由于该灾害点位于汶川地震震中附近地区,是地震与降雨共同作用下的结果,研究其形成与成灾过程对于进一步认识震区泥石流发育特征具有重要的意义。根据现场调查,分析了太平驿沟泥石流流域特征,特别是地震条件下的泥石流物源特征,在此基础上讨论了泥石流起动过程和堆积过程。该实例表明了汶川震区泥石流已进入一个新的活跃期。因此,应该开展对汶川地震区的泥石流风险评估和监测、早期预警等研究,采取有效的工程措施控制泥石流的发生和危害。     

汶川县太平驿沟泥石流的形成机制及危险性分析

2010年8月14日强降雨过程导致汶川震区太平驿沟泥石流沟暴发泥石流,造成较大经济损失,且近几年雨季多次爆发规模不等的泥石流。由于该灾害点位于汶川地震震中附近地区,是地震与降雨共同作用下的结果,研究其形成与成灾过程对于进一步认识震区泥石流发育特征具有重要的意义。根据现场调查,分析了太平驿沟泥石流流域特征,特别是地震条件下的泥石流物源特征,在此基础上讨论了泥石流起动过程和堆积过程。该实例表明了汶川震区泥石流已进入一个新的活跃期。因此,应该开展对汶川地震区的泥石流风险评估和监测、早期预警等研究,采取有效的工程措施控制泥石流的发生和危害。     

甘肃省舟曲8.7特大泥石流调查研究

本文通过对甘肃省舟曲县城后山三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟特大泥石流灾害的现场调查,从泥石流形成的地形、地质和降雨条件入手,分析了特大泥石流灾害的特征与成因:三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流形成区在2010年8月7日23～24时的1h降雨量达77.3mm,暴雨形成强大洪水依次冲毁两条沟内的天然堆石坝和人工拦挡坝,形成规模巨大的高容重黏性泥石流,泥石流冲出总量和泥沙总量分别为 144.2104m3和97.7104m3; 泥石流携带具有强大冲击力的巨石冲毁房屋5500余间; 在白龙江内形成长约550m,宽约70m,高约10m的堰塞坝并形成堰塞湖,堰塞湖回水长3km,使县城一半被淹; 泥石流造成1744人死亡和失踪。分析研究表明,三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流如果在近期遭遇强降雨还会暴发泥石流,但规模比87特大泥石流小;如果强降雨发生在数年后,暴发的泥石流规模比87特大泥石流略小;在20a或更长的时期内,没有发生新的地震影响下,在三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟经历一次大规模泥石流暴发后,泥石流的规模将回到汶川地震前的水平。     

汶川地震触发文家沟高速远程滑坡-碎屑流成因机理分析

文家沟高速远程滑坡-碎屑流位于映秀—北川断裂带与灌县—安县断裂带夹持的文家沟向斜断块中,地震断裂的强烈活动引起的振动效应是形成滑坡的先决条件。滑坡源区顶端与文家沟沟口高差约1360m,突兀山体下临深切峡谷的地形使地震动荷载在山脊部位的放大效应显著,并直接导致坡体破坏;滑坡源区的地震动加速度3分量峰值分别为aEW=2.4g,aNS=2.3g,aUP=1.2g。D2gn观雾山组石灰岩斜坡具有强度渐进式分层结构,坡体表层以下约50m内的结构相对松散的残坡积层～新鲜岩体上部无法抵抗地震纵横波的周期性拉压与剪切耦合作用,被切割成为初始滑体;滑体在第八级台地边缘高位剪出后,在文家沟上游地区最高滑移速度约介于93m.s-1～122m.s-1之间。滑体上部的干碎屑流在两处路径转折端瞬间压缩沟谷内的圈闭气体,形成明显的"气垫效应",滑体下部泥石流底层液化和颗粒有效动摩擦系数随剪切速度增大而减小的效应都是导致碎屑流体高速远程滑移的关键;同时,碎屑物流通过程中还伴有明显的岸坡铲刮与翻越效应、以及树木摧削效应。汶川地震后截至2009年9月,降雨诱发碎屑堆积物形成多次泥石流,反映了地震地质灾害的链生性和长期性。     

汶川震区哈尔木沟泥石流活动特征及防治

哈尔木沟位于杂谷脑河中游,属于“5?12”汶川震区重灾区,历史上多次暴发泥石流灾害,曾于1989年8月暴发泥石流堵断杂谷脑河。受“5?12”地震影响,泥石流灾害相对震前具有规模增大、频率增高、活跃期增长等特点。分析哈尔木沟自然环境背景,发现哈尔木沟的地形地貌和降水条件均有利于泥石流的暴发,受新构造运动与地震影响,沟域内发育大量崩滑体为泥石流的形成提供丰富的松散固体物质。目前沟内由于松散固体物质充足,诱发泥石流灾害的降雨临界值较低,近5年每年均暴发泥石流。针对哈尔木沟的具体情况,提出了拦排结合的治理思路,修建拦挡坝调节泥石流峰值流量,排导槽将泥石流顺利排泄至主河。历经近5个水文年,表明防治工程治理效果良好。     

汶川极震区G213典型泥石流内在因数与运动特征

"5·12"汶川地震后,四川省内多地暴发过大规模泥石流灾害。其中,四川省内重要交通干线G213国道映秀至汶川县段,多次暴发了群发性泥石流灾害,规模巨大、造成危害极其严重。研究以高家沟泥石流2011年时暴发实例,从泥石流暴发成灾的内在因数和运动过程特征进行系统分析;从形成泥石流的沟域地形条件、巨量物源聚集内在因素出发,研究其启动时堵塞溃决、拉槽下切特点,从固体物质运移堆积特征,研究其暴发时阵性流特点;揭露此类泥石流沟大规模暴发成灾的机理。     

汶川地震区文家沟泥石流成因模式分析

文家沟2008～2010年期间8次泥石流事件是在地震滑坡堆积体上因持续强降雨渗透变形溃决和后续侵蚀产生的,不同于一般的沟谷型和坡面型泥石流。文家沟滑坡堆积体上新生的泥石流沟共冲出松散固体物质总体积约180×104m3,2010年的"8.13"泥石流事件是其中规模最大的一次,冲出的松散固体物质体积约在115×104m3。文家沟泥石流的成因模式是,强降雨过程在滑坡堆积体上先期出现"渗流管涌、暂态壅水、溃决滑塌"的造沟作用模式,后期出现"溯源侵蚀、冲刷刨蚀、侧蚀坍塌、混合奔流(搅拌机)"的扩沟作用模式。2008年的"6.21"和2010年的"7.31"泥石流事件主要起因于前者,其他事件主要起因于后者。松散堆积体因排泄持续降雨入渗的能力不足而造成地下水滞留和水位升高是导致斜坡体稳定性降低的内在原因。当地下水壅高水位面达到水平时,堆积体内渗透动水压力达到最大,堆积斜坡的稳定性最低,成为堆积体表层发生滑塌溃决的临界条件。     

汶川极震区G213典型泥石流内在因数与运动特征

"5·12"汶川地震后,四川省内多地暴发过大规模泥石流灾害。其中,四川省内重要交通干线G213国道映秀至汶川县段,多次暴发了群发性泥石流灾害,规模巨大、造成危害极其严重。研究以高家沟泥石流2011年时暴发实例,从泥石流暴发成灾的内在因数和运动过程特征进行系统分析;从形成泥石流的沟域地形条件、巨量物源聚集内在因素出发,研究其启动时堵塞溃决、拉槽下切特点,从固体物质运移堆积特征,研究其暴发时阵性流特点;揭露此类泥石流沟大规模暴发成灾的机理。     

Case study of a giant debris flow in the Wenjia Gully, Sichuan Province, China

The debris flow, which was triggered in the Wenjia Gully on August 13, 2010, is an extreme example of mass movement events, which occurred after the Wenchuan earthquake of May 12, 2008. This Earthquake triggered in the Wenjia Gully the second largest co-seismic landslide, which can be classified as a rockslide-debris avalanche. A lot of loose sediments was deposited in the basin. In the main so called Deposition Area II of this landslide, with a volume of 30?×?10⁶?m³, flash floods can easily trigger debris flows because of the steep bottom slope and the relative small grain sizes of the sediments. The largest debris flow of August 13, 2010 destroyed the most downstream dam in the catchment during a heavy rain storm. The debris flow with a peak discharge of 1,530?m³/s and a total volume of 3.1?×?10⁶?m³ caused the death of 7 persons, 5 persons were missing, 39 persons were injured and 479 houses buried. After three rainy seasons, only 16?% of the landslide-debris deposition was taken away by 5 large-scale debris flow events. Since the threshold for rainfall triggered debris flows in the Wenjia Gully and other catchments drastically decreased after the Wenchuan Earthquake, new catastrophic events are expected in the future during the rainy season.     

Formation and characteristics of post-earthquake debris flow: a case study from Wenjia gully in Mianzhu, Sichuan, SW China

During the three flood seasons following the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, two catastrophic groups of debris flow events occurred in the earthquake-affected area: the 2008-9-24 debris flow events, which had a serious impact on rebuilding; and the 2010-8-13/14 debris flow events, which destroyed much of the progress made in rebuilding. The Wenjia gully is a typical post-earthquake debris flow gully and at least five debris flows have occurred there. As far as the 2010-8-13 debris flow is concerned, the deposits of the Wenjia gully debris flow reached a volume of 3.1 × 10⁶ m³ in volume and hundreds of newly built houses were buried. This study took the Wenjia gully debris flow as an example and discussed the formation and characteristics of post-earthquake debris flow on the basis of field investigations and a remote sensing interpretation. The conclusions drawn from the investigation and analysis were as follows: (1) Post-earthquake debris flows were a joint result of both the earthquake and heavy rainfall. (2) Gully incision and loose material provision are key processes in the initiation and occurrence of debris flows and a cycle can be presented as the following process: runoff—erosion—collapse—engulfment—debris flow—further erosion—further collapse—further engulfment—debris flow enlargement. (3) The amount of rainfall that triggered debris flows from the Wenjia gully was significantly less than the average daily rainfall, while the intraday rainfall threshold decreased by at least 23.3%. (4) The occurrence mechanism of Wenjia gully debris flow was an erosion type and there was a positive relationship between debris flow magnitude and rainfall, which fitted an exponential model. (5) There were five representative characteristics of Wenjia gully debris flow: the long duration of the occurring process; the long distance of deposition chain conversion during the process of damage; magnification in the scale of debris flow; and the high frequency of debris flow events.     

Design and performance of a novel multi-function debris flow mitigation system in Wenjia Gully,Sichuan

The post-earthquake debris flows in the Wenjia Gully led to the exposure of the shortcomings in the design of the original conventional debris flow mitigation system. A predicament for the Wenjia mitigation system is a large amount of loose material (est. 50 × 10⁶ m³) that has been deposited in the gully by the co-seismic landslide, providing abundant source material for debris flows under saturation. A novel design solution for the replacement mitigation system was proposed and constructed, and has exhibited excellent performance and resilience in subsequent debris flows. The design was governed by the three-phase philosophy of controlling water, sediment, and erosion. An Early Warning System (EWS) for debris flow that uses real-time field data was developed; it issues alerts based on the probabilistic and empirical correlations between rainfall and debris flows. This two-fold solution reduces energy of the debris flow by combining different mitigation measures while minimizing the impact through event forecasting and rapid public information sharing. Declines in the number and size of debris flows in the gully, with increased corresponding rainfall thresholds and mean rainfall intensity-duration (I-D) thresholds, indicate the high efficacy of the new mitigation system and a lowered debris flow susceptibility. This paper reports the design of the mitigation system and analyzes the characteristics of rainfall and debris flow events that occurred before and after implementation of the system; it evaluates the effectiveness of one of the most advanced debris flow mitigation systems in China.     

震后都汶公路沿线泥石流沟堵江危险性评估

震后泥石流松散物质显著增多,临界雨量降低,导致泥石流暴发频率增加、规模增大,从而使震后灾区泥石流堵江事件频繁发生,给灾区带来严重的二次灾害。为了评价震后泥石流堵江概率大小,本文在野外考察基础上,获得研究区泥石流沟基础数据,并根据水文模型计算不同频率下的泥石流规模; 在此基础上利用泥石流堵江公式,获取研究区域泥石流堵江危险程度(数值),并结合研究区域已发生的泥石流堵江事件,界定了泥石流堵江公式的临界值,使之能够更加准确用来判定泥石流堵江概率,并对 5·12 地震极震区都汶公路沿线的7条泥石流在不同频率下的泥石流堵江概率进行评价。评价结果显示:牛眠沟和关山沟在暴发50a及其以上泥石流时,会发生堵江; 烧房沟、红椿沟和磨子沟在暴发10a及其以上泥石流时,会发生堵江事件; 洱沟和太平沟在暴发5a及其以上泥石流时便可能发生堵江; 上述泥石流沟一旦发生堵江,便会给映秀镇和都汶公路带来严重灾难。通过本文获取的堵江临界值可以作为判定泥石流堵江的参考标准,为泥石流防治、预报提供参考,同时可以为灾后重建和预防二次灾害提供科学借鉴。     

A prototype experiment of debris flow control with energy dissipation structures

Large-volume debris flow events are defined when the volume of solid materials exceeds 1 million m³. Traditional engineering measures, such as check dams, diversion channels, and flumes, are effective for normal debris flow control but are not sufficient to control large-volume debris flows. Experiments were conducted with an artificial step-pool system on the new Wenjiagou Gully to mitigate large-volume debris flows. The old Wenjiagou Gully was buried by 81.6 million m³ of loose solid material created by a landslide that was triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. The new gully was formed during the scouring process caused by debris flows in 2008. Large-volume debris flows were initiated by rainstorm flood with high kinetic energy. The artificial step-pool system was constructed with huge and big boulders on the new Wenjiagou Gully in 2009. The step-pool system dissipated flow energy in steps and hydraulic jumps. Analysis proved that the step-pool system dissipated two-third of the kinetic energy of flow; thus, the critical discharge for triggering debris flow increased threefold. Due to the step-pool system maximized the flow resistance and protected the bed sediment and banks from erosion, the rainstorm floods in 2009 did not trigger debris flows. In 2010, the step-pool system was replaced with 20 check dams. Huge boulders were broken into small pieces of diameter less than 0.5 m and were used as building materials for the 20 dams. Without the protection of the step-pool system, a rainstorm flood scoured the base of the dams and caused failures for all of the 20 check dams in August 2010. The flow incised the gully bed by 50 m. The loose bank materials slid into the flow mixed with water and formed a large-volume debris flow with a volume of 4.5 million m³. Many houses were buried by the debris flow, and 12 people were killed. Comparison of the two strategies proved that energy dissipation structures are necessary for controlling large-volume debris flows. Check dams, if they are stable, may reduce the potential of bank failures and control debris flows. The step-pool system dissipates flow energy and control gully bed incision and bank failure. A combination of check dams and step-pool systems may be the most effective for mitigating debris flows.     

汶川震区北川县城泥石流源地特征的遥感动态分析

汶川地震导致山地斜坡积累了大量碎屑物质,在降雨作用下极易成为泥石流源地。震后的2008年9月24日一场暴雨导致北川县境内72条沟同时暴发泥石流。本文选择了汶川地震高烈度区的北川县城8条泥石流沟流域为研究区,基于遥感手段开展了震后和相继暴雨后的泥石流源地变化特征。强震后泥石流流域的重要变化是在沟谷内诱发了大量滑坡。通过开展遥感解译和野外调查,重点分析了研究区泥石流源地的滑坡活动。将512汶川地震后的2008年5月18日获取的航空图像与924暴雨后获取的2008年10月14日SPOT图像相比较,发现泥石流源地的地震滑坡面积由1537104m2增加到暴雨后的1912104m2,即汶川高烈度区一场暴雨过程新增滑坡面积达244%。根据SPOT图像解译,暴雨后泥石流沟床中的松散堆积物增大到97104m2。上述研究结果表明汶川震区在强降雨条件下发生泥石流的敏感性特别高。     

九寨沟震区“6·21”泥石流成因与致灾机制研究

2019年6月20日晚九寨沟普降大到暴雨,导致九寨沟景区内卓追沟、下季节海子沟、则查洼沟等多处发生泥石流。3条泥石流沟分别冲出固体物质2.79×104m3、3.7×104m3,2.67×104m3,造成多处停淤挡墙及拦砂坝损坏,并淤埋了景区内的部分道路,造成了交通的短时间中断。根据灾后地面调查和遥感解译,初步查明了本次泥石流灾害的成因和致灾过程机制。灾害成因:地震引发的崩塌滑坡产生大量的新增松散固体物源与原有的沟坡堆积物(包括老泥石流堆积物)在强降水的作用下形成泥石流,因此本次泥石流是地震和降雨共同作用的结果。通过泥石流发生前后各流域沟道纵剖面和典型横断面调查分析,发现泥石流致灾过程机制主要包括:(1)泥石流冲刷沟道使老泥石流堆积物参与泥石流运动、同时诱发沟岸失稳崩塌,因而增强泥石流规模和冲击力等动力学参数;(2)沟道卡口和崩滑体滑入沟道后导致泥石流堵塞,在后续泥石流的作用下发生级联溃决,进而增大泥石流峰值流量和冲击力等动力学参数。在两种机制的共同作用下,泥石流规模和冲击力等参数可能超出防治工程规划设计指标,进而导致防治工程损毁并淤埋道路。因此,建议充分考虑地震与强降雨复合作用下九寨沟景区泥石流风险评估、防治工程规划设计的合理性和可靠性等关键问题,以保障景区安全。     

帕隆藏布江特大型泥石流的成灾模式及防治对策——以扎木镇-古乡段为例

文章通过对雅鲁藏布江的Ⅰ级支流—帕隆藏布江扎木镇-古乡段辫状水系地貌的研究,认为其与两岸支谷发育的泥石流群有关。通过对位于该河段下游的古乡沟和上游的地质弄巴泥石流特征的重点剖析,发现了特大型泥石流发育的2个重要特征,即支谷上游冰蚀围谷中赋存大量巨厚古今冰碛物和支谷中游峡谷段大型崩塌滑坡坝溃决。提出了特大型泥石流的成灾模式,并以该成灾模式解释了2000年易贡巨型滑坡堵江事件。最后,提出了基于上述成灾模式的帕隆藏布江流域特大型泥石流灾害防治的原则和方法。